SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE (1565 – 1898) - written in Tagalog and Spanish

- Brought changes to Filipino Lifestyle

- from Animism and Paganism to Christianity
- from treehouses and nipa huts to houses made of stones and bricks
- carriages, boats, and trains became the means of commuting
- fiestas honor the saints, the pope, and the governor
- cockfights, horse races, and theater became recreational activities
- different class strata emerged like poor, rich, landlords, etc.
4. Ang Barlaan at Josaphat
- first biblical story printed in the Philippines
- translated from Greek to Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Boria
- has 556 pages and believed to be the first Tagalog novel ever published in
the Philippines
- Fr. Agustin Mejia translated this novel in Ilocano

SPANISH INFLUENCES 5. The Passion

- Alibata was replaced by Roman alphabet - talks about life and sufferings of Jesus Christ
- legends and traditions from Europe were assimilated in our songs, corridos, - read only during lent
moro-moros - had 4 versions in Tagalog, which were named after the writer
- lessons on Christian Doctrine became the basis of the religious practices > Gaspar de Aquino de Belen of Bataan (1704)
- the Spanish language became the medium of instruction and literary > Luis de Guia (1750)
language and now had lent many words to our language > Mariano Pilapil (1814)
- ancient literature was collected and translated in Tagalog and other dialects > Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan (1856)
- grammar books were printed in Filipino
- magazine and periodicals gained a religious tone 6. Urbana at Felisa
- by Modesto de Castro, the Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog
THE FIRST BOOKS - influenced greatly the behavior of people in society
1. Doctrina Christiana (1593) - contains exchange of letters between two sister Urbana and Felisa
- by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva in Tagalog and Spanish
- first book printed in Philippines in xylography 7. Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (1865) [Pslams for Mary]
- contained the following: - by Mariano Sevilla. a Filipino priest
- Pater Noster (Our Father) - collection of song praising the Virgin Mary
- Ave Maria (Hail Mary) - popular during May time festival (Flores de Mayo)
- Regina Coeli (Hail Holy Queen)
- Ten Commandments of God FOLKSONGS
- Commandments of Catholic Church - Each region had its national song from the lowlands to the mountains of
- Seven Mortal Sins Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. These manifest Filipinos' artistic feelings and
- How to Confess innate appreciation for love and beauty.
- Cathecism Examples:
1. Leron, Leron, Sinta (Leron, Leron, My Love)
2. Nuestra Senora Del Rosario (1602) 2. Atin cu pung singsing (Kapampangan)
- by Fr. Blancas de San Jose 3. Dandansoy (Visayan Folk Song)
- second book published in Philippines (at UST Printing Press) with the help 4. Ili-ili, Tulog Anay (Iloilo Folk Song)
of Juan de Vera 5. Panulinawen (Ilocano)
- contained the biography of saints, novenas, Q & As on religion 6. Sarung Banggi (One Night)

