Cer
ti
fi
cat
e
Thisist
ocerti
fyt
hatZAHIRAKATHUNst
udentof
ClassXI
I-A,
KENDRIYAVIDYALAYAI
TARANA
ALWARhascompl et
edt
heproj
ect

TOINVESTI
GATETHERELATI
ONBETWEEN:
i) OUTPUTANDINPUTVOLTAGE
ii
) NUMBEROFTURNSI NTHESECONDARY
COILANDPRI
MARYCOI L
OFASELFDESIGNEDTRANSFORMER

duri
ngt heacademi cyear2019- 2020t owards
part
ialfulf
il
lmentofcreditforthePhy sicspract
ical
eval
uationofCBSE2020andsubmi tted
sati
sfactoryrepor
t,ascompi ledinthef ol
lowing
pages,undermysuper v
isionandgui dance.

(MrsArchanaYadav)
Depar
tmentofphy si
cs
KENDRIYAVI DYALAYAITARANA
 
 
Acknowl
edgement
s
Iwoul dl i
ket oexpressmysi nceregratit
udetomy
Physicst eacherMr s.ArchanaYadav ,f orhervi tal
suppor t
,gui dance and encour agement ,without
which this proj
ectwoul d nothav e come forth.I
wouldal sol i
ketoexpr essmygr at
it
udet othest aff
ofthePhy si
csfortheirsupportduri
ngt hemakingof
thi
s project.
 I
NTRODUCTI
ON
 

At r
ansformeri sanel ectri
caldev i
cewhi chi sused
forchangi ng the A.C.v ol
tages.A t ransf
or meri s
mostwi dely used device in bot hlow and hi gh
curr
entci r
cuit
.Assucht ransformersar ebui l
tinan
amazing st rength of si zes. I n el ectronic,
measurementandcont r
olci r
cuits,t
ransformersi ze
maybesosmal lthatitwei ghtonlyaf ew tensof
gramswher easi nhighv oltagepowerci rcuit
s,i t
maywei ghthundr edoftones.
I
nat ransformer
,theelectr
icalenergytransferf
rom
oneci
r cui
ttoanotherci
rcui
tt akesplacewithoutthe
useofmov ingpar
ts.
 
At ransfor
merwhi ch incr
eases t
he vol
tages i
s
cal
ledast ep-uptr
ansf
ormer.A tr
ansf
ormerwhich
decreasest heA.C.vol
tagesiscall
edastep-down
tr
ansf or
mer .
Transformeris,theref
ore,an essenti
alpiece of
apparatusbot
hforhighandlowcurrentci
rcui
ts.
 PRI
NCI
PLE
 
ATr ansfor
merbasedont hePr i
ncipl
eofmut ual
i
nduct i
onaccordingtothispri
nci pl
e,theamountof
magnet i
cfluxli
nkedwi t
hacoi lchanging,ane. m.fi
s
i
nducedi ntheneighbouringcoilthatisifa varying
currenti
sset-upinaci r
cuiti
nducede. m. f
.is
producedintheneighbor i
ngcircuit
.Thev arying
currenti
naci r
cuitproducevaryingmagnet i
cf l
ux
whichinducese.m. f
.intheneighboringcircuit.

CONSTRUCTI
ON
 
Thetransformerconsistsoftwocoi l
s.Theyar e
i
nsulated witheachotherbyinsul
atedmat erialand
woundonacommoncor e.Foroperati
onatl ow
fr
equency ,wemayhav easofti
ron.Thesof tiron
coreisinsulati
ngbyjoini
ngthinir
onstri
pscoat ed
withvarni
shtoinsul
atethem toreduce
energy 
l
ossesbyeddycur rent
s.Theinputcir
cui
tis
cal
ledpr i
mary
.Andt heout
putcircui
tiscal
led
secondary.
THEORYANDWORKINGOF
ATRANSFORMER
 
  
  
