Grade 12 Political

w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<&
foaYmd,k úoHdj
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
12 fY%aKsh
^2017 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ&
iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
Y%S ,xldj
fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk
úµq;a ;emE, ( info@nie.lk
I
foa Y md,k úµdj
12 fY%aKsh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
2017
© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iudchSh úµd fomd¾;fïka;=j"

NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úµd mSGh"
cd;sl wdOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u - Y%S ,xld
fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk
úµq;a ;emE, ( info@nie.lk
II
wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh
cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idlaId;a lr
.ekSu iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;s wka;¾.;h mokï
jQ úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj ksmqK;d mdol
úIhud,dfjys m<uq wÈhr" j¾I 2007 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd
oaú;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;h%g y÷kajd fok ,§
m¾fhaIK j,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o" wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾Yjhka bÈßm;a l<
fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsÍfï l%shdj,shl m%;sM,hla
f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks wÈhr wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd §u 2015 jif¾ isg wdrïN lr
we;¡
fuu ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,sfha § ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isg Wiia
uÜgu olajd l%udkql+, j f.dv ke.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isria ixl,kh Ndú;
lr we;s w;r úúO úIhhkays § tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bÈßm;aùu yels;dla wju lsÍu"
úIh wka;¾.;h iSud lsÍu iy l%shd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;=re úIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria
ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;¡
.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhys id¾:lj ksr; ùu" mka;s
ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mßÈ fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ud¾f.damfoaY ,nd§fï
wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y|qkajd § we;¡ mka;s ldurh ;=< § jvd;a M,odhS .=rejrfhl= f,i
lghq;= lsÍug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY WmldÍ jkq we;¡ isik q af.a ksmK
q ;d j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd .=Kd;aul
fhojqï yd l%shdldrlï f;dard .ekSug .=rejrekag wjYH ksoyi fuuÕska ,nd § ;sfí¡ tfuka u
ks¾foaYs; mdG .%k:
a j, we;=<;a jk úIh lreKq ms<ns | j jeä nr ;eîula fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYj,
wka;¾.; fkdfõ¡ tu ksid fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhS ùug kï wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iuÕ iu.dó j Ndú;d lsÍu w;HjYH fõ¡
;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñ§ isiq flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjla yd jvd;a
l%shdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu uÕska jev f,dalhg wjYH jkakd jQ ksmqK;d
yd l=i,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh lsÍuhs¡
kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsÍfï § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

Ydia;Sh
% lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha § odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka ish¨ u iïm;aodhlhska
yd fjk;a md¾Yjhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuh wjia:djla lr .kq leue;af;ñ¡
wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
III
ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsúvh
bf.kqu mq`M,a lafIa;%hl úyso hkakls' th Ôú; w;suy;a njg o" b;d u ir, njg o m;a lrhs'
ukqIHhd bf.kqï l=i,;dfjka W;alDIag h' udkj iudc ixj¾Okh flakaø fldg .;a rgla"
iudchla nqoaêh úiska y÷kd .;a wiïu;hka neyer lsÍug o iqNdú;hka ;=<ska kj f,djla
ks¾udKh lr .ekSug o fuj,u lr .kq ,nkafka bf.kqu hs'
bf.kqu i|yd jákd hula o" bf.kqï l%ufõohka yd myiqlï o wOHdmkh jgd ks¾udKh úh
hq;= h' úIh ud,dj" úIh ks¾foaYh" ud¾f.damfoaY" iqidOHlrejka bf.kqï lafIa;%hg tlajkqfha
fï wdldrfhks'
kQ;k YS% ,xldj f.da,Sh m%jK;djka fuka u mqrd;k Wreuhka o iïñY%Kh lr .ksñka iaùh
wOHdmk rgdjla ysñ lrf.k we;' ld,Sk wjYH;d u; m%;sixialrKhka ;=<ska jir wglg jrla
hdj;ald,Sk jk úIhud,dfõ bf.kqï iïm;la f,i fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ks¾udKh fõ'
úIhfhys wruqKqj, ix.;;dj cd;sl uÜgñka mj;ajd .; hq;= h' tfy;a .=re ud¾f.damfoaYhka
ys bf.kqï l%ufõohka" wl=rlaj;a fjkia fkdfldg ms<smeÈh hq;a;la kï fkdfõ' úIh ks¾foaYfhys
ksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï" idOkh ùu i|yd wka;¾.;h ;=<ska bf.kqï m, iïm%dma;sh msKsi
bf.kqï l%ufõo ks¾udKYS,S j fjkia lr .ekSug iqidOHlrejkag meyeÈ,sj u bvla we;s nj
i|yka lrñ' YsIH idOk m%;sY;h by< uÜgulg .ekSu i|yd Woõ jk " myiqlï i,ik .=re
N+ñldjg lsishï m%fõYhla i|yd ks¾udKh jk .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh YslaIlhdyg o fo.=rekg o
Ndú; l< yel' wod< fm< fmd;g iylrejl= jk .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ;j;a fm< fmd;la fkdjk
nj ±k .=reNj;=ka .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh yd wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iïmdÈ; wod< fm<
fmd; hk iïm;a øjH fol u Ndú; l< hq;= h'
ta ta úIhhkays idOkh ms<sn| we.hSï isÿ lrk cd;sl uÜgfï mÍlaIljrfhl= jqjo wfmalaId
lrk idOkhka" úIh b.ekaùug u. fmkajk iqidOHlrejka úiska mdvu wjidkfhys mka;s
ldurfha § orejka iuÕ m%;HlaIlrKhg m;a úh hq;= h' tu tald;añl ùu i|yd jQ m%fndaOd;aul
ixialD;shla f.dvk.d .ekSug .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh myqrla" hd;%djla lr .kq we;ehs wdhdpkd
mQ¾jl j wfmalaId lrñ'
wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

mSGdêm;s" ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a
NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
IV
iïm;a odhl;ajh
WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkque;sh
Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úIh iïnkaëlrKh (
ví,sõ' ta' l=uqfoakaøs iqo¾YkS ñh - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úIh WmfoaYkh iy wëlaIKh (

uydpd¾h chfoaj Whkaf.dv uhd - fcHIaG uydpd¾h" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h
f,aLl uKav,h -
ndysr (
uydpd¾h chfoaj Whkaf.dv uhd - fcHIaG uydpd¾h" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h
uydpd¾h Wmq,a wfír;ak uhd - uydpd¾h" fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h
wdpd¾h w;=, ú;dkjiï uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h
tia' NdIalrka uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h
fgrkaia mqrisxy uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYaj
úoHd,h
tï' rxð;a uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,h
iquqÿ j<dl=¿f.a uhd - lÓldpd¾h" reyqKq úYaj úoHd,h
ví,sõ' fla' iS' m%shka;s ñh - .=re fiajh" úydruydfoaù nd,sld úoHd,h"
lsßn;af.dv
l,HdKs Ñ;%d o is,ajd ñh - .=re fiajh" iqcd;d úoHd,h" kqf.af.dv
^úY%dñl" fõ,aia l=uß úÿy," fudrgqj&
tia' fi!kaordcka uhd - .=re fiajh" w,awodka uqia,sï úoHd,h" nÿ,a,
wNHka;r(
ví,sõ' ta' l=uqfoakaøs iqo¾YkS ñh - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"
uyr.u
NdId ixialrKh (
Y%Skd;a .fKaj;a; uhd - NdId ixialdrl"
iqis,a isßfiak uhd - lÓldpd¾h" cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGh" ydmsá.u
mß.Kl iyh (
ta' tï' tia' ksYdka nKavdr uhd - .=re fiajh" wdfõ ußhd úµd,h
ta' t,a' tia' mS' w;m;a;= fuh - l<ukdlrK iyldr" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úúO iyh (
Ô' tia' mS' m%kdkaÿ uhd - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u
V
mgqk
msgq wxl
1' foaYmd,k úµdfõ iajNdjh" foaYmd,k wOHhkh iy m%fõY 01
2' foaYmd,k úµd úIh iukaú; jk lafIa;% 22
3' rdcHh 40
4' wdKavql%u wdlD;s 65
5' foaYmd,k u;jdo 76
6' .egqï yd .egqï iu:kh 97
7' Y%S ,xldfõ hg;a úð; mßj¾;kh 116
8' fjiaÜñksiag¾ wdKAvql%u wdlD;sh iy tys fjkialï 125
VI
foaYmd,k úoHdfõ iajNdjh" foaYmd,k wOHhkh iy m%fõY
ksmqK;dj 01 (- fuu mdvu yodrk YsIHhd$YsIHdj foaYmd,kfha iy foaYmd,k úoHdfõ

iajNdjh y÷kd.;a mqrjeishl= f,i ls%hd lrhs¡
^ld,Éfþo 25 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (- »¡» foaYmd,kh iudc Ôú;fha wksjd¾h wx.hla f,i w¾:l:kh
lrhs¡
»¡»» foaYmd,k úoHdj foaYmd,kfha úúO me;slv Ydia;S%h f,i
wOHhkh lrk YslaIK udOHhla f,i ú.%y lrhs¡
»¡»»» úIhhg wkkH jQ úúO m%fõY Ndú; lrñka foaYmd,kh
yodrhs'
bf.kqï M, (- ² foaYmd,kh iy foaYmd,k úoHdj w¾:l:kh lrhs¡

