#1

EXCAVATION
-a man made cut cavity trench or depression form by removal of earth
TRENCH- a narrow excavation were the deep greater than the with
but not wider than 15ft
SHIELD- a structure able to withstand a cave ins
SHORING- a well design protective system that support the sides of excavation
SLOPPING- techniques where a employee a specific angle of inclined to the
sides of excavation.

FACTORS INVOLVED IN DESSIGNING PROTECTVE SYSTEM

Soil classification
Deep of cut
Water content of soil
Changes due climate, heather
And other operation in the vicinity

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
STABLE ROCK such as GRANITE
A-average soil such as CLAY
B-cohesive soil such SILT
C-loss soil such sand and gravel

MEHTODS OF SOIL TESTING

Pocket electrometer 20 to 40% error
Turbaned shear

Manual testing
-thumb penetration test
-plasticity test
-sedimentation test
-ocular inspection by a competent person by a geodetic eng’
particle size
water content
fissure

SAFETY PRECAUTION FOR EXCAVATION

EXCAVATION w/ 4ft or 1.2m or more in deep is Consider CONFINED SPACED

-provide a well designed protective system such as
SHORING and TEMBERRING
SLOPPING and BENCHING SYSTEM to protect employee from
possible caved in.

NOTE....protective dessigns are not required the ff conditions

-when the soil is made of entirely STABLE ROCK
-When it is less than 4ft or 1.2 m deep
-A competent person has determined and examined the ground and found
no indication of possible caved in.
-Daily inspection or as needed on excavation walls, protective system
 and areas around the excavation.
-Provide access and agrees
If using ladders, ladders should be provided and located every 7.6m fr the worker

PERFORMED ATMOSPHERE TESTING

-atmosphere testing should be conducted before employee enters the excavation for
OXYGEN CONTENT presence of FLAMMABLE and TOXIC ATMOSPHERE.

SPOILS or EXCAVATED MATERIAL

-should impounded at least 3ft or 1m or more in away fr the excavation edge.

HEAVILY EQUIPMENT
-should stay park a least 1/3 of the deep but not more than 1 to 1.5m timps of
deep.
EXCAVATION w/ 6FT or 1.8M deep should be BARRICATED

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS PRIOR TO EXCAVATION

-conduct joint site inspection w/ the company representative
-locate, identify, and stake out all underground utility lines
RED_ power line
YELLOW_ gas line
ORANGE_ communication line
BLUE_ water line
GREEN_ sewer line
-Secure the excavation permit by presenting
- Excavation Plan
- refer to as built plan
-contingency plan and a Public safety
-Soil analysis to be conducted by third party soil testing firm.

METHODS OF EXCAVATION
SHORING and TEMBERRING- A well designed protective system that support the sides
of excavation.
SLOPPING SYSTEM- well designed protective system that the sides are inclined away
to its angle at rest
90 degree angle for stable rock
55 degree angle for type A average soil
45 degree angle for type B cohesive soil
34 degree for type c loose soil
34 degree is the safest degree on any type of soil.

BENCHING SYSTEM- A well designed protective system that the SIDES are
Made of risers and step.

THE MAIND RISK OF EXCAVATION IS CAVED INS

TYPES OF CAVE IN ARE.

SLIDDING, TOPPLING, BULGING, HEAVING and BOILING.
HAZARDS OF EXCAVATION

Water accumulation
Oxygen deficiency
Fall, fire,
Inhalation of toxic atmosphere
Accidentally severing of underground utility line
Heavily equipment can cause collapse due to vibration.
Note: More than 26ft of excavation should be designed by a structural eng’r.

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#2
SCAFFOLDING
- Platforms and its suppot which is temporarily built to support worker
and materials for external and internal for building structure.
- An elevated work platform it allows the transport of a material
and a worker.

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
SUPPORTED SCAFFOLD,
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD and the AERIAL LIFT

SUPPORTED SCAFFOLDS- platforms supported by rigid,

load bearing member such pole leg frames and outriggers.

Ex. Frames or Fabricated scaffold

Open end walkthrough scaffold
Ladder frame scaffold
Poles Wood
Pump jack
And Mobile scaffold

SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD- platforms suspended by a rofe

or by NONE other rigid, it is an overhead supports.