  Whenanal
ter
inge.
m.f
.issuppl
i
edt
othepr
imar
y
coilp1p2,anal ternati
ngcur rentst artsfall
ingi ni t
.
The al teri
ng cur rentint he pr i
mar y produces a
changi ng magnet icf l
ux,whi ch i nduces alteri
ng
voltagei ntheprimar yaswel lasi nt hesecondar y.In
a good- transformer ,whol e oft he magnet icf lux
l
inkedwi thprimaryisalsol i
nkedwi ththesecondar y
,
thent hei nducede. m.f.inducedi neacht urnoft he
secondar yi sequalt ot hatinducedi neacht urnof
thepr i
mar y.Thusi fEp andEs bet heinstantaneous
valuesoft hee.m.f.’
sinducedi nt hepr imaryandt he
secondar yandNp  andNs  aretheno.oft urnsoft he
pri
mar ysecondar ycoil
soft het ransformerand
Dфь/dt =r
ateofchangeoff
luxi
neacht
urnof
fthe
coi
latt
hisi
nst
ant,
wehav
e
Ep 
=-Np 
dфь/
dt 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 --
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-(1)
  
 
and
 
  
  
 Es 
=-Ns 
dфь/
dt 
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
 --
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-(2)
Si
ncetheabov
erel
ati
onsar
etr
ueatev
eryi
nst
ant
,so
bydi
vi
ding2by1,weget
 
  
  
  
  
 Es 
/Ep 
=-Ns 
/Np 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 --
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
(3)
As Ep  i
st he instantaneous v alue ofback e. m.
f
i
nducedi nt hepr i
mar ycoilp1,sot heinstantaneous
currenti npr i
mar ycoilisduet othedi f
fer
ence( E–
Ep )int hei nstantaneousv aluesoft heappliedand
backe. m. f.fur
therifRp i
st her esi
stanceo,p1p2 coi
l
,
thent he instantaneouscur rentIpinthepr i
mar ycoi
l
i
sgi venby
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Ip 
  
  =  
E–Ep 
/Rp 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 E–Ep 
 = 
 Ip 
Rp
Whentheresi
stanceofthepr
imar
yissmal
l
,Rp 
Ip 
can
benegl
ect
edsot heref
ore
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 E–Ep 
 =0orEp 
=E
Thusbacke.
m.f
 =i
npute.
m.f
Henceequat
ion3canbewr
it
tenas
 
  
 Es 
/Ep 
=Es 
/E=out
pute.
m.f/i
npute.
m.f=Ns 
/
Np =K
Wher
eKi
sconst
ant
,cal
l
edt
urnort
ransf
ormat
ion
r
ati
o.

I
nast
epupt
ransf
ormer
Es 
>E soK>1,
henceNs 
>Np
I
nast
epdownt
ransf
ormer
Es 
<E soK<1,
henceNs 
<Np
I
f 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
I
p 
=  
val
ueofpr
imar
ycur
rentatt
hesamei
nst
antt
And 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
I
s 
= v
alueofsec.cur
rentatt
hisi
nst
ant
,then
I
nputpoweratt
hei
nst
antt
  
=Ep 
Ip 
and
Out
putpoweratt
hesamei
nst
ant= 
Es 
Is

I
fther
ear
enol
ossesofpoweri
nthet
ransf
ormer
,
t
hen
I
nputpower=out
putpower
Or
Ep 
Ip 
 = 
  
 Es 
Is
 Or
Es 
/Ep 
  = 
  
 Ip 
/Is 
  = 
  K

I
nast
epupt
ransf
ormer
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  As k>1,
soI
p 
>Is 
orI
s 
<Ip
i
.e.cur
renti
nsec.i
sweakerwhensecondar
yvol
tage
i
shigher.
Hence,whatev
erwe gai
ninv
olt
age,we l
ose i
n
cur
renti
nthesamer
ati
o.
Simil
arl
yitcan be shown,thatin a step down
tr
ansfor
mer,what
everweloseinvol
tage,wegainin
curr
entint
hesamerati
o.
Thusastepuptr
ansfor
merinreal
it
yst
epsdownthe
cur
rent& astep down t
ransf
ormerstepsup t
he
cur
rent
.

Ef
fi
ciency:
-
Eff
ici
encyofatransf
ormerisdefi
nedast
her
ati
oof
outputpowert
otheinputpower
.i.
e.
 
  
  
  
  η 
 = 
  out
putpower/i
nputpower
  = 
  Es 
Is 
/
Ep 
Ip
Thus i
n an idealt ransfor
mer ,wheret hereis no
powerlosses,η = 
1.Buti nactualpract
ice,ther
eare
many powerl osses;t her
eforet he effi
ci
ency of
tr
ansf
ormeri sl
esst hanone.