² foaYmd,kh iy foaYmd,k úoHdj w;r iïnkaO;d yd fjkialï
y÷kdf.k meyeÈ,s lrhs¡
² foaYmd,kh Ydia;S%h f,i wOHhkh lsÍfï m%fõY kï lr tajd
tlsfkl úia;r lrhs¡
² tlS m%fõY úpdrd;aul j úuihs¡
² iudc Ôú;fha idrO¾u m%.=K lsÍug foaYmd,kh ms<sn| j we;s
úpdrd;aul wjfndaOh wod< jk whqre meyeÈ,s lrhs¡
ye¢kaùu (-
foaYmd,kh iudc Ôú;fha wksjd¾h wx.hls' rdcHhla ;=< Wm; ,nk iEu ukqIHfhla u
foaYmd,k Ôúfhl= jk ksid u" foaYmd,kh iy ñksia Ôú; w;r mj;skafka Rcq" wfkHdakH
iy w;ay< fkdyels ne£uls' fuu iïnkaO;djfha iajrEmh iEu il%Sh mqrjeisfhl= u
±k.; hq;= jk w;r u wNskjfhka foaYmd,k úoHdj yodrk YsIH YsIHdjka ta ms<sn|
±kqj;a ù isàu w;HjYH ldrKhls' foaYmd,k úoHdj" foaYmd,kfha úúO me;slv Ydia;%Sh
f,i yodrk úIh nj YsIH YsIHdjka wjfndaO lr.; hq;= h'
foaYmd,k úoHdj y÷kdf.k" ta yd foaYmd,kh w;r we;s iïnkaOh w¾:l:kh lsÍug o

Tjqkag yels úh hq;= h' tfia u úIhhg wkkH jQ úúO m%fõY Ndú;d lrñka foaYmd,k
úoHdj yeoEÍug o yelsúh hq;= h' fuu ldrKd ms<sn| uQ,sl ±kqulska úIh h wOHhkhg
fhduq jkakkag foaYmd,k iy foaYmd,k úoHdfõ iajNdjh y÷kd.;a mqrjeisfhl= f,i
l%shd lsÍug wjYH ksmqK;dj ,nd §u fuu m<uqjeks tallfhka wfmalaId flf¾'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu i|yd w;aje,la
1'1' foaYmd,k úoHdj y÷kd .ekSu'

foaYmd,k úoHdj hkq wm yeuf.a iudc Ôú;fha m%Odk me;slvla jk foaYmd,kh
hkak Ydia;S%h f,i yeoEÍfï úIh fËa;%h f,i wmg fláfhka yd ir, j f;areï
l< yels h¡ foaYmd,kh hkq mq¿,a w¾: olajk ixl,amhla nj o foaYmd,kh ms<sn|
j Ydia;S%h f,i yodrk úg wmg fmfkkq we;¡
foaYmd,kh Ydia;S%h f,i yeoEÍu ms<sn| j §¾> b;sydihla ;sfí' ls%'mQ' isjq jk
ishji ;rï wE; ld,fha .S%isfha we;ekaia kqjr foaYmd,kh yeoEÍu" m%.=K lsÍu" iy
mqyqKq lsÍu úfYaI Ydia;%d,hhl isÿ úh¡ maf,afgda iy weßiafgdag,a hk iqm%isoaO
1
od¾Ykslfhda foaYmd,kh ms<sn| fuu .S%l iïm%odfha wdrïNlfhda h¡ j¾;udkfha
mdi,aj, iy úYaj úoHd,j, —foaYmd,k úoHdj˜ hk úIhh b.ekaùu fuu iïNdjH
iïm%odhhs ;j ÿrg;a bÈßhg f.k hduls¡
zzfoaYmd,k úoHdj yeoEÍuZZ hk woyfiys o w¾: lsysmhla ;sfí' foaYmd,kh iy

Bg iïnkaO me;slv .ek bf.k .ekSu" m¾fhaIK lsÍu" ú.%y lsÍu" mj;sk kHdh
iy ixl,am úpdrhg ,la lsÍu" w¨;a kHdh iy ixl,am f.dvkeÕSu" mj;akd
foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;s yd l%u úpdrhg ,la lrñka kj úl,am fhdackd lsÍu"
foaYmd,kfha fhfokakkag fuka u mqrjeishkag o foaYmd,k wjfndaOh ,nd§u
hk fïjd thg we;=<;a fõ¡ maf,afgda iy weßiafgdag,a o ;u Ydia;d% ,hfha foaYmd,k
úoHdj b.ekaùfuka iy mqyqKq lsÍfuka bgq lf<a fuu ld¾h h¡ mqrd;k bkaÈhdfõ
iy Ökfha o rdcH md,kh ms<sn| úfYaI{fhda fujeks u ld¾hhla bgq l<y'
j¾;udkfha;a mdi,aj, o úYaj úoHd,j, o foaYmd,k úoHdj yeoEÍfï kHdh
m;%fha fuu wruqKq ;sfí¡
foaYmd,k úoHdj hkq l=ulaoehs y÷kd .ekSfï § uQ,sl ldrK lsysmhla jeo.;a h¡
» foaYmd,k úoHdj hkq merKs;u Ydia;h%S YsËKhls¡ o¾Ykjdoh" .Ks;h" ;¾l Ydia;h
% "
wdpdr úoHdj" fi!kao¾h úoHdj hk YsËKhkag iuÕdó j foaYmd,k úoHdj o
úldYkh ùu wdrïN jQfha ls%ia;= mQ¾j y;r jeks ishjfia ;rï w;S;fha iïNdjH
.S%isfha h¡
»» Ydia;S%h YsËKhla jYfhka foaYmd,k úoHdfõ iajNdjh" úIh m:h yd wka;¾.;h"

úêl%u" kHdh iy ixl,am hk fïjd úúO m%Njhka fj;ska ishjia úismylg
wdikak §¾> ld,hla ;+< f.dv keÕ+Kq" fjkia jQ iy j¾Okh jQ tajd h¡
»»» foaYmd,k úoHdfõ m%fõY" kHdh iy úêl%u nyqúO fõ¡ tajd úúO .=rel,j,g yd
iïm%odhj,g wh;a j we;' foaYmd,k úoHdj yeoEÍfï tla wdl¾IKhla jkafka
fuu úúO;ajh hs¡
foaYmd,k úoHdj hkq foaYmd,kh Ydia;S%h f,i yodrK YsËKh nj wms by; i|yka
lf<uq¡ fï m%ldYkfha jeo.;a f;aud folla we;=<;a h¡
» foaYmd,kh"
»» foaYmd,k úoHdj
» foaYmd,kh hkq l=ula oehs y÷kd .ekSu¡
² foaYmd,kh hkq l=ula o hkakg fmdÿfõ ,efnk ir, ms<s;=r kï zzfoaYh md,kh
lsÍuZZ hkak hs¡ fuh foaYmd,kh hk ixl,amh ms<sn| j we;s ckms%h" ke;fyd;a
tÈfkod jHjydrfha we;s" jgyd .ekSu hs¡ ta iuÕ u th foaYmd,kh .ek we;s
iïmQ¾K w¾:l:khla o fkdfõ¡ th jkdys foaYmd,kh hk ixl,amfha jdpHd¾:h
muKla i,ld f.dv kÕd .;a;ls¡
² Ydia;S%h jYfhka fuu mofha .eTqre w¾:h o y÷kd.; hq;= h¡
² foaYmd,k úoHdj fuka u foaYmd,kh o m%Odk w¾: follska hqla; h¡
2
 rdcHh" rdcH mßmd,kh iy wdKavqlrKh ms<sn| weÕfjk ixl,amhla
f,i" iy
 rdcHhg muKla iSud fkdù rdcHfhka ndysr j o mqrjeishka iyNd.s jk
iudc Ndú;hla f,i"
² foaYmd,kh hkak rdcHh" rdcH mßmd,kh yd wdKavqlrKh iïnkaO fldg
f;areï .ekSu¡
fuh jkd ys foaYmd,kh ms<sn| j ;sfnk iïNdjH w¾:l:kh hs¡
 mqrd;k .S%isfha fuka u bkaÈhdfõ iy Ökfha od¾Ykslhka o foaYmd,kh