Ex. Single point Adjustable

Two-point Adjustable
Multi point Adjustable
Two point Adjustable
Centenary and
Leading Beam

AERIAL LIFT EX. Man lift, cherry pickers and boom trucks

PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
Sills or soul board
Base plate and spigot
Runners and bearers
Diagonal, longitudinal braces
 planked/platform
guardrails, access and egress
scaffolding tag / scaftag holder
couplers
Transom or standards

TYPES OF BRACING
One way bracing, dog leg bracing, x-bracing.

PARTS OF LADDER
Rungs, bottom rung, railings

HAZARDS OF SCAFFOLDING
Fall from height, fall from the same level
Electrocution from overhead power lines
Slips and trips condition
Scaffolds collapse, cause by instability, Overloading.
lack of fall protection
Inadequate access and aggress
struck by falling tools, debris and
materials
unguarded scaffolds

FALL OCCUR WHEN.

Climbing on and off the scaffolds
Working on a unguarded scaffold
scaffold platforms planked fail
unsafe access/

NOTE. Never use scaffold that DO NOT HAVE PROPERLY

GUARDRAIL INSTALLED.
WORKING PLATFORM NOT FULLY PLANKED
UNSTABLE OBJECT WILL NOT BE USE AS WORKING PLATFORM
SHOULD BEAR ON ADEQUATE FOUNDATIONS
SHOULD BE PLUMBED AND BRACES…

PROTECT EMPLOYEE FROM BELOW BY.

Toe board
Canopy
Safety nets
Scaffolds fan
Barricade
Imposing safety and warning signs

SCAFFOLDING/ SCAFTAG SYSTEM

-is a simple means of indicating whether or not a scaffold is safe
for used. And at the same time provide other various information
to prevent the scaffold from being collapse, or overloading.
RED TAG STATUS scaftag holder is placed on the scaffold after the 1st lift has been
erected.
That this indicates RED CONDITIONS and state DO NOT USE
SCAFFOLD
DANGER…..

GREEN TAG STATUS when the scaffold has been completed and inspected by a
Competent person. The relevant information is entered on the status
Card and placed into the holder to show the GREEN FACE STATUS.
That this indicates tha the scaffolds is safe to use.

YELLOW TAG STATUS during subsequent statutory inspection the scaftag holder is reverse
Showing its yellow face. On satisfactory completion to the inspection
Is recorded on the card before it is placed to the holder with a GREEN
SAFE STATUS.

What should you look for when a scaffold is safe to use?

You should look for a GREEN TAG.

Inspection of a scaffold is every 7 days.

RED TAG-danger.
YELLOW TAG-caution.
BLUE TAG-mandatory.

How many meters in height should a body harness must be worn?

1.8 meters and above a full body harness must be worn.
Anchorage and lifeline should have a 5,000lbs of minimum breaking strength.
Body harness 1800lbs of minimum breaking strength.

Tell me something about scaffold?

Toprail- 39-45 inches 200lbs rated capacity
Midrail- 21 inches 150lbs rated capacity
Toeboard.
Toprail and midrail could be covered by mesh/ gauge #18
Scaffold-
Supported type
Suspended type

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#3
F A L L are the leading cause of accident in the most construction
fatality occur when employee fall from open sided floor and through
floor openings.

OPEN SIDED FLOOR and PLATFORMS w/ 6ft ar 2m in height or more shall be

Required FALL PROTECTION SYSTEM

FALL PROTECTION DEVICES ARE.

PFAS
 Fall restraint system
Positioning device
Warning line
Strong cover
Slide guards
Handrails
Guardrails.

COMMON AREAS and TYPE OF JOB which

REQUIRE FALL PROTECTION SYSTEM.
Unprotected sides/ edges
Formworks
Wall openings
Excavation
Brick laying
Reinforcing steel/ rebar’s

NOTE. All employee and contractor shall be prtotect from fall of 1.5m or more
by the used Of an approved FALL PROTECTION SYSTEM….

PFAS -there should be no free fall more than 6ft.

-must be inspected prior to each used.
-must not be used until they have been inspected by a competent person.

PFAS -lanyards, lifeline and body harness.

