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Jeclin Inebel Dolongtelide 19101105011
Jeclin Inebel Dolongtelide 19101105011
Basic Physics
Arranged by :
NIM : 19101105011
Departement : Pharmacy
PHYSICS LABORATORY
MANADO
2019
A. Aim
a. Able to use electrical measuring devices to measure electrical quantities: resistance, potential
difference and strong currents.
b. Can learn and understand ohm law
c. Can compare the results of calculations with the results of electrical measurements
B. Equipment Required
1.AC and DC power supply
2.Resistor
3.Connecting cable
4.Analog multimeter and digital multimeter
C. Introduction
In the theory of electricity there are several quantities that can be measured. The first is the
difference in potential or voltage (V). Voltage is the difference or potential difference between
two points in an electrical circuit. For example, a DC current is sent to terminal A through the
element, and back with an outlet at terminal B. It is assumed that to suppress the charge through
the element is needed. So as such it will be said that an electrical voltage (or a difference or
potential difference) appears between the two terminals. (Hayt, 2005)
Voltage has an element called a free voltage source. A free voltage source is characterized
by a terminal voltage that is free or does not depend on the current passing through it. So, if a free
voltage source is provided and it is noted that the terminal voltage is 12V, this size is assumed to
be large regardless of the amount of current flowing through this voltage source. (Hayt, 2005)
Free voltage sources are ideal sources and do not represent exactly a real physical device,
because ideal sources can theoretically transmit infinite amounts of energy and their terminals.
However, this ideal voltage source can provide a reasonable approximation for some practical
voltage sources. For example, a car battery, has a terminal voltage of 12V which essentially
remains constant as long as the current passing through it is no more than a few amperes (not
exceeding the specified current value). (Hayt, 2005)
A small current can pass through the battery in any direction. If the current is positive and
flows out of the terminal marked positive, the battery provides power, for example in car lighting.
If the current is positive and flows into the positive terminal, the battery is experiencing a charging
process. By absorbing energy from the alternator. A free voltage source with a constant terminal
voltage is usually termed a free DC voltage source. (Hayt, 2005)
Currents that appear on a district crossing, for example metal wires, have both a numerical
value and a direction; which is a measure of the rate of movement of the charge past a reference
point in one particular direction. Current flowing in a lead wire is caused by negative charge
movement, not positive charge movement. The current is symbolized by the letter I or i. The unit
of current is ampere (A), which is taken from the name of the French physicist, A. M. Ampere.
This amperage unit is often called "amp" although this abbreviation is not official and is informal.
(Hayt, 2005)
In addition to the free voltage source, there is also a free current source. At a free current
source, the current through the element is completely free or independent of the voltage. Like a
free voltage source, a free current source is a fairly good approximation for its real physical
element. In theory, this current source can send an infinite amount of power from its terminals
because this current source can produce an equal current of equal magnitude for its voltage value,
no matter what the voltage is. This free flow source is a good approach for some practical sources,
especially in electronic circuits. (Hayt, 2005)
The resistance R is defined as the ratio of the voltage V applied across apiece of material to
the current I through the material, or R=V/I. When only a small currentefer result from a large
voltage, there is a high resistance to the moving charge. For many materials (e.g. metals), the ratio
V/I is the same for a given piece of material over a wide range of voltages and currents. In such a
case, the resistance is a constant. Then, the relation R= V/I is referred to as Ohm’s law, after the
german physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854), who discovered it. (Cutnell John, dkk. 2013)
Ohm’s Law.
The ratio V/I is a constant, where V is the voltage applied across a piece of material(such as a
wire) and I is the current through the material:
V/I = R= constant or V=IR
R is the resistance of the piece of material.
SI Unit of Resistance: Volt/ampere (V/A) = ohm (Ώ)
The SI unit for resistance is a volt per ampere, which is called an ohm and is represented by the
Greek capital letter omega (Ώ). Ohm’s law is not a fundamental law of nature like Newton’s laws
of motion. It is only a statement of the way certain materials behave in electric circuits. To the
extent that a wire or an electrical device offers resistance to the flow of charges, it is called a
resistor. The resistance can have a wide range of values. The copper wire in a television set, for
instance, have a very small resistance. On the other hand, commercial resistors can have resistance
up to many kiloohms ( 1 kΏ = 103Ώ) or megohms (1 MΏ = 106 Ώ). Such resistors play an
important role in electric circuits, where the are typically used to limit the amount of current and
astablish the desire voltage levels. (Cutnell John, dkk. 2013).