hkak f;areï flf<a rdcHh yd rdcH n,h mdúÉÑ lsÍu iuÕ iïnkaO
fldg f.k h¡
bx.S%is NdIdfõ fmd,sálaia ^politics& hkak .S%l NdIdfõ fmda,sáfldaia ^politikos& hk

jpkfhka ì§ wdfjls¡ zzfmd,siaZZ ^Polis& hkq fm!r rdcHh hs¡ tkï l=vd k.r flakaø
fldg.;a rdcHh hs' zzfm!r rdcHhg wh;aZZ hkak Politikos hk .%Sl jpkfha w¾:h
hs' ta uÕska foaYmd,k úoHdj hkafkka woyia jQfha fm!r rdcHhg iïnkaO úIh
ldrK wOHhkh lrk úoHdj$Ydia;%h hkak hs¡ fm!r rdcHhg iïnkaO úIh
ldrKj,g mq¿,a mrdihl me;sr .sh f;aud .Kkdjla wh;a úh'
² rdcHfha iajNdjh
² rdcHfha wruqKq¡
² rdcH md,k l%u
² rdcH yd mqrjeishd w;r iïnkaOh
² md,lhkaf.a .;s.=K yd l=i,;d
² wdKavqlrK ls%hdj,sh
bka m%Odk f;aud lsysmhls¡
»» mqrd;k bkaÈhdfõ fuka u Ökfha o —foaYmd,kh˜hkqfjka fuu w¾:h u woyia

l< nj fl!á,H iy fldka*shqishia hk Ñka;lhkaf.a lD;sj,ska fmfka¡
fuu Ñka;lhka fofokd iy weßiafgdag,a o mejiQfha md,lhkag rdcHh md,kh

ms<sn| j Wmfoia §u" foaYmd,k úfYaI{hkaf.a ld¾hhla úh hq;= nj hs'
j¾;udkfha o fuu iïm%odh h wvq jeä jYfhka mj;S¡
² foaYmd,kh iudc Ndú;hla f,i(-
foaYmd,kh hkq rdcHh" wdKavqj iy rdcH mßmd,kh hk fËa;%j,g iSud

fkdfldg" tajdhska msg; iudcfha mqrjeishka w;r mj;akd Ndú;hls hkak
fuhska woyia fõ¡
WodyrK (-
mqrjeisfhda md,lhka m;a lr;s¦ Tjqkag wdKavq lsÍu i|yd n,h mjrd
fo;s¦ foaYmd,k mlaIj, idudðlfhda fj;s¡ óg wu;rj ?iaùï-
fm<md<s" úfrdaO;d" jevj¾ck" ler,s .eiSï" iafõÉPd iñ;s uÕska
3
fmdÿ jqjukd bgq lsÍu hkdÈ udOHhkaf.ka foaYmd,k ls%hdldß;ajfha
fhfo;s¡
fï wkqj md,lhka iy jD;a;Sh foaYmd,k{hka muKla fkdj mqrjeisfhda

o foaYmd,kh lr;s¡ fuh .S%l hq.h f;la o Èfjhs¡ —foaYmd,kh˜ hkq fm!r
rdcHhg iïnkaO ldrKhla h hk .%Sl woyfia w¾: folla ;sìK' tajd kï¦
» rdcHh yd rdcH md,khg iïnkaO ldrKd

»» rdcH lghq;= iïnkaO j mqrjeishkaf.a ld¾hNdrh yd
ls%hdldß;ajh'
WodyrK (-
.S % i s f ha tl, mej;s iDcq m% c d;ka ; % j d§ l% u fha iDcq mq r jeis
iyNd.s;ajhla ;sìKs¡ kS;s iïmdokhg" k.r mßmd,khg iy
wêlrKh iïnkaO lghq;=j,g mqrjeisfhda iafõÉPdfjka iyNd.s
jQy' —ils%h mqrjeishd˜ hk ixl,amh weßiafgdag,af.a Politics kï
lD;sfha Ndú; ù we;af;a fï w¾:fhks'
fï wkqj mqrjeis foaYmd,k iyNd.s ;aj h hkakg —foaYmd,kh˜ hk

ixl,am fhys úfYa I ;ekla ysñ ù ;s fí¡ mqr jeis ls %h dldß;aj hla iy
iyNd.s;ajhla ke;s foaYmd,kh .ek is;Sug mjd fkdyels ;rï ±ä f,i
fuu w¾:h uq,a neif.k we;¡
1'2' foaYmd,kh iy foaYmd,k úoHdj w;r iïnkaOh (-
fuh me;s lSmhlska oelsh yels h¡

» foaYmd,kh lsÍu¡ (doing politics)
»» foaYmd,kh yeoEÍu¡ (studying politics)
» foaYmd,kh lsÍu¡
ñka woyia jkafka

³ wdKavq n,h ,nd .ekSug l%shdldÍ ùu'
³ wdKavq n,h l%shd;aul lsÍu'
³ ue;sjrKj,g iyNd.s ùu'
³ foaYmd,k mlaIj, ls%hdldß;ajhg iïnkaO ùu'
³ igka yd úfrdaO;d jHdmdr wdÈhg iyNd.s ùu'
jYfhka mqoa.,hka fhfok ls%hdldrlï h'
foaYmd,kh lrk mqrjeishkag o jD;a;Sh foaYmd,k{hkag o foaYmd,kh ms<sn|

Ydia;S%h oekqula fyda úfYaI{;djla fyda wjYH jkafka ke;¡ wjYH jkafka
—foaYmd,kh˜ hk iudc lsh% dldrlfuys fh§ug we;s leue;a;" lem ùu iy wêIaGdkh
hs¡
4
»» foaYmd,kh yeoEÍu
fuh foaYmd,kh lsÍug jvd fjkia ld¾hhls¡ —foaYmd,kh yodrkakd˜ ^student of

politics& foaYmd,kh m%dfhda.sl j lrkakl= f,i y÷kajkafka ke;¡ tÈfkod
jHjydrfha § isÿ lrk fuu fjki foaYmd,kh yd foaYmd,k úoHdj w;r we;s
iïnkaOh f;areï .ekSug bjy,a fjhs¡
³ Ydia;S%h f,i foaYmd,kh wOHhkh lsÍu iy m%dfhda.sl j foaYmd,kfhys