LIFELINE
VERTICAL with 5000lbs breaking strength per worker
HORIZONTAL with 5000lbs breaking strength per worker

LANYARDS
SELF RETRACTING with a 2ft free fall. w/ 5000 lbs breaking strength per worker
SHOCK ABSORBING with a 3 1/2ft free fall. w/ 5000 lbs breaking strength.

SNAPHOOKS, CARRABINERS and DEE RINGS with 5000 lbs breaking strength per
worker

BODY HARNESS with a 1800 lbs breaking strength per worker.

ANCHORAGE POINT with 5000 lbs breaking strength per worker using 5/8 diameter
bolt.
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#4

(P T W) P E R M I T TO W O R K authorized specific
construction maintenance. Or inspection in companies restricted area.
-is applies to those jobs which represent potential hazards to company’s operation,
properties, personnel and environment.
-it is the written agreement of conditions and requirement agreed upon by
the issuer and the receiver.

Ex. OF PTW
Petroleum processing plant
Loading piers
Hydrocarbon pipeline
Pipeline corridor
Oil and gas injection plants
Water treatment plants
Marine vessels
Gasoline service station
Areas were explosive radio active
Ares near underground power lines

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#5

H O T W O R K any works using open flames or any source of

heat that could ignite materials From the workplace.
-or any works that develops heat, frictions, and flames sufficient to
cause an ignition

Ex. Of HOTWORKS
Welding
Bracing
Propane soldering
Oxyacetylene cutting
And grinding ferrous metal

Before HOTWORKS begins contact FIRE MARSHALL,

SAFETY ENGINNEER or MAINTENANCE MNG’R
as well as SAFETY OFFICER to have an
HOTWORK PERMIT ISSUED.

TEST THE ATMOSPHERE for oxygen content and flammable and

combustible material
USING MX4-ORION and MULTI METER GAS

PROCEDURES OF HOTWORKS
-permit issued for specific job, for specific timeframe to specific person
-all necessary equipment must be on site and in good condition work order
before work Begin.
-no flammable or combustible material within 35ft from area of work.
-Hot works is not allowed if the LEL lowest explosive level is greater than zero.
-A fire inspection should be conducted by the person doing the hot work
before leaving The job site.
-Permit is to be returned to the person who issued them.

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#6
HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)
-extremely deadly toxic gas
-colorless, odorless
-Heavier than air so it tends to settle in laying area.
-Readily dispersed by wind movement of air current.
-Burns wit a blue flame producing So2.
-highly corrosives on a certain metal.
-More deadly than carbon monoxide.

EXPLOSSIVE LIMITS OF H2S 4.3% TO 46 % by vol. of AIR.

10 PPM H2S PEL required.

35 PPM carbon monoxide.
700-1000 PPM death may happen at once.

CONCENTRATION OF H2S
LOW -offense odor similar to rotten eggs.
SLIGHTLY HIGH - may have a sick sweet odor.
HIGH CONCENTRATION - no smell can be detected, dead end the
sense of smell to Paralyzed the olfactory nerve.

H2S FLAG SYSTEM ALARM

GREEN FLAG normal operation.
YELLOW FLAG moderate amount of H2S
RED FLAG extremely hazardous condition H2S is present.

UEL upper explosive level.46% the mixture is to rich to ignite.

LEL lower explosive level. 4.3% the mixture is to lean to ignite.

WAYS TO DETECT H2S

-portable gas detector
-laboratory test using lead acetate ampoules or coated strip.
-electronic portable detector.
-air sampling gas detected tube
-fixed electronic H2S detector.

FACTORS AFFECTING INDIVIDUALS PHYSICALLY

-frequency
-intensity
-duration
-individuals susceptibility

H2S SAFETY MEASURES

NECESSARY PRECAUTION FOR JOB SITE ENTRY
-observe condition audio and visual alarm.
-check for wind direction
-look for personnel and their activities
-minimum of two defend escaped route preferably road
-continuous atmosphere monitoring by detection equipment,
and combustible meter.
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#7
CONFINED SPACED is a large enough and
so configured that an employee can enter bodily to performed work.
-It has limited and restricted means of entry and exit.
-It is not designed for continues human occupancy.
-Most of the confined spaced are designed for storage of materials
an cylinders.

