 Control (Do parents encourage or limit adolescence autonomy?

)
 Parental monitoring – parents’ ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where and
with whom
 Authoritative parenting is the best for adolescent’s and uninvolved parenting is the worst
 Peer pressure – encouragement to conform to one’s friends or contemporaries in behaviour, dress
and attitude; usually considered a negative force
 Deviancy training – destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel
against authority or social norms
 Peers are more helpful than harmful
 Clique – a group of adolescents made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while
excluding others
 Crowd – a larger group of adolescents who have something in common by who are not
necessarily friends
 Teenagers select cliques whose values and interests they share, abandoning former friends who
follow other paths
 Peers than facilitate constructive and destructive behaviours
Sexual Interactions:
 In general, there has been a downward trend in teen births around the world
 Between 1960 and 2010, the adolescent birth rate of China was nearly cut In half
 In Canada between 1996 and 2006, the teen pregnancy rate declined by 37%
 However, from 2006 to 2010, the national pregnancy rate edged slightly upward
 Thought to be due to the economic recession
 The use of protection has risen
 Increased everywhere since 1990
 The teen abortion rate is down
 From 2001 to 2010, the teenage abortion rate in Canada decreased by more than 24%
 Today boys and girls are quite similar in sexual activity
 Dexter Dunphy described the sequence of male-female relationships during childhood and
adolescence:
 Groups of friends, exclusively once sex or the other
 A loose association of girls and boys, with public interactions within a crowd
 Small mixed-sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd
 Formation of couples, with private intimacies
 Culture effects the timing and manifestation of each step, but not order
 Sexual orientation – a term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted
to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes
 The basic orientation seems primarily biological, but obviously culture is involved as
well
 In North America, the rate of teenage intercourse is lower in the 21st century than it was in the
20th century
 Poverty and lack of education correlate with teenage pregnancy
 younger pregnant teenagers are often malnourished and postpone prenatal care
 if a pregnant teenager is below the age of 16, complications are more likely
 the children of young parents have more medical, educational and social problems
 child sexual abuse – any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a
child, whether or not the victim protests or not genital contact is involved