fh§u tlsfklg fjkia Ndú; folls¡
³ foaYmd,k úoHdfõ ld¾hh foaYmd,kh Ydia;S%h f,i wOHhkh lsÍu h¡
³ flfkl= foaYmd,kh m%dfhda.sl jYfhka fkdl<;a foaYmd,kh yeoEßh
yels h'
³ ta wkqj
² foaYmd,k mlaIj, yd ixúOdkj, ls%hdldß;ajh
² wdKavq n,h ,nd.ekSug foaYmd,k mlaI iy n,fõ. w;r we;s jk
;r.h
² ue;sjrK jHdmdr
² jD;a;Sh foaYmd,k{hkaf.a p¾hdj
² Pkao odhlhkaf.a p¾hdj
² foaYmd,k .egqï" úfrdaO;d yd ler,s
² wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s
² m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh yd ls%hd;aul lsÍfï ls%hdj,s
² wka;¾cd;sl iïnkaO;d iy .egqï
² hqoaOh yd iduh
wd§ mq¿,a mrdihl úys§ we;s foaYmd,ksl f;aud rdYshla u foaYmd,k úoHd
wOHhkfha m%ia;+;" ke;fyd;a úIh jia;=ka" ù we;¡
1'3' foaYmd,kh Ydia;S%h f,i yeoEÍu
foaYmd,kh Ydia;h S% f,i yeoEÍu wjqreÿ fooyilg ;rul jeä ld,hla ;=< j¾Okh
jqjls¡ th ls%¡mQ¡ y;r jeks ishji f;la Èfjhs¡ fï úldYfha § foaYmd,k wOHhkfha
úIh m:h" úêl%u yd m%fõY o mq¿,a úh¡ ta wkqj j¾;udkfha foaYmd,k úoHdj wm
i,lkafka foaYmd,kfha úúO me;slv wOHhkh lrk YslaIK udOHhla f,i h¡
foaYmd,kh yeoEÍu hk woyig w¾: folla ;sfí¡
» foaYmd,kh jHdjydßl ×khla f,i ,nk wjfndaOh iy iú{dkl;ajh(
fuh wm l%udkql+, j ,nd .kakd oekqula fkdfõ' fuh jkd ys tÈfkod Ôú;
w;aoelSï u; mokï jQ wjfndaOhls' fuys wfma iudc" foaYmd,k úYajdi iy
úksYaph ;sfí¡ tys moku jkafka iudch yd f,dalh fj;ska" tkï mjqf,ka"
wi,ajeishkaf.ka" ys;ñ;%d§kaf.ka ckudOhfhka ,nd .kakd wjfndaOh hs¡ wfma
fm!oa.,sl reÑ" wreÑlï o fyd| krl ms<sn| úYajdi o tys .eí ù ;sfí¡
WodyrK (- ldka;djkag md¾,sfïka;=fõ ksfhdackh jeä l< hq;= o hk

m%Yk
a hg wm fndfyda úg ms<s;r
= e fokafka jHdjydßl {dkfha
5
we;s iS u djka o mokï fldg f.k h' zzldka ; djka g
foaYmd,kh lrkak ;rï Yla;shla ke;ZZ hk ms<s;=r tu
jHdjydßl {dkh ms<sìUq lrkakls'
»» foaYmd,kh Ydia;S%h f,i yeoEÍu(
fuh foaYmd,k m%mxphla fyda .eg¨jla fyda zúoHd;aul f,iZ wOHhkh lsÍuls¡
—úoHd;aul˜ hk mofha úúO w¾: we;;a" tys uQ,sl woyi kï" hïlsis m%mxphla
ms<sn| j zzl%udkql+, j" kHdhsl m%fõYhlska o uÕ fmkajkq ,en ksis l%ufõohlg
wkqj ,nd.kakd o;a;" f;dr;=re iy idËH mokï fldgf.k wOHhkh lsÍuZZ
hkak hs'
WodyrK (- ldka;djkag md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdackh jeä l< hq;= o hk

.eg¨j ms<sn|j kHdhsl WmkHdi" ;=<kd;aul wka;¾cd;sl
w;aoelSï" uyck u; úuiSï hkdÈ udOH Wmfhda.S lrf.k
isÿlrk wOHhkhla fj;ska ,nd .kakd o;a; iy idOl
mokï lrf.k f.dvkÕk ksÍlaIK iy ú.%y wkqj ks.uk
bÈßm;a lsÍu'
² foaYmd,k wOHhkh iy foaYmd,k me;slv (-
foaYmd,kh Ydia;%Sh wOHhkhg ,la lsÍu hkq foaYmd,kh hk fmdÿ m%mxpfha úúO
me;slvj,g wkqrEm j tajd .%yKh lr .ekSfï wruqKska isÿ lrk jHdhduhls'
miq.sh wjqreÿ fooyil úldYkfha úúO Èidk;Skag j¾Okh ù ;sfnk iy ;ju;a
j¾Okhkag ,lafjñka ;sfnk foaYmd,k úoHd YslaIKh úiska yodrkq ,nk
foaYmd,kh hkak iudcfha mej;Sfï úúO me;slv lSmhls' tkï (-
I. foaYmd,k wdh;k
II. foaYmd,k Ndú;hka
III. wdKavqlrKh
IV. foaYmd,k p¾hdj
V. foaYmd,k u;jdo
hk fïjd hs'
» foaYmd,k wdh;k
´kE u iudchl foaYmd,kh hkak wdh;k.; ù mj;S' fuf,i wdh;k.; ù

;sfnk foaYmd,kfha m%lg m%ldYk jkafka rdcHh" wdKavqj" ks,n, l%uh"
wêlrKh" md¾,sfïka;=j" foaYmd,k mlaI" leìkÜ uKav,h" m<d;a md,k iNd
hk fïjd h' tajdfhys wdh;k.; ù ;sfnkafka foaYmd,k n,h iy foaYmd,k
l%shdj,s h' tajd wOHhkh lsÍfï § foaYmd,k úoHd;aul .fõIKhg ,la lsÍu
isÿ fõ' fuys wdh;ksl f;aud jkafka wdh;kj, wdrïNh" mßKduh" ixhq;sh"
n,;," j.lSï" mßj¾;k" iy fjkialï" tu wdh;k iy mqrjeishka w;r
iïnkaO;d wdÈh hs'
6
»» foaYmd,k Ndú; ^Political Practices&
wdh;k.; jQ foaYmd,kh iudcfha mj;s ka fka foaYmd,k Ndú;h udOH

fldgf.k h'
WodyrK (- md¾,sfïka;= wdh;khl meje;au i|yd tajdg yev .eiqKq

Ndú; .Kkdjla u mj;S¡ m%cd;ka;%jdoh" ue;sjrK ls%hdj,sh"
ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrK" nyq;rfha leue;a; iy uyck
mrudêm;Hh ms < s . ekS u " kS ; s iïmdok ls % h dj,s f ha §
md¾,sfïka;=fõ ls%hdldß;ajh ;SrKh lrk iïm%odh iy
fr.= ,dis hkdÈh tjeks Ndú; h' wka iEu foaYmd,k
wdh;khla u tjeks Ndú; iuÕ f.dv keÕS ;sfnk tajd h¡
»»» wdKavqlrKh ^Governance&
wdKavqlrKh hkq foaYmd,k úoHd wOHhkhg Ndckh jk foaYmd,kfha we;s

m%Odk;u me;slvls¡ m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k l%uj, mqrjeishka wdKavq n,hg
m;a lrkafka" ;uka o idudðlhka jk foaYmd,k iudch ukd j fufyhjñka"
tu iudcfha fmdÿ wfmalaIdjka i|yd fiajh lrñka foaYmd,ksl iy mßmd,ksl
jYfhka iudch kshdukh lsÍu i|yd h' fuu wdKavl q rK ls%hdj,shg wka;¾.;
jQ ld¾h lsysmhls¡
³ iudcfha hymeje;aug" .egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍug" kS;sh yd iduh mj;ajd

.ekSug iy wd¾:sl foaYmd,k .uka uÕ yev.eiaùug wjYHjk kS;s
iïmdokh ¡^law making&'
³ rfÜ wd¾:sl iy iudc ixj¾Okh fuka u mßj¾;kh o hy meje;au o
wruqKq lr.;a m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh iy ^policy making& m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul
lsÍu ^policy implementation&
³ rdcHfha m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd wjYH rdcH mßmd,ksl
ld¾h ^public administration&'
³ mqrjeishkag rdcHfha /ljrKh yd wdrlaIdj ,nd foñka iudc tald.%;dj
iy;sl lrk kS;sh yd iduh ^Law and Order& mj;ajdf.k hdu'
³ iudc lKavdhï w;r;a" iudc lKavdhï yd rdcHh w;r;a we;s jk .egqï
l<ukdlrKh ^conflict management&'
³ wka;¾-rdcH iïnkaO;d înter-state relations& l<ukdlrKh yd mj;ajd .ekSu¡
fïjd uyck;dj o Wkkaÿ jk f;aud h¡ tfia u fïjd foaYmd,k úoHd úoHd¾Òkaf.a

o úfYaI wjOdkhg ,lafõ' thg fya;=j fï ld¾h foaYmd,kfha w;sYhska u
m%dfhda.sl Wmdx. ùu hs¡
»¼ foaYmd,k p¾hdj ^Political Behaviour&
foaYmd,k i;a;ajfhl= jk ñksid j¾;udkfha ie,eflkqfha mqrjeishl= f,i