I .D .L .H immediately dangerous to life or health

-Any conditions which possess immediately treat to the health of an

entrant would couse Irreversible adverse health effect.
-Would interfere individual’s ability to escape unaided from the permit spaced.

Ex. Tank forms

Manholes trench ducts
Boilers excavation
Furnaces oven tunnels
Hopper silos
Vaults sewer
Pits bins

PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACED ENTRY PROCEDURES

ISOLATE THE SPACED

VENTILLATE The spaced
CONDUCT TAIL BOARD
TEST the ATMOSPHERE
COMPLETE ENTRY PERMIT FORM
RESCUE PLAN AND PROCEDURE
ENTRY SUPERVISORS
ATTENDANT and ENTRANT DUTIES and RESPONSIBILITIES
ENTER THE SPACE

ISOLATE the spaced from all hazards

-close valves
-double block and bleed or blank flanges.

EMPTY the spaced

-depressurized
-ventilate
-drain

LOCK OUT/ TAG OUT equipment

-electrical sources
-rotating reciprocating parts
-eliminating hazardous material
-clean residue from the spaced

VENTILLATE the spaced

-Use mechanical ventilation fan
-Ventilate at the rate of 4 vol. per hour
-larger spaced required more ventilation
-make sure air supply is not contaminated

CONDUCT TAIL BOARD

COMPLETE ENTRY PERMIT FORM

-permit must be correctly and completely filled out prior to entry.
-permit must be activated by the entry supervisor’s signatures to be valid.
-No ENTRY is allowed without valid permit
-permit is valid from up to 12 hrs.
-when the work is completed permit and tailboard should return to safety.
-cancelled permit must be KEPT ON A FILE for at least 1 year.

TEST the ATMOSPHERE

-check for oxygen content at least 19.5% and less than 23.5% to allow
an employee enter the spaced
-check for combustible materials. LESS THAN 10% of the lowest
explosive limits
-check for toxic atmosphere, most commonly carbon monoxide
PEL required 35 PPM While 10 PPM PEL required for H2S.
-Or any hazardous material as determined by the use of permit spaced.

ATMOSPHERE TESTING shall be performed prior to

-every when the spaced is vacant,
-after a 10 min. ventilation period.
-at least hourly for permit spaced.
-more frequently if conditions or suspicious warrant.

RESCUE PLAN and PROCEDURE

-barricade the area for crowd control
-additional ventilation option
-controls of other hazards
-using appropriate PPE
-adequate lighting equipment 12v DC explosion proof.
-methods of communications
-victim removal
-available emergency vehicles and hotline No.
-medically trained personnel
ENTRY SUPERVISOR’S duties and responsibilities
-A responsible coordinating to the entrant into the confined space
-To assure adequate protection provided to the entrant by verifying
ockout/ tag out that all hazard Are isolated.
-to support the attendant authority in controlling access from
the permit spaced.
-to verify that all personnel involve are aware to the hazards
and associate.
-to secure emergency services are available prior to entry.

ATTENDANT duties and responsibilities

-A competent person remains outside to monitor the entrant and
condition of spaced.
-To guard the spaced against unauthorized entry.
-To warn the entrant of any unusual conditions of the spaced.
-to monitor the entrant during job entry and exit,
-to monitor the atmosphere conditions of the spaced.
-to summon emergency assistance as needed.
-to keep record of the confined space.

ENTRANT duties and responsibilities

-A competent person who will physically enter the space to do the work.
-To assure the space has been adequately ventilated, ISOLATED
made for safe to entry.
-To follow all safety rules and procedures.
-To familiarize with the work and procedures that applies to the job.
-To use appropriate PPE.

HAZARDS OF confined space

Engulfment
Poor illumination
Slips trips condition
Inhalation of toxic atmosphere
Temperature Too hot Too cold
Oxygen deficiency electrocutions

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E L E C T R I C A L
OHMS LAW current flowing in a circuit directly proportional to the voltage
and inversely Proportional to the voltage.

CONDUCTOR permit electrons or electric circuit to flows through them.

INSULATION a barrier around the conductor to prevent accidentally contact.

SHOCK OCCURS WHEN.

-Both wire of an electric circuit and the ground was accidentally touch.
-One wire of an energized circuit and the ground.
-A part of a metal that accidentally become energized due to breaks
on its insulator.
-Another conductor that is carrying current.

