SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

(EKI 311)
Lecturer:

Prof. Dr. Made Suyana Utama, SE., MS

Group 7 Topic:

GLOBALIZATION, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

AND SPATIAL ASPECTS IN DEVELOPMENT

By:

ECONOMIC AND BUSSINES FACULTY

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
2019/2020

FOREWORD

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Praise and gratitude compiler pray before God Almighty because it is thanks to his
grace that we were able to compile this paper well and on time. In this paper, we
discuss the Globalization, Environment, Sustainable Development and Spatial
Aspects in Development created through the results of group discussions.
In the preparation of this paper, of course, many authors get donations from various
parties. Therefore, on this occasion the authors would like to thank those who have
helped the authors in completing this paper, both directly and indirectly. The author
hopes that this paper can be useful, especially for authors and readers in general.

Bukit Jimbaran, 22 November 2019

Writer

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 CONTENT LIST

FOREWORD………............................................................................................ 2
CONTENT LIST................................................................................................... 3

BAB I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Preliminary………….................................................................................. 4
1.2. Formulation of Problem................................................................................ 5
1.3. Writing Purpose........................................................................................... 5
1.4. Writing Benefits….................................................................................... 5

BAB II CONTENT
2.1. Global Interdependent.................................................................................... 6
2.2. Externality………………………………………….................................... 7
2.3. Sustainable Development……………......................................................... 9
2.4. Spatial and Sustainable Development………………………………………13

BAB III CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion................................................................................................. 16

REFERENCES................................................................................................. 17

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 BAB I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preliminary
The issue of sustainable development has now become a commitment of
everyone, consciously or unconsciously, who deals in the field of development.
The progress of a nation can only be achieved by carrying out development in all
fields. Development in the context of the State is always aimed at improving the
standard of living and welfare of the people towards a more evenly distributed.
Successful implementation requires integrated social learning policies, plans and
processes, the politics of which depend on the full support of the community
through its government, social institutions, and business activities. The
development process mainly aims to improve the standard of living of the people.
The starting point of development starts from the act of reducing problems with
the aim of meeting needs and increasing to achieve a decent level.
For humans, development is not only in the context of meeting the needs
related to socio-economic aspects but also must look at aspects of justice for the
environment. The environment for mankind is one of the basic assets in
development. A healthy, clean, sustainable environment will indirectly affect the
sustainability of human productivity in the future. That is, in this context besides
sustainability from the economic and social sides, sustainability is also needed on
the ecological side.

1.2 Formulation Problem

Based on the background above, the problem formulation that will be discussed in
this paper are:
1. What is the meaning of Global Interdependent?
2. What is the meaning of Externality?
3. What is the meaning of Sustainable Develpoment?
4. What is the meaning of Spatial Aspects in Sustainable Development?

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1.3 Writing Purpose
This paper is made to discuss more deeply about Globalization, Environment,
Sustainable Development and Spatial Aspects in Development. In addition, this
paper was made to share the results of our group discussions regarding
Globalization, Environment, Sustainable Development and Spatial Aspects in
Development.

1.4 Writing Benefits

1. Academically: this paper is expected to increase knowledge about
Globalization, Environment, Sustainable Development and Spatial Aspects in
Development.
2. Practically: this paper is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the
concept of Globalization, Environment, Sustainable Development and Spatial
Aspects in Development.

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 BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

2.1. Global Interdependent

It is realized that all countries are interdependent of one another. Developed
Countries (NM) depend on the supply of raw materials, oil, imports of industrial
products, capital goods and consumer products. And if developing countries
(NSB) experience stagnation, then NM will feel the negative impact. In contrast,
the NSB requires a lot of foreign exchange in the context of economic
development for the import of capital goods and consumer goods from NM.
Therefore NSB has a dependency on the export of raw materials and development
funding assistance fromNM.

Global environmental threat: the greenhouse effect which is Increasing the

concentration of pollutants, coated with the earth's atmosphere, creates a serious
threat to the destruction of the ozone layer, dramatic climate change due to global
warming. Thus global emissions must be immediately limited as far as possible
with concrete steps globally.

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2.2 Externality

"NEGATIVE" EXTERNALITY: When a party increases its welfare through the

production or consumption process, but causes loss or misery to the other party.
"POSITIVE" or "ECONOMIC" EXTERNAL If a party increases its welfare through
the production or consumption process, it also results in profits or welfare for the
other party.

Spreading of pollutants Global concentration has increased:

 Carbon dioxide (CO2) around 26% (1960 - 2000)
 Chloroda gas, specifically chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 114% (for 16 years)
 Methane gas has surged 143% since the industrial revolution and 30% since
1970.