PROCEDURE
i
) Demonstr
ati
ngthepr
inci
pleoftr
ansfor
merby
windi
ngpri
maryandsecondar
ycoilonast
eel
rod

1.
Takeasof ti
r onrodof cm and cm
diamet er.Wr apthi ckpaperoni t.
2.
Wi ndacoi lPofenamel edcopperwi re200
turns.
3.
Wi ndanot hercoi lSoft hickenamel edcopper
wirewi th400t ur
ns.
4.
Bot hcoilsar ewoundov ersamel engthoft he
rod, sothatal mostt heent i
refluxproducedby
cur r
entinonei slinkedtot heot her.
5.
Connectt hecoi l
Swi t
hanACv oltmeter.
Connectani denti
cal vol
t meteracrossPal so.
6.
Swi tchont hecur rentinPandnot evolt
age
acrosst het wocoi l
s
7.
Findt herat i
oVpt oVs
 OBSERVATI
ONS
1.
Wewillfi
ndthatrat
ioofVpandVsacrossthe
twocoil
sisequaltotherat
ioofnumberof
tur
nsinthecoilPtothati
nthecoil
S.i
.e.
,

Vp/
Vs=Np/
Ns -
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
(1)

2.Thecoi
lP(t
owhichACv ol
tageisappl
i
ed)i
s
Cal
ledt
hepri
maryandcoil
S( i
nwhichACis
i
nduced)i
scal
ledt
hesecondary.

3.Sincecoi
lSisplacedver
ycloset othecoi
l
P,thepowerintheprimar
yistransfer
redint
othe
secondarythr
oughmut uali
nduction.

4.I
tiscl
earf
rom equat
ion1,
thatbyappr
opr
iat
e
 choiceoft
heturnr
atioi
.e.
,Np/
Ns,wecan
obtainahi
ghervol
tageorl
owervol
tagei
nS
comparedtothati
nP.

ENERGYLOSSES:
-
Foll
owingaret
hemaj
orsour
cesofener
gyl
ossi
na
tr
ansformer
:
1.Copperloss:
 
istheener
gyl ossint
hefor
m ofheat
i
nt hecoppercoil
sofat ransformer
.Thi
sisduet o
j
ouleheati
ngofconducti
ngwi res.
2.Ir
onl oss:i
stheenergylossint
hefor
m ofheatin
the i
ron core ofthe tr
ansfor
mer.Thi
si s due t
o
for
mat i
on of eddy cur r
entsini r
on core.Itis
minimizedbytaki
nglaminatedcor
es.
3.Leakageofmagnet i
cflux:occur
sinspit
eofbest
i
nsulations.Ther
efor
e,rateofchangeofmagnet ic
fl
uxlinkedwitheachturnofS1S2 
isl
essthanther
ate
ofchangeofmagnet
icf
luxl
i
nkedwi
theacht
urnof
P1P2.
 
4. 
Hy steret
icloss:ist he l
oss ofenergy due t
o
repeatedmagnet izat
ionanddemagneti
zati
onofthe
i
roncor ewhenA.C.isfedtoi
t.
5.
 Magnet
ostri
ati
on:
hummi
ngnoi
seofa
tr
ansf
ormer.

USESOFTRANSFORMER
 
  
  
  
  
  Atr
ansf
ormeri
susedi
nal
mostal
la.
c.
operati
ons
Inv olt
age regulat
orf orT.V.,ref
ri
ger
ator,
comput er
,ai
rcondi ti
oneretc.
Ast epdownt r
ansformeri susedforweldi
ng
purposes.
A st ep down t r
ansf or
mer is used for
obtaini
nglar
gecur rent.
A st ep up transformeri s used forthe
producti
on of X- Rays and NEON
 advertisement .
Transfor mersar eusedinv ol
tageregul
ator
s
andst abili
zedpowersuppl i
es.
Transfor mersar eusedi nt
het r
ansmissi
ons
ofa.c.ov erlongdistances.
Smal ltransformersar eusedi nRadiosets,
tel
ephones,l oudspeakersandel ect
ri
cbell
s
etc.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF
TRANSFORMERS