BURNS common SHOCK related injury

-Electrical burns
-Thermal burns
-Combinations of burn

ELECTRIC Burns
-serious burn immediately medical attention.
-Generating heat that causes tissue damage.

ARC FLASH BURNS

-High temperature cause by an ARC/EXPLOSSION.
-This burns should treated promptly.

THERMAL BURNS
-Skin touches of HOT SURFACE from overhead electric conductors,
conduit and energized equipment

FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRIC SHOCK

Voltage
Current
Resistance
Current pathway
Duration

MAJOR ELECTRICAL ACCIDENT SITUATION

-Contact with an exposed conductor
-Working under adverse or unknown situation.
-Failure to use recommendation of protective equipment
-By passing safety procedure
-It must be isolated before employee can maintenance or servicing equipment.
By. Closing valve
Relieving trapped pressure
Disconnecting circuit
Blanking fluids/gas lines
Blanking or restraining elevated machine parts.

LOCKOUT blocking the flow energy from the power source of equipment
and keeping it Blocked out.

TAGOUT means placing a tag on the power source to warn co-worker and
other affected NOT to TURN the POWER ON

(LOTO) Lockout/Tag Out

-turn off the equipment and disconnect energy sources.
-lock out energy sources of the equipment.
-tag at disconnect point.
-release residual energy
-restore energy safely.

RESTORING ENERGY
-keep all employee a safe distance from the energized lines.
-remove tools, equipment from the work area.
-re-install the machine safeguards or machine guard.
-remove (LOTO) devices.
-notify affected employee and others that equipment or machinery is
in service and safe to operate

ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROCEDURE

-it is essential to de energized electric equipment before inspection or repair.
-notify all affected worker in the work area.
-lockout all energy source of the equipment.
-exercising cautions when working near energized lines.
-using appropriate PPE
-proper lockout/tag out protection from danger/damage of the accidentally
or unexpectedly Start-up of equipment and to remain the equipment
deenergized.
-keep worker a safe distance from energized line.

HAZARDS OF ELECTRICAL
Electric shock blast
Burns explosions
Arc flash source of ignition
Fire
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F I R E chemical reaction cause by the intersection of

three components Oxygen heat and fuel

A component of FIRE is oxygen heat and fuel….

H E A T it is the energy needed to increased the fuel temperature

to the point when Sufficient vapors are produced to occur.

CHEMICAL REACTION a chemical chain reaction known as fire

occur when oxygen heat and Fuels are present in the right
directions and amount.
-It is also refer to combustion process.

METHODS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHED

COOLING or QUENCHING removing radiant heat from burning fuel.

STARVATION removing of fuel can only be done by closing off the

supply or source.

EXTINGUISHERS to stop the chain reaction. To stop the chain reaction

cut the chain binding By removing one of the element.

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Water fire extinguisher
Foam fire
Dry powder
Carbon dioxide fire
Hal on fire

PARTS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Cylinder
Air
Agent
Hose
Nosel
Meter guage
Safety pin
Switch lever

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W E L D I N G it is the joining of two similar or dissimilar metals.

-One of the most effective methods of joining metal components.

Joint Procedures by WELDING are.

-Permanent, strong and leak proof.
-Reproducible, readily inspected by none distractive techniques.

TYPES of W E L D I N G

TIG welding tungsten inserts gas

SAW welding deep penetration.
MIG MAG metal inner gas ( makapal)
Manual arc gas
FCAW flux core arc welding
SMAW shielded metal arc welding (strongest types of welding)
M.M.A manual metal arc.

OVER or QUIVER for electrode temperature 70 degree

CORE ROD metal filler carriers of current
FLUX CORE COATING carriers of shielding
SHIELDING GAS protection from temperature and to protect well puddle

WELDING ROD
Ferrous and non ferrous not to exposed electrode from temperature.
GFCI + WELDING is equals to SAFETY

When performing welding be sure not to carry any of the ff.