h¡ tkï rdcHhl idudðlhl= f,i h¡ mqrjeishkag kQ;k m%cd;ka;j
% d§ wdKavl
q u
% j,
bgq l< yels jeo.;a ld¾h .Kkdjla u ;sfí¡
7
² foaYmd,kfha fh§u'
² ue;sjrKfha § Pkaoh mdúÉÑ lsÍu ^fyda fkdlsÍu&
² ue;sjrK ls%hdj,shg ils%h j iyNd.S ùu ^fyda fkdùu&¡
² foaYmd,k mlaIj, idudðlhl= ùu ^fyda fkdùu&
² tÈfkod foaYmd,k isÿùï .ek Wkkaÿj oelaùu ^fyda
fkdoelaùu&
hkdÈ mqrjeis foaYmd,k reÑ wreÑlï iy ls%hdldrlï úia;r lrk foaYmd,k

ixl,amh kï foaYmd,k p¾hdj hs¡
¼ foaYmd,k u;jdo ^Political Ideologies&
iudchl foaYmd,k wdh;k" Ndú; yd mqrjeis foaYmd,k p¾hdj iy wdKavqlrK

ls%hdj,s o yev.iajk m%Odk idOlhla jkafka foaYmd,k u;jdo hs¡
j¾;udk f,dalfha foaYmd,kfha mj;akd" tfuka u foaYmd,k ixisoaê yd rdcH

m%;sm;a;s yev.iajk m%Odk u;jdo lsysmhls¡ tajd kï(-
² iudcjdoh
² ,snr,ajdoh
² m%cd;ka;%jdoh
² iuQydKavqjdoh
² iqNidOkjdoh
² cd;sljdoh
² ia;S%jdoh hk fïjd h'
foaYmd,k u;jdohla hkq iy foaYmd,khg n,mEï lrk tfuka u iudchl

foaYmd,k ls%hdj,s iy jeishka úYd, m%udKhlf.a foaYmd,k ;SrK" p¾hd yd
ú×kh yev.iajk woyia iuqÉphls¡ iudcfha foaYmd,k u;jdo .Kkdjla u
;sfí¡ fndfyda úg foaYmd,k mlaI o u;jdoj,g wkql+, j f.dvkeÕS we;¡
wdKavqjla ls%hd;aul lrk m%;sm;a;s o u;jdoj, wdNdih ksid ìys jk tajd úh
yels h' tneúka foaYmd,k u;jdo hkq foaYmd,kh ms<sn| j Ydia;Sh
% wOHhkhg
Ndckh jk" foaYmd,kfha we;s jeo.;a me;slvls¡
1'4' foaYmd,k úoHd wOHhk m%fõY (-
foaYmd,k úoHdj mq¿,a úIh m:hlska o ta ksid u m%fõY .Kkdjlska o iukaú;

jk Ydia;S%h YslaIKhls' tys úIh m:h fuka u m%fõYh o §¾> b;sydihla ;=<
úldYkh jQ tajd h' tu úldYkfha § úis jk ishjfia § isÿ jQ j¾Ok jeo.;a h'
foaYmd,k úoHdj iajdëk úoHd;aul YslaIKhla f,i ish wkkH;dj ;yjqre lf<a
o úis jeks ishjfia § h' tfuka u foaYmd,k úoHdfõ m%fõYh f,i wo wm i,lk
fndfyda lreKq úis jk ishjfia j¾Okh jq tajd h¡ tajd isÿ jqfha mq¿,a jYfhka
iudÔh yd udkùh úoHd fËa;%fha we;s jQ j¾Ok iy mßj¾;k ms<sn| ikao¾Nfhys
h¡
foaYmd,k úoHdfõ wOHhk m%fõY lsysmhls¡

³ od¾Yksl$m%;sudkSh m%fõYh
8
³ ;=<kd;aul m%fõYh
³ nyq úIhl m%fõYh
³ úoHd;aul ^p¾hdjd§& m%fõYh
³ foaYmd,k w¾: Ydia;S%h m%fõYh
³ iudc úoHd;aul m%fõYh
³ ia;S%jd§ m%fõYh¡
1'4'1' od¾Yksl-m%;sudkSh m%fõYh ^Philosophical-Normative Approach&
² foaYmd,k wOHhkh uq,ska u fhdod.;a §¾>ld,Sk meje;aula we;s wOHhk m%fõYh

fuh hs¡
² fuys mqfrda.dóka jQfha maf,afgda iy weßiafgdag,a h¡
² hqfrdamd foaYmd,k Ñka;kfha m%Odk n,fõ. bÈßm;a l< isifrda" Ydka; T.iaàka"
uelshdfj,S" f;dauia fydíia" fcdaka f,dla" tïudkqfj,a ldkaÜ" fya.,a" ld,a udlaia
fuu m%fõYfha m%Odk m%ldYlfhda h¡
² úis jk ishjfia Ñka;lhka w;r uy;aud .dkaê" yekd wefrkaâÜ" fcdaka frda,aia"
pd,aia fÜ,¾ iy h¾.ka yn¾udia m%Odk fj;s¡
² fuu Ñka;lhkaf.a o¾Ykhkays úúO fjkialï ;snqK;a Tjqkag fmdÿ m%Odk lreKq
folla y÷kd.; yels h¡
»¡ Tjqka foaYmd,k úoHd{hka fkd j foaYmd,k od¾Ykslhka ùu¡

»»¡ Tjqka yeu fokd u foaYmd,kh hk m%mxph foi ne¨fõ m%;sudkSh
^Normative& oDIaá fldaKhlska ùu¡
o¾Ykjd§ m%fõYfha uQ,sl ,laIK ;=kls'
» f,dalh ms<sn| w;suQ,sl ^fundamental& m%Yak weiSu iy úNd. lsÍu¡

ksoiqka
² f,dalh hkq l=ula o@
² f,dalfha meje;au isÿjkafka flfia o@
² f,dalh .ek ×kkh l< yels o@
² ukqIH Ôú;fha yd meje;afï w¾:hla ;sfí o@
² Ôú;h hkq l=ula o@
foaYmd,kh iïnkaO j foaYmd,k o¾Ykjd§ka úNd. lrk w;suQ,sl m%Yak

j,g we;s WodyrK (-
² foaYmd,kh hkq l=ula o@

² rdcHh hkq l=ula o@ rdcHh mj;skafka ljr mrud¾:hla i|yd o@
² rdcHhg ukqIHhka wjk; úh hq;af;a wehs@
² rdcHh yd wfkl=;a ukqIH iud.ï w;r we;af;a ljr iïnkaOhla o@
fujeks m%Yk
a wog;a idlÉPd jk" foaYmd,k o¾Ykjd§ka u;= lrk w;suq,sl
m%Yak fõ¡
9
»» o¾Ykjd§yq f,dalh f;areï .ekSug wm mdúÉÑ lrk ixl,amj, w¾:h ksrjq,a
iy ksYaÑ; lr .ekSug úfYaI Wkkaÿjla olaj;s¡
WodyrK (- hqla;sh" idOdrK;ajh" iudkd;au;dj" ksoyi" whs;sjdislï"

hkdÈ foaYmd,k úoHdfõ uq,sl ixl,amj, w¾: .eUqrg u
fidhd hdu'
»»» o¾Ykjd§ m%fõYh foaYmd,kfhys m%;sudkSh wruqKq .ek olajk oeä Wkkaÿj (-
² m%;sudkSh ^Normative& hkafkys w¾:h —jákdlï úksYAphkaf.ka iukaú;˜

hkak hs¡
² f,dalfha isÿ jk foa ms<sn| j wm w;r fyd|$krl" hym;a$whym;a wdÈ f,i
jákdlï" úksYaph lsÍï ;sfí' tajd jkdys m%;sudkSh úksYaph lsÍï h'
WodyrK (- oreKq wmrdOlrejkag urK o~qju wksjd¾h l< hq;= o hkak

ms<sn| fyd|$krl$hym;a$whym;a jYfhka jákdlï ms<sn|
úksYaph lsÍï we;'
tfuka u f,dalfha isÿùï ms<sn| j .=Kd;aul we.hSï lsÍfï ñkqï o~q wmg
iemfhkafka o m%;sudkSh ixl,am úisks¡
WodyrK (- ksoyi" iudk;ajh" hqla;s .rel;ajh
² f,dalh jvd;a fyd| ia:dkhla f,ig ilia úh hq;af;a flfia oehs wmg
is;kakg wkqn, fokq ,nkafka o m%;sudkSh wruqKq úisks¡
WodyrK (-
» iudch iudkd;au;djg .re l< hq;= hs¡
»» foaYmd,kh m%cd;ka;%jd§ udj;g fhduq úh hq;= hs¡
) foaYmd,k o¾Yk jdofha m%;sudkSh ixl,amh ;rula by< uÜgfï w¾:

folla we.ùu i|yd Ndú; flf¾¡
» foaYmd,k Ñka;kh" wOHhkh iy ú.%yh fuka u foaYmd,k wdh;k iy