Nm and nsb contributions to the greenhouse effect

The surge in income and population in various places caused the

multiplication of chemicals. Burning fossil energy (gas, oil, coal) in motor vehicles
and factories is the main source (first category); Deforestation / encroachment,
planned decomposition of waste and coal mining (second category); Certain gases:
CFN, methane, sulfurdioxides, nitrooxide and especially CO2, are the main
contributors to environmental damage.
NM causes more emissions in the first category, while NSB in the second
category due to rapid population and economic growth. NSB, although it slightly
causes CO2 emissions from industrial products, but many emit CO2 emissions from
the second category through burning forests to open new agricultural land.
Deforestation can reduce the environmental absorption of CO2.

Several factors make it difficult to preserve rain forests

 Declining prices of export commodities and increasing demand from
NSB;

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  NM's economic stagnation, in the 1980s also hurt NSB a lot;
 The high dependence of NSB on wood-fueled fuels, due to the lack of
availability of fossil fuels (oil);

NM's efforts in helping NSB in the context of saving the environment are public
goods
 Improve efficiency of each forest use activity;
 Market development for alternative export products from the forest, which can
be produced continuously, for example wood sap, wood fiber, medicinal
materials, etc .;
 Need to reduce the burden of foreign debt for the NSB.

Six areas of international activity on the agenda 21

1. Provision and allocation of development assistance funds to finance poverty
alleviation programs and improve the quality of NDK environmental health;
2. Procurement and increased investment in research, research and activities that can
reduce environmental damage;
3. Increasing the allocation of resources to carry out family planning programs,
providing educational facilities and creating new jobs, especially for RT mothers, in
order to reduce the population growth rate;
4. Provision and provision of various forms of support for the NSB government in an
effort to stop or modify development projects that are not environmentally friendly
5. Provision of special funds to protect natural habitats and preserve biodiversity;
6. Procurement of research and development investments to develop alternatives to
non-carbon fuels to prevent dramatically continuing global climate change and
prevent the continued greenhouse effect.

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 Konsumsi Enerji Perkapita, 1995
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

AS 7910
Jerman 4160
Perancis 4150
Jepang 3960
Inggris 3790
Taiwan 3300
KorSel 3230
Malaysia 1660
Meksiko 1460
Cili 1070
Thailand 880
Brasil 770
Cina 700
Indonesia 440
India 260
Pakistan 240

Setara Minyak (dalam Kg)

2.3 Sustainable Development

Definition: Sustainable development has a meaning related to the economy and

ecology at the same time, where economic growth must be supported by the
preservation of the ecological function of the natural surroundings so that the
economy continues to grow. CONSERVATIVE: Sustainable development in no way
causes environmental damage to the function of natural ecosystems. LIBERAL:
Sustainable development does not reduce the production capacity of the future
economy, both natural resources, capital and technology, including the possibility of
substitution from lost resources with man-made resources.

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Conservation

Gifford Pinchot defines conservation as the optimal use of natural resources, in the
greatest amount and for the longest period of time. More than that, conservation is
defined as the development and protection of natural resources. So we can conclude
that conservation is an action to prevent depletion of natural resources by means of
excessive exploitation so that in the long run natural resources remain available.
Conservation can also be interpreted to preserve the preservation of nature for the
sake of human survival.

Conservation actions

1. Planning for the extraction of natural resources, that is, by taking limited resources,
and preventing actions that lead to exploitation.

2. Make efforts to exploit natural resources efficiently, i.e. with as little waste as
possible.

3. Develop alternative resources or find replacement resources so that limited natural

resources can be substituted with other types of natural resources.

4. Using appropriate technology elements in exploiting natural resources in order to

save the use of these resources and not damage the environment.

5. Reducing, limiting and overcoming environmental pollution because pollution will

result in natural resource reserves becoming more quickly depleted due to extinction,
such as fish, land, and so on.

CONSERVATION OBSTACLES

 Physical Obstacle

Usually natural resources are found in a certain place and its occurrence, so to
use it humans have to adapt themselves, for example in the hillside area, if we want to
use the land there, then we should make a terrace first and activate reforestation.

 Economic Obstacle

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 Economic barriers are usually caused by lack of knowledge and capital, and
this can be overcome by providing education and capital loan assistance. In addition
there are difficulties due to the lack of economic stability, since costs and markets are
difficult to predict.

 Institutional Obstacle

Many people do not conserve because of habit or because of custom, also

because they pay less attention to its benefits. There are even customs that tend to
deplete existing natural resources. This can be overcome with education.