Handkerchief coins
Pocket lighter
Fan cigarette

COVER ALL MUST BE WORN when working welding

FLASH OVER when the vapor are already burning
FLASHBACK ARRESTER safety device used prevent backflow when
cutting using oxyacetylene

2 MAIND FUNCTION OF WELDING MACHINE

Rises the level of current appropriate for welding
From 60 to 110amp approximately.
Lower the voltage to a safe level.
From 220 to 20-40 volts

MAINTENANCE BEFORE WELDING WORK

Welder & Equipment
-Provide correct power switch GFCI and or FCB
-Holder insulations must be good
-welding equipment must be properly grounded
-welding cable must not be damage.

Clothes & Protector

-correct working clothes must be worn
-Using appropriate PPE
-Proper welding face shield and goggles must be ready.
-Proper hand gloves effron and foot cover.
-And body harness for working up height.

Work Conditions
-Plates and screens to protect 3rd party
-eliminate flammable or explosive material in the work area.
-keep fire extinguisher at the working site.
-check ladders scaffold and work support for workplace higher than 2m.

HAZARDS OF WELDING
Electric shock/ electrocution
Fumes and gasses
Welding sparks
Burns, fire
Gen. Work area

WELDING HAZARDS AND CONTROLS

Electric SHOCK
-Insulate welder use rubber matt or dry wood
-Using appropriate PPE
-keeping electrode holder and welding cable in good condition

FUMES and GASSES

-Proper ventilation 2000 cu ft changes of air per hour
-Provide room at least 10,000 cu ft per welder with the ceiling height
of at least 16 ft.
-Using appropriate PPE

ARC FLACH
-Always use hard hat and mask and appropriate lenses.

Gen. Work area

-keeping electrode holder and welding cable properly maintained.
-connect work cable as close as possible into the area where the
welding work is being performed.

FIREWATCH duties and responsibilities

-firewatcher should perform no other duties than those assign on the
hot works permit.
-firewatcher should remain on the site for the minimum specified time
during breaks and
Every after works.
-A fire extinguisher should be visible with in the reached of assign
firewatcher.
-ventilation system shall be provided at all times when performing
hot works in a confined space.
-oxygen shall never be use to ventilate a confined space.
-compressed gas cylinders shall be placed outside the confined
space when performing hot works in a confined space.

NOTE.
-A designated welding area should be established to meet the
following requirement.
-Floor swept/ clean of combustible material with in 35ft of work area.
-Flammable/ explosive liquids and combustible material will be KEPT 35ft.
from the work area.
-Adequate ventilation providing 20 air changes pr hour.
-at least one 10 lbs dry chemical fire extinguisher with in the access or
reach of assign fire watch From the work area.
-Protective dividers such as welding curtain, fire blancket and none
combustible walls will be provided to contain sparks and slogs to
the combustible free area.

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C R A N E S consist of rotating structure for lifting and lowering
horizontally on rubber or crawler thread.

NOTE. In lifting the maximum angle of boom should be 82.1 angle

to prevent overturns. If wind is 25-32kph stop lifting.

PARTS OF CRANE
Hoist
Boom
Cab
Pendant
Counter weights
And outrigger

TYPE OF CRANE
Mobile
Hydraulic
Over head
Gantry and
Tower crane

Hoist use to lift lower loads

Boom an inclined spur or strut or other long member supporting

the hoist tackle.

Boom Stop a device used to limit the angle of the boom at its
highest position.

Breaks to slow or stop the motion by friction or power.

Block sheaves or grove fully in a frame or hock eye and strap.

Jib extension attached to the boom point provides added boom

length for lifting specified load.

INSPECTION SCHEDULLE OF CRANE test firm to be conducted

by 3rd party.

Class A/ standby or infrequent ANNUALLY

Class B/ light services 2-5 lift per hr. ANNUALLY
Class C/ moderate services 5-10 lift per hr. ANNUALLY
Class D/ heavy services 10-20 lift per hr.
using 50% rated capacity SEMI ANNUALLY
Class E/ sever services more than 20 lift per hr. QUARTERLY
Class F/ continuous severe service BI- MONTHLY

Crane operator is at RISK

General SAFETY________for environment

Technical SAFETY______for equipment

Major Cause of CRANE ACCIDENT

-Contact to power lines
-Over turns
-Fall
-Mechanical failure

HAZARDS of CRANE
-Electrocutions from overhead power line
-Improper load rating
-Excessive speeds
-No hand signals
-Shafted windows
-Unsecured swing radius
-improper exhaust system
-No boom angle indicator
-No step, guardrails and walk ways installed
-Not using outrigger
-Inadequate maintenance or inspection

CRANE ACCIDENT OCCUR WHEN

INSTABILITY
-unsecured load
-load capacity exceeded
-ground not level or too soft

Lock of communication
-not in full view by crane operator
-lock of maintenance or inspection

Lock of training of crane operator and rigger

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S A F E T Y freedom from aciddent HARM

-State of free from accident
-controlling hazards into an acceptable level of RISK

H A Z A R D S anything that could cause harm is a hazards.