I
nst
rumentt
r ansformers
I
nst
rumentt
r ansformersar eusedformeasur i
ng
v
olt
ageandcur renti
nel ectri
calpowersyst
ems, and
f
or 
powersystem protection 
andcontrol
.Wher ea
v
olt
ageorcur r
entistool argetobeconvenientl
y
usedbyani nstrument,itcanbescaleddownt oa
standardi
zedlowv alue.Inst
rumenttransf
ormers
i
solatemeasur ement ,
protecti
onandcont r
ol
ci
rcuitr
yfrom t
hehi ghcur r
entsorvol
tagespresent
ont hecir
cui
tsbeingmeasur edorcontrol
l
ed.
A cur
rentt
ransfor
mer i
sat r
ansfor
merdesi gnedto
provi
deacurrenti
nitssecondarycoi
l propor
ti
onalt
o
[
88]
thecurr
entfl
owinginit
sprimarycoil
.
Voltagetransformers 
(VTs) ,
alsor efer
redt oas
"potent
ialtransformer
s"(PTs) ,aredesignedt ohav e
anaccur atelyknowntransformat ionratioinboth
magni t
udeandphase, overar angeofmeasur ing
cir
cuiti
mpedances.Av ol
taget ransformeris
i
ntendedt opr esentanegligi
blel oadtot hesupply
beingmeasur ed.Thel
owsecondar yvoltageall
ows
protect
iver el
ayequipmentandmeasur ing
[
89]
i
nst r
ument st obeoperatedatal owerv olt
ages.
Bot hcurrentandv ol
t agei nstrumentt ransformer s
aredesi gnedt ohavepr edictablecharacteri
sticson
ov erl
oads.Pr operoper ationofov er
-
cur r
entprotectiv
erelays  r
equi r
est hatcurrent
transformer sprovi
deapr edictabletr
ansfor mation
ratioevendur ingashor t-
circuit.
RFtransfor
mers
Thereareseveralt
ypesoftransf
ormer
susedin
radi
ofrequency(RF)work.Steel
lami
nati
onsar
enot
suit
ableforRF.
Air
-coretr
ansformers
Theseareusedf orhi
ghfrequencywor k.Thelackof
acoremeansv er
ylow i
nductance.Such
tr
ansformersmaybenot hingmor ethanaf ewturns
ofwiresolder
edontoa pri
ntedcircui
tboard.
Fer r
it
e-coret ransformer s
Wi delyusedi n intermediatefr
equency  (
IF)st
ages
i
n  superheterody ne radi
oreceivers.aremostlytuned
transformer s,cont ai
ningat hr
eadedf erri
teslugthat
i
sscr ewedi noroutt oadjustI
Ft uning.The
transformer sar eusual l
ycannedf orstabil
it
yandt o
reducei nterference.
Tr ansmi ssi
on- linet r
ansf ormers
For  
radiof r
equency  use,transformersare
somet imesmadef r
om conf igurati
onsof
transmi ssionl ine, somet imes bifi
lar
 or 
coaxi
al 
cabl
e,
woundar ound  ferrit
e orothert ypesofcore.This
sty l
eoft ransf ormergi vesanext r
emely
wi de bandwi dth  butonl yal i
mitednumberofr ati
os
(suchas1: 9, 1:4or1: 2)canbeachi evedwiththi
s
techni que.
Thecor emat eri
al i
ncreasestheinductance
dramat icall
y,therebyraisi
ngits 
Qf actor.Thecor es
ofsucht ransformershel pimproveper f
ormanceat
thelowerf r
equencyendoft heband.RF
transformer ssomet imesusedat hir
dcoi l(cal
leda
ti
cklerwi nding)toinject 
feedback i
ntoanear l
i
er
(detector)stagei n 
antique r
egenerati
ve radio
receivers.

Baluns
Balunsaretransformer sdesignedspecifi
cal
lyto
connectbetween  balanced 
and unbalanced 
cir
cui
ts.
Thesear esomet i
mesmadef rom confi
gurat
ionsof
tr
ansmi ssi
onlineand
sometimes bif
ilar
 orcoaxial
 
cableandar esimil
arto
tr
ansmi ssi
onlinet r
ansformer si
nconst r
ucti
onand
operat
ion.