 Technology Obstacle

The relationship between natural resources and the type and level of
technology is very close. For example solar energy was not used much more widely
before. Obstacle like this can be overcome by improving the level of technology for
example by imitating or studying existing technology in developed countries or
conducting their own research.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS

1. The results are obtained from renewable resources and their long-term
production capability is maintained;
2. Profits or results obtained from non-renewable resources must be invested to
improve the quality of human resources, capital and technology;
3. The ability of the environment to receive and absorb waste does not exceed
limits;
4. Effective and efficient natural resource management system.

SIZE OF ITS FUNCTION ON ECOSYSTEM

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 1. High species diversity;
2. The association between life types and the physical environment is high;
3. Efficiency and effectiveness in high energy use;
4. The dynamics of change lead to increased efficiency and effectiveness in the
use of high natural resources.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INSTRUMENTS

1. Government Regulations that Support Environmental Sustainability

The need for regulations or laws governing the procedures and limits of
natural resource exploitation, so that the environmental media remain in a
healthy state. Legislation is needed that regulates fiscal matters so that the
business world internalizes environmental costs and supports the
implementation of sustainable development.
2. Market Mechanism
Stages of development to consider:
 Choosing the right construction site;
 Selection of fuel-efficient technology;
 Selection of recycling technology;
 Waste treatment and disutility that will be discharged to nature.
3. Cultural values.
Indigenous peoples have instruments that regulate community activities,
including land use and consumption which are regulated by taboo. This social
instrument is increasingly less effective when the population is increasingly
heterogeneous.

EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT

Development that aims to increase the production of goods and services, both in
quantity and quality accompanied by the maintenance of healthy environmental
functions.

How to do that?

1. Placing the industry in a special area;

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 2. Provide a maximum limit for industrial waste that will be discharged into the
environment;
3. Choose environmentally friendly industrial technology.

2.4 Spatial and Sustainable Development

To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of development, the space of an area is

divided into a spatial system with two uses:

1. Protected Area

Intended for environmental protection efforts to preserve the functions and

abilities of natural ecosystems that support the life cycle for sustainable development.
Type of protected area for example: protected forest, nature reserve (nature reserve,
wildlife reserve, tourist forest, national park, grand forest park) cultural heritage, peat
area, rain catchment area, mangrove forest, coral reef, etc.

2. Cultivation Area

Being outside the protected area is called a cultivation area that is used by
humans to produce all of their normal life needs, such as urban and rural
development, industry, agriculture and production forests.

“Protected areas should not be built in industrial zones, in contrast, protected areas
may not be built in cultivation areas.”

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT WITH ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION

Industrial development must still meet environmental requirements, such as:

1. The construction uses AMDAL;

2. Conduct waste treatment before disposing to nature, especially hazardous /
toxic waste.
3. Anticipating social problems.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

1. The development approach must be accompanied by the value of sustainable

development (sustainable-development) in order to foster self-sustaining
capacity of the community.
2. This means that development must be centered on people (people centered
development).
3. This strategy will foster community participation in development.

PARTICIPATIVE DEVELOPMENT STEPS

Implemented by increasing the role of the community and the business world in
development called participatory development. These are the steps:

1. Integrate development planning approaches from above and from below;

2. Conducting comprehensive development planning, whether carried out by the
government, the business community and the community;
3. Develop a system of incentives and disincentives that are applied through a
set of regulations so that development is effective;
4. Always refine the planning mechanism and capture as much information as
possible involving the community.

BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATIVE DEVELOPMENT

Community participation will strengthen the level of trust (accountability) and

a sense of community ownership of the local government. This will make the work of
carrying out the construction light. As a result of involvement in planning, the
community will feel more real development by monitoring the implementation of the
program. The implementation of programs / activities that have been made by the
government together with the council and the community will be more directed and
effective.

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15
 BAB III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

It is realized that all countries are interdependent of one another. Developed

Countries (NM) depend on the supply of raw materials, oil, imports of industrial
products, capital goods and consumer products. And if developing countries (NSB)
experience stagnation, then NM will feel the negative impact. "Negative" Externality:
When a party increases its welfare through the production or consumption process,
but causes loss or misery to the other party. "Positive" or "Economic" External If a
party increases its welfare through the production or consumption process, it also
results in profits or welfare for the other party.

Sustainable development has a meaning related to the economy and ecology at

the same time, where economic growth must be supported by the preservation of the
ecological function of the natural surroundings so that the economy continues to
grow. Community participation will strengthen the level of trust (accountability) and
a sense of community ownership of the local government. This will make the work of
carrying out the construction light. As a result of involvement in planning, the
community will feel more real development by monitoring the implementation of the
program. The implementation of programs / activities that have been made by the
government together with the council and the community will be more directed and
effective.

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 REFERENCES

Ekonomi Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan - Made Suyana Utama - FE Unud

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