-A danger which threaten physically harm to people or damage to
Properties and environment.

ACCIDENT
-An unplanned event, unwanted event but
-Preventable event resulted to harm to people or damage to properties.

Unsafe Act Unsafe Condition

-Violation of safety unsafe workplace or inspection
-Violation of procedure that can cause injuries or illness to employee.
-Unmotivated Circumstances, Conditions
-Unaware, unable Unsafe condition of equipment, material, PPE
-lack of training,
incompetent

INCIDENT it has the potential to cause harm to people or damage

to properties. That Could cause harm or damage to properties.

Near Miss an unplanned event that under slightly different circumstances

could have resulted to harm to people ar damage to properties
and eon environment.

Risk usual results of incident and near miss.

-the chance of something happening that will have an impact to an object.
-It is the likelihood probability of harm resulting from a hazard.
-It is measured in terms of CONSIQUENCES SEVERITY, LIKELIHOOD
PROBABILITY.

Risk Assessment. It is a process use to identify actual ao possible

problem that could cause
-Or it is a process to Identify Hazards and determined possible
control measuresTo minimized Risk and established safe work procedure.
-Process that provides an inventory action and forms the basis
for implementing Control measures.

Risk Management a systematic planed of identifying, accessing,

monitoring and Controlling hazards from the workplace that add
value to the business.

SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS) is a safety procedure that

assists the management and employee in Identification, Evaluation
and to controlling hazards from the workplace.

Basic elements SMS

Commitment our adjective is SAFETY 1st
Accountabilities duties and responsibilities
Involvement obligations Right to Do or NOT to do
Hazards Identification and Control implementation
Accident investigation knowing the root cause
Training competency
Evaluation improvement

JOB HAZARDS ANNALYSIS (JHA)

-Techniques that focus on a job task as way to identify hazards before
they occur.
-Ideally after identify uncontrolled hazards. You will take steps to
eliminate or reduce them
To an acceptable risk level.
-One of the best ways to established safe work procedures is to
conduct Job hazard analysis.

JOB SAFETY ANNALYSIS (JSA)

-techniques that each steps is examined thoroughly considering 5 factor.
-physical action
-equipment
-material and
-condition

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)

-It contain all information of the task material to be use and who is to
perform to do the work.
-It should always refer to MSDS because it will teach us how to do
it safely together with JHA/JSA

LOTO LOCKOUT / TAG OUT

-Verify is to prevent the energy from being release while the machine
is in service
-Verify is to protect the safety and health the worker.
-Protection of equipment from damages.

Fatal 5 of LOckOut / TagOut

-Failure to shutdown the equipment from its operating control.
-Failure to stop the equipment.
-Accidentally restarting the equipment.
-Failure to work area before reactivation.

Energy Sources
Electricity
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Thermal
Mechanical
Gas, Air steam gravity
Isolating Device A mechanical device that physically prevent
the Transmission Or release of energy while the machine is in service.
Ex.
Close valve,
Double block and bleed or blank flanges.

LOTO LOCKOUT / TAG OUT the placement of lockout/ tag out on an

isolating device which ensure that the equipment being controlled can not be energized
Until the locking device is remove.

Procedure of LOTO
-Properly plan the job
-notify affected worker in the area of work.
-lockout all energy sources of the equipment
-tag at disconnect point.
-dissipate all stored residual energy
-verify the isolation.