3. Libros de Los Cuatro Post Primeras de Hombre

- first book published in trypography
RECREATIONAL PLAYS 9. Moro-moro
1. Tibag - serves to entertain and remind people of their Christianity
- means “to excavate” - Christians usually win the battle
- ritual about St. Helena’s search for the Holy Cross where Jesus Christ was - a Christian princess is captured by Moro people
nailed and died - father and his team engage in battle with Moros
- conversion, baptism, Christian community
2. Lagaylay
- in April, the ladies are chosen or focused by their mother to fulfill a vow 10. Balagtasan
(panata) - a poetic artful joust in debate on a topic or issue
- in May, people offer praise, respect, and love to the Blessed Cross by St. - comprised of two opposing parties and a moderator (lakandiwa/lakambini),
Helena on the mound she had dug in and judges
- held in honor of Fancisco Baltazar
3. Senakulo
- Ilocos, Pampanga, Bicol, Sibulanon, Hilagaynon 11. Dung-aw (from Ilocano)
- re-enactment of passion and death of Jesus Christ - a chant in free verse by bereaved person beside a corpse of the dead
- Cantada = chanted like the passion - the person recited in free poetic rhythm according to his feelings, emotions,
- Hablada = has more dignified theme and thoughts, including his good wishes for the dead person in his other life
- personalized and usually deals with life, sufferings, sacrifices of the dead
4. Panunuluyan person, and his apologies for his misdeeds
- re-neactment of Virgin Mary and St. Joseph in search for an inn to deliver
the baby Jesus
POEMS OF NATIONAL HEROES
5. Salubong 1. Mi Ultimo Adios
- easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the risen Jesus Christ and His - by Dr. Jose P. Rizal
Mother - Spanish for “My Last Farewell”
- was one of the last notes he wrote before his execution last December 30,
6. Carillo 1896
- also known as "Shadow Play" - although the poem was untitled, this title served as an artifice useful as a
- makes use of cardboard figures before a lamp against a white sheet quick reference
- figures are moved like marionettes whose dialogues are produced by experts
and are drawn by Corrido, Awit, or some religious plays accompanied with 2. Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
songs - by Andres Bonifacio
- was written to ignite the nationalistic spirit among the Filipino people
7. Zarzuela
- a music comedy in three acts 3. To My Fatherland
- deals with man’s passions and emotions - by Emilio Jacinto (dimas ilaw)
- love, hate, revenge, avarice, cruelty, social problems, political problems - written in 1897
- wrote pieces which essentially exhorted the Filipino masses to join the
8. Sainette revolution against Spain
- short exaggerated musical comedy performed by characters of low class - “A La Patria” (To The Fatherland), a patriotic piece inspired by “Mi Ultimo
- deals with everyday life situations Adios” (My Last Farewell)
- Jacinto wrote the poem under the coconut palms of Sta. Cruz, Laguna
AMERICAN COLONIAL LITERATURE (1899-1940)  1938 – Arellano University
 1941 – San Sebastian College - Recoletos
AMERICAN INFLUENCES
1. Governance Period of Re-Orientation (1898 - 1910)
- the Philippines acquired Americans as its new colonial leader - English became the major literary vehicle and medium of instruction in
2. Education public schools.
- New education system. Used education as a vehicle of its program - In 1908, primary and intermediate grades used English.
“benevolent assimilation” - UP was founded and became famous as forerunner in the use of English
- Many public and private schools were established. language.
- American soldiers were the first teachers then later replaced by trained Period of Imitation (1910 – 1925)
teachers, who were known as “Thomasites”
3. Politics Essays usually were characterized by sobriety, substance, and structure.
- American teachers instilled to the minds of students the spirit of democracy
and progress Noted essayists:
1. Carlos P. Romulo
2. Jorge C. Bocobo
4. Other Fields 3. Mauro Mendez
- art illustration, advertising, and commercial design gained popularity and 4. Vicente Hilario
incorporated in fine arts
- freedom of speech These informal essayists wrote works of criticisms, essays, and journalistic
- English language columns with humour, wit, and satire:
1. Ignacio Manlapaz
FOUNDED SCHOOLS/ UNIVERSITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Godefredo Rivera
DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD: 3. Federico Mangahas
 1901 – Philippine Normal College (now PNU) 4. Francisco Icasiano
National University 5. Salvador Lopez
Silliman University 6. Jose Lansang
El Colegio de San Beda (now SBU) 7. Amando Dayrit
 1902 – Negros Oriental High school
Ilo-ilo Normal School - When UP was founded in 1908, an elite group of writers in English began to
 1904 – St. Paul University exert influence among the culture
Filamer Christian University - The UP Writers Club was formed in 1926, and had stated that one of its aims
Zamboanga Normal School was to enhance and propagate the language of Shakespeare.
 1904 – Escuela de Farmacia del Liceo de Manila (now MCU)
 1905 – Central Philippine University Noted fictionists:
 1908 – University of the Philippines Francisco Arcellana
 1914 – University of Manila Consorcio Borje
 1915 – Cebu Normal School Aida Rivera
 1919 – Philippine Women’s University Conrad Pedroche
Jose Rizal University Amador Daguio
 1925 – Mapua Institute of Technology Sinai Hamada
 1933 – Far Eastern University Hernando Ocampo
Fernando Maria Guerero 2. Filipino Rebel by Maximo M. Kalaw
Jose Garcia Villa 3. His Native Soil by Juan C. Laya

Period of Self-discovery and Growth (1925 – 1941) Plays

- Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. 1902 – Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes
- Filipino writers competently wrote on a lot of subjects such as love and Tanikalang Ginto by Juan Abad
youth. 1903 – Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas by Aurelio Tolentino
- Poetry produced during this time was original, spontaneous, socially Hindi Aco Patay by Juan Matapang Cruz
conscious, and competently written. 1922 – Anak ng Dagat by Patricio Mariano

Characteristics of Literature Other playwrights:

 Wellspring of a vibrant Philippine Literature in English Hermogenes Ilagan
 Imitative of American models of writing Fulgencio Tolentino
 Writers used Spanish, English, Filipino and mother tongue languages Bonifacio Abdon
as medium in literature Leon Ignacio
 Aroused the Filipinos’ love for mother tongue Juan Hernandez
 Reflected the condition of the country during the period
Jose Garcia Villa – National Artist of the Philippines for Literature (1973)
DIFFERENT LITERARY WORKS:
 Essays - A poet, a critic, a short story writer and painter
 Newspapers - Guggenheim Fellowship in creative writing by Conrad Aiken
 Novels - Known as “Comma Poet”
 Plays - Introduced the “reversed consonance rhyme scheme” and extensive use of
 Poetry punctuation marks
 Short Stories - Used the pen name “Doveglion” (Dove, Eagle, Lion)