Ndú;hka o iudcfha fmdÿ wfmalaId iy hym; fjkqfjka lem úh hq;=
h hk ms<s.ekSu¡
»» foaYmd,k wOHhkfha wruqK úh hq;af;a foaYmd,k m%mxp hkq fudkjd

oehs yqfola úia;r lsÍu u fkdj" foaYmd,k wdh;k iy Ndú; flfia
ilia úh hq;= o hkak fhdackd lsÍu o ùu¡
) fï jk f;la isá iEu foaYmd,k od¾Ykslhl=f.a u Ñka;k jQ l,s fuu

m%;sudkSh wruqKq fol fj;ska yev .eiaù we;s tajd h¡
) od¾Yksl-m%;sudkSh m%fõYfha m%Odk ,laIK(
10
» fuys Ndú; lrk ixl,amj, w¾: .eUqßka u .fõIKh lsÍu¡
»» foaYmd,k f,dalh ms<sn| we;s uQ,sl .eg¨ u;= lrñka tajd úNd.
lsÍu¡
»»» foaYmd,k Ñka;k ú.%yfha wdh;kj, iy Ndú;j, m%;u s dkSh ,laIK
yd lemùï .ek Wkkaÿ ùu¡
1'4'2' ;=<kd;aul m%fõYh
) ;=<kd;aul hkafkys w¾:h zzixikaokd;aulZZ hkak hs¡
) ;=<kd;aul wOHhk m%fõYh jeo.;a fldg i,lkafka tla m%Odk {dk iïmdok
fya;=jla ksid h¡ tkï hï iudc foaYmd,k m%mxphla $.eg¨jla$f;audjla ms<sn|
j jvd;a mßmQ¾K wjfndaOhla ,nd .kakg kï tu m%mxph$.eg¨j$f;audj m%ldYhg
m;a jk tla wjia:djla fkdj wjia:d lsysmhla u ikaikaokd;aul j wOHhkh
lsÍu jvd;a M,odhS jkafka h hkak hs¡
WodyrK I (- rgl foaYmd,k ia:djr Ndjhg ;=vqfok jvd;a fyd| wdKavq l%uh
l=ula o@ hk .eg¨j ms<sn| j wOHhkh i|yd f,dalfha mj;sk
ckdêm;s yd md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%u lsysmhla ;=<kd;aul j yeoEßh
yels h'
WodyrK II (- .egqï ;shqKq ù we;s rgl yd iduh ;yjqre ù we;s rgl foaYmd,k
ia:djr Ndjh i|yd jvd iqÿiq u wdKavq l%uh l=ulao hkak wOHhkh
lsÍug o ;=<kd;aul m%fõYh wjYH fõ'
^.=rejrhd fï i|yd WodyrK imhñka idlÉPd lrkak&
foaYmd,kh ;=<kd;aul j yeoEßh hq;af;a wehs@ fuys § flk;a ksõgka iy cdka

jekav;a hk foaYmd,k úoHd{hkaf.a Foundation of Comparative Politics hk lD;sfhka
iemfhk ms<s;=re jeo.;a fõ'
1' ;u rfÜ foaYmd,kh uekúka wjfndaO lr .ekSug kï wfkla rgj,

foaYmd,kh .ek wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a ùu¡
2' tla tla rgl foaYmd,k b;sydih" foaYmd,k miqìu iy foaYmd,k wdh;k
.ek ,nd.kakd ixikaokd;aul wjfndaOhlska f;dr j tu rgj, foaYmd,kh
.ek ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd.; fkdyels ùu'
;=<kd;aul wOHhk m%fõYfha Odrd ;=kls'
^w& iïNdjH ;=<kd;Aul foaYmd,k wOHhk m%fõYh

^wd& úis jeks ishjfia ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,k wOHhkh
^we& iuld,Sk ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,k wOHhkh
^w& iïNdjH ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,k wOHhk m%fõYh (-
fulS wOHhkh mqrd;k .%Sl" frdau fuka u uOH;k hqfrdamSh foaYmd,k

Ñka;kh lrd .uka lrhs' weßiafgdag,a The Politics kï lD;sfha tl, .%Sl
11
iuQydKavqj, mej;s wdKavql%u j¾.S lrKh i|yd fhdod .;af;a ;=<kd;aul
úê l%uh hs' wdKavqj, iajNdjh j¾. lsÍu i|yd Tyq ñkqï o~q folla Ndú;
flf<a h' tkï md,lhkaf.a ixLHdj iy wdKavj q ¥Is; o hkak hs' weßiafgdag,a
.%Sisfha meje;s wdKAvql%u rdcdKavq" jxYdêm;s wdKAvq" m%cdmSä; wdKAvq"
l;smhdêldÍ wdKAvq iy m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavq f,i j¾.SlrKh flf<a wdKavq
l%u ms<sn| j ;=<kd;aul wOHhkhla mokï lrf.k h'
^wd& úis jeks ishjfia ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,k wOHhkh
fuu wOHhk m%fõYh weußldfõ úYaj úoHd,j, 1960 oYlfhka miq j

j¾Okh jQjls' th foaYmd,k wOHhkfha úoHd;aul keUqrej miqìï fldgf.k
we;s jQjls' úoHd;aul foaYmd,k úoHd Odrdfõ m%Odk ;¾lh jQfha foaYmd,k
úoHd úê l%uh o iajdNdúl úoHd úêl%uhg wkqrEm wdkqNúl úoHdjla úh
hq;= h hk woyi hs' fuys § ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,k wOHhkfha udOHh úh
hq;af;a wdKavql%u jHjia:d fyda foaYmd,k b;sydih fyda ixikaokh lsÍu
fkd j wdkqN+;sl j ksÍlaIKh l< yels j¾;udk foaYmd,k f;aud mokï
fldgf.k" fjkia foaYmd,k l%u ^Political Systems& ;=<kd;aul j yeoEÍu
hs' tu f;aud kï foaYmd,k kùlrKh" foaYmd,k j¾Okh" foaYmd,k
ixialD;sh foaYmd,k iudcdkqfhdackh iy foaYmd,k p¾hdj hkdÈh hs'
fï m%fõYh fhdod.;a m%Odk ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,k úoHd lD;s lsysmhla kï(-
1. f.aì%h,a ta' wdukaâ - zz;=<kd;aul foaYmd,k l%uZZ kï ,smsh ^1956" The

Journal of Politics fj¿u 18-wxl 3&
2. f.aì%h,a ta' wdukaâ iy fÊïia tia' flda,auka - 1960" The Politics of the
Developing Areas îxj¾Okh jk l,dmj, foaYmd,kh& kï .%ka:h'
3. iSuqj¾ udáka ,smaiÜ" 1960" zzfoaYmd,k ñksid ( foaYmd,kfha iudc mokuZZ
^Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics& hk .%ka:h'
4. f.aì%h,a ta' wdukaâ iy isâks j¾nd - 1963 zzmqrjeis foaYmd,k ixialD;sh(
rgj,a myl foaYmd,k wdl,am iy m%cd;ka;%jdohZZ ^The Civic Culture:
Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations & kï .%ka:h'
5. ieuqfj,a mS' ykaákagka - 1968 zzfjkia jk iudcj, foaYmd,k m¾hdhZZ
^Political Order in Changing Societies& kï .%ka:h'
^we& iuld,Sk ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,k wOHhkh
iuld,Sk ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,k úoHd idys;Hh mÍlaId lrk úg my; i|yka