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CATEGORIES OF HAZARDS
Acceleration Chemical
Electrical Mechanical
Temperature Ergonomics
Biological
ACCELERATION category
Fall from height
Fall from the same level (slip and trips condition)

SLIPPERY condition
-dust of the floor
-wet floor
-smooth floor surface
-unsafe condition of shoes (PPE)

TRIPPING condition
-dangling of wires and cables
-obstruction on walk aisle
-poor illumination
-poor housekeeping

ELECTRICAL category
-Electrocution sparks
-Electric shock burns
-fire Arc flash
-blast source of ignitions

TEMPERATURE category
Unstable TOO HOT/ TOO COLD

TOO HOT TOO COLD

-Skin burns -hypothermia
-Dehydration -pulmonary effect
-heatstroke
-hypertension

BIOLOGICAL category

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa

CHEMICAL category

State of chemicals
-Solid Ex. Mercury
-Liquid corrosives
-Gas mist, fumes, dust

MECHANICAL category

Caught in compress
Caught by
Crushing Hazards

ERGONOMICS category
-Hazards with in the work itself.
-Prolonged standing
-Repetitions of body motion.

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Hierarchy
Engineering- controlling the source of hazards from the workplace.
Elimination
Isolation
Substitution
Equipment modification

Administrative- controlling the exposure of the worker by.

Ptw
Shifting
Trainings
Imposing safety and warning signs.

PPE- Worn by individual to reduce the accidentally contact to chemical,

Or to reduce the exposure of noise.

ELIMINATION control
-It is a process of removing hazards from the workplace
-it is the most effective method to control risk, because the hazards are no longer
Present.
-effective way to control hazard and should be use whenever possible.

SUBSTATUTION control
-Occurs when a new chemical or substance is used instead of another,
-it is sometimes group with elimination because in effect we are removing 1 st substance or
Hazard from the workplace.
-The goal obviously is to CHOOSE a NEW CHEMICAL that is LESS THAN HAZARDOUS than
The original.
ADMINISTRETIVE control
-Controlling the exposure of the worker
-controls that alter the way the wok is done
-including timing of work. Policies and other rules
Work practices such as standards operating procedures
-training, housekeeping, equipment maintenance and personal hygiene.

ENGINEERING control
-include designs or modification of plans
-ventilation system and process that reduce the source of exposure.
-system that reduce potential hazards by isolating the worker fr. Hazards.
-or removing the hazards from the work environment
-method include
Ventilation
Isolation
& Enclosure
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What is nearmiss?
Nearmiss or incident. No accident happened,
so it doesn’t resulted in harm or injury.

When a nearmiss happened

you should provide JHA to eliminate the potential hazard.

JHA-1. Identify the task
2.break down task into step
3.Identify hazard each step
4. Provide control measures
5. Provide report
6. Review follow up action

Accident and incident could be eliminated based on HEINRICH THEORY

88 percent unsafe act,
10 percent unsafe condition,
2 percent acts of God.
Unsafe act and condition total of 98 percent.

Accident / incident investigation

1. Gather information
Secure scene
Collect facts (photos)
2. analyze facts-determine causes
3. Implement solutions/recommendations

How many workers a safety officer could handle?

Based on OSHA to maintain the optimum safety of each worker
safety officer could handle 30-50 workers.

What should you look for when a scaffold is safe to use?

You should look for a GREEN TAG.

Inspection of a scaffold is every 7 days.

RED TAG-danger.
YELLOW TAG-caution.
BLUE TAG-mandatory.

How many meters in height should a body harness must be worn?

1.8 meters and above a full body harness must be worn.
Anchorage and lifeline should have a 5,000lbs of minimum breaking strength.
Body harness 1800lbs of minimum breaking strength.

Tell me something about scaffold?

Toprail- 39-45 inches 200lbs rated capacity
Midrail- 21 inches 150lbs rated capacity
Toeboard.
Toprail and midrail could be covered by mesh/ gauge #18
Scaffold-
Supported type
Suspended type
What are the main hazard in cranes?
1.contact to powerlines
2.overturns falls
3.falls
4.mechanical failure
In lifting the maximum angle of boom should be 82.1 angle to prevent overturns.
If wind is 25-32kph stop lifting.

Excavation procedures
1.Conduct joint site inspection wd cmpany representatives
2. Locate, identify all utility lines
Orange-communctn lines
Blue-water lines
Red-electrical lines
Yellow-gas lines
3.excavation permit
4.soil testing (3rd party)