To produce an electric current in the circuit, we need a potential difference. one way to
produce a potential difference is with a battery. Georg Simon Ohm determined by experiment that
the current in a metal wire is proportional to the difference in potential V applied to its edges. I α
v (Voltage α Current). For example, if we connect the wire to a 6V battery, the current flow will
be twice that compared to a 3V battery. It would be very helpful if we compare the electric current
with the flow of water in a river or pipe that is influenced by gravity. if the pipe (or river) is
almost flat, the flow velocity will be small. but if one end is higher than the other, the flow
velocity or current will be greater. the greater the height difference, the greater the current. just as
an increase in height causes a greater flow of water, so does a greater difference in electrical
potential, or voltage, causes a greater flow of electricity. (Giancoli Douglas. 1998)
Exactly how much current flows on the wire depends not only on the voltage, but also on the
resistance that the wire gives to the flow of electrons. pipe walls or river banks and stones in the
middle, providing resistance to the flow of current. in the same way, electrons are slowed down
because of interactions with wire atoms. The higher this resistance, the smaller the current for a
voltage V. We then define resistance so that current is proportional to resistance. when we
combine this and the comparison above, we get:
I = V/R
where R is the resistance of a wire or some other device, the potential difference between the
devices and I is the current flowing through it. this relationship is often written as:
V = IR
and is known as Ohm's Law. (Giancoli Douglas. 1998)
All electrical devices, from heaters to light bulbs to stereo amplifiers, provide resistance to
current flow. Light bulb filaments and electric heaters are special types of wire whose obstacles
cause the device to become very hot. generally, connecting wire has very little resistance
compared to filament resistance or wire coil. In most circuits, especially in electronic devices,
resistors are used to control large currents. Resistors have resistance ranging from less than one
ohm to millions of ohms. (Giancoli Douglas. 1998).
The precise magnitude of the current in a wire depends not only on the voltage, but also on the
resistance that the wire provides to the flow of electrons. electron flow is inhibited due to
collisions between atoms in the wire. we define electrical resistance R as a proportional factor of
voltage V (between the ends of the wire) and current I (through the wire) (Giancoli
Douglas,2014).
In the theory of electricity there are several quantities that can be measured, including the
difference in potential / voltage (V), the strength of the electric current (I) and the electrical
resistance (R). Measurement of electrical voltage using a voltmeter, measuring the strength of an
electric current is an ammeter and measuring an electrical resistance is an ohmmeter. Now the
tools to measure these three quantities have been combined in one device called a multimeter
(AVO METER). Multimeter can be used for measurement of AC and DC current and voltage. The
measurement results displayed on the analog multimeter are: Where V is the given potential /
voltage difference, I is the strong current and R is the conductance resistance. Equation (1) above
will apply if V and I are linear. There are differences in how to measure resistance, voltage and
current strength. Resistance can be measured directly on the resistor without an electric voltage
source and without having to pay attention to its polarity. voltage is measured by arranging the
voltmeter in parallel with the component to be measured while the current strength can be
measured by assembling ammeters in series on the component (South,2019)
D. Procedur
Measuring Resistance
1. Turn the multimeter switch in the Ohmmeter position
2. Calibrate the device by connecting the two ends of the multimeter cable. If the pointer does not
exactly point to zero, turn the calibration switch until the needle shows zero.
3. Connect the two wires to the resistors to be measured respectively at both ends / legs.
4. So that the results have a small errata, adjust the measuring limit with the resistor to be
measured.
5. Read the number indicated by the multimeter needle then write it in table 1.
6. Perform steps 1-5 for other resistor variations and for two or three resistors arranged in series
and in parallel.
Measuring Voltage
1. Rotate the multimeter scale in the DC Voltmeter position.
2. Arrange the tool as shown below.
3. Connect the positive pole of the B1 battery to the positive end of the multimeter, as well as the
negative pole.
4. In order to obtain results with a small errata, adjust the measuring limit to the voltage to be
measured.
5. Read the numbers indicated by the multimeter needle and write the results in table 2.
6. Perform procedures 1-4 for B2 batteries.
7. Perform procedures 1-4 for B1 batteries connected in series with B2.
8. Perform procedures 1-4 for B1 batteries which are arranged in parallel with B2.
Measuring Current
1. Rotate the multimeter scale to the Amperemeter DC position.
2. Arrange the device as shown below, with B1 batteries and resistors.
3. Read the numbers indicated by the Ammeters needle and write the results on the table
4. Perform procedures 1-3, for battery B1 and R2 resistor, B2 battery with resistor R1 and B2
battery with resistor R2.
OHM’S LAW
1. Arrange the tool as shown below