me;slvj,a ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
î& fuys § wOHhkhg ,la l< yels úIh m:h fnfyúka kuHYS,S h' foaYmd,k
wdh;k" foaYmd,k l%shdj,s" foaYmd,k mßj¾;kh" iudc foaYmd,k .egqï"
idu l%shdj,s" rdcHfha iajNdjh iy mßj¾;k" m%cd;ka;S%h mßj¾;kfha
ÈYdk;s" mqrjeis l%shdldß;ajh" cd;sljd§ foaYmd,kh" isú,a iudc foaYmd,k
l%shdldß;ajh" udkj whs;sjdislï" ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh hk
f;aud WodyrK hs'
12
îi& ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,k ú.%yh l< hq;af;a foaYmd,k ixj¾Okh iy
m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| mrudo¾YS udÈ,Ska fj;ska ,nd .kakd ñkqï o~q Ndú;
lrñka fkdjk w;r tjeks iqiudo¾YS udÈ,s wjYH ke;'
îii& ;=<kd;aul ú.%yfha wruqK úh hq;af;a tla tla rgj, foaYmd,k h:d¾:hka
fj;ska ;=<kd;aul mdvï Wlydf.k foaYmd,k ú.%yh Yla;su;a lsÍu hs'
1'4'3' nyq úIhl m%fõYh -
fuu m%fõYfhka isÿ jkafka foaYmd,k úoHdfjka ndysr YslaIKhkaf.a kHdh"

ixl,am yd úêl%u foaYmd,k úoHd ú.%yhg fhdod.ekSu hs¡ foaYmd,k úoHdfõ
b;sydih foi n,k úg foaYmd,k úoHdj iEu úg u wfkla YslaIK yd iïnkaO
ù" tajdfhka fmdaIKh ù we;s nj fmfka'
WodyrK (-
.%Sl hq.fha - o¾Ykjdoh
frdau hq.fha - foajO¾u Ydia;%h" b;sydih iy kS;s úoHdj
19 jk ishjfia § - w¾: Ydia;%h" b;sydih" kS;s úoHdj
20 jk ishjfia § - iudc úoHdj" udkj úoHdj" ufkda úoHdj"
N+f.da, úoHdj" l,dj" idys;Hh
nyq úIhl m%fõYhla foaYmd,k úoHdjg wjYH ùug fya;= lsysmhls¡
³ foaYmd,kh hkak iudcfha wfkl=;a me;slvj,ska yqfol,d j" úhqla; j

mj;sk fohla fkdj" tajd iuÕ noaO ù ;sfnk iy iudch fj;ska u mek
kÕsk m%mxphla úu¡
WodyrK (- m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd l=, idOlh w;r iïnkaOh¡ fuh ,xldfõ

yd bkaÈhdfõ foaYmd,k ixialD;sfha jeo.;a f;audjla fuka
u WNf;dafldaálhla o fjhs¡ th uekúka wjfndaO lr .ekSug
kï iudc úoHd iy udkj úoHd m%fõY foaYmd,k úoHd
ú.%yhg wjYH fõ'
nyq úIhl hk ixl,amfha w¾: ;=klaa ;sfí'
» ksYaÑ; Ydia;S%h úIhhlaa f,i wkkH ù ;snqK;a iudcfha wfkl=;a me;slv

iuÕ o foaYmd,kh wvq jeä jYfhka iïnkaO nj ms<s.ekSu¡
»» foaYmd,k úoHdfõ thg u wdfõKsl kHdh yd ixl,am ;snqK o" wfkl=;a
úIhhkaf.a kHdh iy ixl,am iuÕ tajd ne£ ;sîu iy tajdhska fmdaIKh
,eîu¡
»»» kHdhj,g yd ixl,amj,g wu;r j úêl%u iïnkaO j o foaYmd,k úoHdj
fjk;a YslaIK Odrdjka i;= úêl%u iuÕ iïnkaO ùu yd tajdhska fmdaIKh
,eîu¡
13
1'4' úoHd;aul ^p¾hdjd§& m%fõYh¡
² —foaYmd,k úoHdj˜ hkakg úis jeks ishjfia fok ,o w¾:hla jkafka zzúoHd;aul
úêl%uhZZ ^scientific method& Ndú; lrñka foaYmd,kh wOHhkh lsÍu h hkak hs¡
² fuu kj w¾:fhka" foaYmd,k úoHdj ienE iy ks¾jHdc úoHdjla njg m;aúh

yelafla th iajdNdúl úoHdjka o wd¾:sl úoHdj iy ufkda úoHdj o úiska Ndú;
lrkq ,enQ úoHd;aul úêl%uh ;u úê l%uh f,i fhdod.;a úg muKs h hk woyi
.uHudk úh¡
² fuh 1930 oYlj, § iy 1940 oYlj, § m%Odk jYfhka weußldkq foaYmd,k

úoHd{hka lKavdhula w;r m%p,s; jQ woyils¡
² wd¾:sl yd iudc úoHd{hka o w;r uq,a neif.k ;snQ fuhska m%ldY jQfha iudch"
wd¾:slh yd foaYmd,kh .ek lrk wOHhk fj;ska —j,x.=˜" —úYajikSh˜ iy
—ksjerÈ˜ oekqu f.dv kÕkakg kï" tajdfha l%u úoHdj kj ÈYdk;shlg fhduq úh
hq;= nj hs'
² ta kj uÕ kï iajdNdúl úoHdjka ta jk úg id¾:l j fhdod f.k we;s —

úoHd;aul˜ iy —wdkqNúl˜ úêl%uh hs¡
 úoHd;aul m%fõYfha uQ,O¾u (-
² iudc foaYmd,k wOHhkfha b,lalh úh hq;af;a —wdkqNdúl m¾fhaIK˜ fj;ska

,nd .kakd lreKq" idlaIH iy o;a; u; mokï jQ oekqula ksIamdokh lsÍu h¡
—wdkqNúl m¾fhaIK˜ flfrkafka ksÍlaIKh iy m%f;HlaIKh l< yels lreKq
iy o;a; iudc foaYmd,k m%mxphka ms<sn| j fidhd .ekSu hs¡
² úoHd;aul j f.dvkÕk iudc-foaYmd,k ú.%yh —jdia;úl˜ ôbjective& úh hq;= h¡

tkï úoHd;aul j f.dvkÕk ×kh" wfma fm!oa.,sl" tkï wd;aóh ks.uk úYajdi"
w.;s" hkdÈfhka ksoyia úh hq;= w;r" úoHd;aul foaYmd,k oekqu m¾fhaIlhdf.a
o wd;aóh$ fm!oa.,sl ks.ukj,ska ksoyia úh hq;= h hk uQ,O¾uh hs¡
² tfia u iudc foaYmd,k m%mxp ms<sn| j wm f.dv kÕk oekqu iy ks.uk"

jákdlï úksYaphkaf.ka f;dr ^value free& úh hq;= h¡
² hïlsis m%mxphla .ek wOHhkh lrñka tys fyd|$krl" hym; $whym; .ek
úksYaphhka bÈßm;a fkdl< hq;= w;r" wdkqNúl iy jdia;úl o;a; iy idlaIH u;
muKla mokï j úYaf,aIK" ksÍlaIK iy ks.uk f.dvk.d .ekSu l< hq;= h¡
² fuys we;s uQ,O¾uh kï —jákdlï˜ úksYaphkaf.ka ksoyia ×kh ^Value free

knowledge& hkak hs¡ th iajdNdúl úoHd úêl%ufhka iudc úoHdjkag meñKs
uQ,O¾uhls'
14
 úoHd;aul m%fõYh iy p¾hdjdoh (-
² foaYmd,k úoHdfõ p¾hdjdoh ^Behaviourism/Behaviouralism& hkq mqo.