Poetry
Short Stories Filipino Poetry (1909 – 1925)
1. Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez (1925) - anthology of poems edited by Rodolfo Dato
- first short story written in English and was made the landmark of - include poets such as:
maturity of the Filipino writers in English  Proceso Sebastian
2. The Small Key by Paz Latorena  Maximo Kalaw
3. How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel Arguilla  Fernando Maramag
4. Children of the Ash Covered Loam by N.V.M. Gonzales  Leopoldo Uichanco
5. Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa  Jose Ledesma
6. Clay by Juan Gatbonton  Vicente Callao
 Santiago Sevilla
Novels  Bernardo Garcia
- served as discourses on cultural identity, nationhood, and being Filipino  Francisco Africa
written in English language  Pablo Anzures
1. Child of Sorrow by Zoilo Galang  Carlos P. Romulo
- first novel written in English (1921)  Francisco Tonogbanua
  Juan Pastrana
 Maria Agoncillo
 Paz Marquez Benitez Spanish Literature
 Luis Dato 1. Cecilio Apostol
English German Anthology of Poets (1924 – 1934)  Wrote poems dedicated to Filipino heroes
- published by Pablo Laslo 2. Fernando Ma. Guerero
- include poets such as:  Compiled the best of his poems in “Crisalidas”
 Teofilo D. Agcaoili  Mostly used eternal sadness as the theme of his writings
 Aurelio Alvero 3. Jesus Balmori (Batikuling)
 Horacio de la Costa  Premio Zobel Awardee
 Amador T. Daguio  Declared a “Poet Laureate” for defending the issue on
 Salvador P. Lopez Remembrance
 Angela Manalang Gloria 4. Manuel Bernabe
 Trinidad Tarrosa  Defended the issue on Forgetfulness
 Abelardo Subido 5. Claro M. Recto
 Jose Garcia Villa  Famous for his nobility of speech and theme
 Compiled his poems in “Bajo Los Cocoteros”

“Chorus for America: Six Philippine Poets” Tagalog Literature

- include poets such as: Short Stories
 Jose Garcia Villa 1. “50 Kwentong Ginto ng 50 Batikang Kwentista”
 Rafael Zulueta de Costa - Aklat 1 (1936)
 Rodrigo T. Feria - Aklat 2 (1939)
 C. B. Rigor - compiled by Pedrito Reyes
 Cecilio Baroga
 Carlos Bulosan 2. Amado V. Hernandez (1903-1970)
 National Artist for Literature
 known as “Makata ng Manggagawa”
Newspapers  His poems showed the intense love of poor workers.
1. El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) Famous works:
- established by Sergio Osmeña in 1900 1. Bayani (1928)
- censored and twice banned by the Americans because of 2. Munting Lupa (1957)
nationalistic writings 3. Hagdan sa Bahaghari (1958)
2. El Grito del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) 4. Mga Ibong Mandaragit (1969)
- established by Maximo Kalaw in 1900 5. Luha ng Buwaya (1972)
3. El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) 6. Langaw sa Isang Basong Gatas
- established by Rafael Palma in 1901 7. Isang Dipang Langit
4. The Philippines Free Press 8. Tula at Tudling
- published in 1905 9. Ang Panday
5. Manila Bulletin
- established by Hermogenes Pobre in 1900
 Kapampangan Literature
3. Iñigo Ed. Regalado (1888-1976) 1. Juan Crisostomo Soto (1867-1918)
 Son of “Odalger”, a popular writer during Spanish period  known as “Father of Kapampangan literature”
 A popular story-teller, novelist, and newspaper man 2. Aurelio Tolentino (1867-1915)
 His pen name was “sumpong”  Translated the play “Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas” into
Famous Works: “Napon, Ngeni, at Bukas”
1. May Pagsinta’y Walang Puso
2. Madaling Araw
3. Sampagitang Walang Bango Visayan Literature
4. Damdamin: Mga Piling Tula 1. Eriberto Gumban

4. Deogracias A. Rosario  known as “Father of Visayan literature”

 Playwright of Zarzuela, Moro-Moro, and other plays
 known as the “Father of Tagalog Short Stories”
2. Magdalena G. Jalandoni (1891-1978)
 Modernized the genre and gave short story a tighter structure
 Uses realism  Feminist Filipino writer in Hiligaynon language
Famous Works:  Wrote the novel “Tunuksan Isa Ca Bulaklak”
1. The Democracy
2. The Vaguard
3. Dahil sa Pag-Ibig
4. Ako’y Mayroong Isang Ibon
5. Bulaklak ng Bagong Panahon
6. Walang Panginoon

Ilocano Literature
1. Pedro Bukaneg
 Blind poet
 known as “Father of Ilocano poetry and literature”
 Accounted as the author of Biag ni Lam-ang
 The term “bukanegan” (Balagtasan) was coined after him
2. Claro Caluya
 A poet and novelist
 known as the “Prince of Ilocano poets”
3. Leon Pichay
 a novelist, short story writer, dramatist, and essayist
 known as the “Best Bukanegero” (Balagtasero)