a , foaYmd,k
p¾hdj wOHhkh lsÍu ish m%Odk úoHd;aul m%ia;=;h njg ie,l+ foaYmd,k úoHd
úIh Odrdj hs¡
² 1920 wdrïN jq fuh 1930 iy 1940 oYl j,§ jvd m%p,s; j foaYmd,k kHdh m;%hg
l< n,mEu fldf;la o h;a" tu ueÈy;a ùu —p¾hdjd§ úma,jh˜ ^Behavioural Revolution&
hkqfjka 20 jk ishjfia foaYmd,k úoHdfõ úldYkh ms<sn| we;s jD;a;dka;j,
m%ldY flßKs¡
² p¾hdjd§ m%fõYfha m%Odk ;¾lh fufia h¡ wdkqNúl wOHhkhg ,la l< yels
foaYmd,k m%mxph kï iudcfha ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hka" foaYmd,k ls%hdj,sh ;=< ls%hd
lrk wdldrh" tkï foaYmd,k p¾hdj iy tu p¾hdjkag n,mdk idOl hs¡
² mqoa.,fhda foaYmd,k ls%hdj,shg iyNd. fj;s¡ foaYmd,k ;SrK .ks;s¦ ;u foaYmd,k

p¾hdjg n,mdk foaYmd,k úYajdi iy u; Tjqkag ;sfí¡ tajd jkdys foaYmd,k
p¾hdj hs' tu p¾hd wdkqNúl m¾fhaIKhg ,la l< yels h¡ tu wdkqNúl m¾fhaIK
uÕska m%udKd;aul o;a; ,nd .; yels h'
WodyrK (- ue;sjrKhl § Pkaoodhlhka Pkaoh §u ms<sn| j wdkqNúl yd

m%udKd;aul o;a; myiqfjka ,nd .; yels h¡ tu o;a; ia;S%$ mqreI"
wOHdmk uÜgu" jD;a;h s " .%dóh$kd.ßl;dj" jhia uÜgu" wdÈ jYfhka
j¾.SlrKh l< yels h¡ ta u; ,nd.kakd o;a; úYaf,aIKh lruska
p¾hd rgd" m%jK;d" .;s ,laIK ixLHd;aul o;a; Tiafia ^j.=" m%ia;dr"
m%;sY; wdY%hfhka& ksrdjrKh lr.; yels h¡
 p¾hdjdofha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d
² p¾hdjd§ wOHhkfha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;dj jQfha mqrjeishkaf.a foaYmd,k iyNd.s;j a h

^Political Participation& ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu hs¡ fuh o wdkqNúl m¾fhaIK uÕska
wOHhkh l< yels ls%hdoduhls¡ weußldkq p¾hdjd§ka uE; ld,Sk j fï ms<sn| j
fnfyúka Wkkaÿjla olajd we;¡
² p¾hdjdoh 1920 oYlfha wdrïN ù 1950 - 60 oYlj, § tys wêm;s Odrdj njg m;a
jqj o 1970 oYlj, miqnEug ,la úh¡
² Bg ;snQ úfõpkhla jqfha" foaYmd,k p¾hdj muKla wOHhkh lsÍu hkak wjOdrKh
lsÍu ksid foaYmd,k ú.%yfha úIh m:h w;sYhska mgq ùug th ;=vq ÿka nj hs¡
² foaYmd,k p¾hdj foaYmd,kfha tla me;slvla muKla ksid wfkla me;slv fkdi,ld
yeÍu foaYmd,kfha jeo.;a u wx. foaYmd,k wOHhk kHdh m;%fhka bj;a lsÍula
njg m;a úh'
² ta wkqj 1970 oYlfha § p¾hdjd§ m%fõYfha jeo.;alu wvqfjñka od¾Yksl" fM;sydisl

iy iudc úoHd;aul m%fõYj, jeo.;alu h<s;a u;=jkakg úh¡
15
² fï fjki;a iuÕ p¾hdjdoh 1970" 80 oYlj, § mYapd;a p¾hdjd§ ^Post- Behavioral&
wjêhlg iïm%dma; úh¡ fï wjêfha jQ ;j;a m%jK;djla jkafka wdkqNúl yd
m%;HlaI uQ,jd§ foaYmd,k .=rel=,fha wdêm;Hh o ì| jefgkakg ùu hs¡
² fï fjki flfrys udlaiajd§ - kj udlaiajd§ - ,snr,a" od¾Yksl - ia;S%jd§ iy

mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ Odrd fj;ska t,a, jQ wNsfhda. o ;SrKd;aul úh¡
1' 4' 5' foaYmd,k w¾: Ydia;%Sh m%fõYh¡
foaYmd,k w¾: Ydia;S%h m%fõYh ^Political Economy Approch& j¾;udkfha iïmQ¾Kfhka u

wkkH ù ;sfnkafka udlaiajd§ kHdh yd m%fõYh iuÕ h¡ 19 jk ishjfia hqfrdamfha ìysjQ
Ñka;khla jQ udlaia jdofha od¾Yksl" wd¾:sl úoHd;aul" foaYmd,k iy iudc úoHd;aul
me;slv ;sfí¡
foaYmd,k w¾: Ydia;%h hk ixl,amh uq,ska u Ndú; jQfha 18 jk ishjfia hqfrdamSh

Ñka;lhka w;r h¡
² NdKav ksIamdokh
² fjf<|du
² cd;sl wdodhu
hk wd¾:sl ls%hdj,sh wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s iuÕ o iïnkaO jk wdldrh;a" wd¾:sl ls%hdj,shg

wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;sj, n,mEu;a wOHhkh lsÍu tys uq,a ld,Sk kHdh m;%h úh¡ fuu
Ñka;kfha m%Odk ksfhdað;hka jQfjda
² wevï iañ;a
² fâúâ ßldfvda
² fcdaka iagqjÜ ñ,a
² f;dauia ue,a;ia
hk wh hs'
ld,audlaia foaYmd,k w¾:Ydia;%h ms<sn| fuu idïm%odhsl jgyd .ekSu fjkia flf<a h'
ld,audlaia f.a ú.%yfha olakg ,enqKq kj iy úfYaI ,laIKhla jqfha wd¾:sl lafIa;%h
.ek .eUqßka yodrk w;r u 19 jk ishjfia foaYmd,k w¾: Ydia;%{hka fkdl< wdldrfha
kHdhsl moaO;shla â theoretical system& f.dvkeÕSu hs¡ tu m%fõYh —fM;sydisl fN!;sljdoh˜
^historical materialism& hkqfjka ye|skafõ¡ th ukqIH b;sydih" iudc jHQyh" wd¾:slh"
foaYmd,kh iy Ñka;kh hk fïjd iuia;hla f,i i,ld" tu iuia;h;a" tys tlsfkl
me;s iy iuia;h w;r we;s iïnkaO;d;a wOHhkh lsßu i|yd fhdackd jQ kHdhsl yd
úêl%u m%fõYhls¡ fuu fM;sydisl fN!;sljd§ m%fõYfha m%Odk kHdhsl wxf.damdx. lsysmhls¡
tajd kï"
» ukqIH iudch wOHhkh lsÍfï § wm ta i|yd m%úIag úh hq;af;a" uq¿ iudch u

iuia;hla ^totality& f,i i,ldf.k h¡ —iudc ieleiau˜ ^social formation& hkq fuu
iudc iuia;h ye|skaùug fhdod.;a kHdhsl ixl,amh hs¡
»» iudc ieleiaula uQ,sl jYfhka ;, $ uÜgï follska iukaú; h¡ tajd kï

1 wd¾Ól moku êconomic base&
16
2 iudc" foaYmd,k" ixialD;sl u;jd§ hk fïjdhska iukaú; Wmß jHQyh
^superstructure& hk fïjd hs'
»»» iudc ieleiafï Wmß jHqyfha - tkï iudc foaYmd,k" ixialD;sl yd u;jd§
lafIa;%j,-isÿjk mßj¾;k iy fjkia ùï" tlsfklska iajdëkj" yqfol,d j isÿ
jk j¾Ok u fkdfõ' tajdg hïlsis iajdëk meje;aula ;sìh yels jqj;a" wjidk
ú.%yfha § tu fjkialï isÿ jkafka wd¾Ól mokfï isÿjk ls%hdldß;ajhg iy
mßj¾;khkag m%;spdr jYfhka iy tajdfha m%ldYk f,ig hs¡
»¼ wd¾Ól" iudc" iy foaYmd,k mßj¾;kfha uq,sl .;sl;ajhla jkafka" ´kE u

iudchl mj;sk zmka;s wr.,hZ ^class strugle& hs¡ th jQ l,s iudch tlsfklg
miñ;=re wNs,dI we;s mka;sj,g fn§fï m%;sM,hls¡ fuu fn§u isÿ jkafka o
wd¾:sl fya;= wkqj h¡ iudcfha wd¾:sl iïm;aj,g ysïlu ;sîu fyda fkd;sîu;a
mka;s úfNaokfha moku hs¡ mka;s wr.,h isÿ jkafka wd¾:sl n,h ysñ iy wysñ
mka;s w;r h¡
fuu uQ,l
s udlaij
a d§ kHdhsl woyia mokï lr f.k foaYmd,k w¾:Ydia;S%h m%fõYh
foaYmd,k úoHd úIh lafIa;%hg meñKsfha wdkqNúl$m%;HlaIuQ,jd§ p¾hdjd§
foaYmd,k úoHd m%fõYhg úl,amhla jYfhks¡
foaYmd,k w¾:Ydia;S%h m%fõYh wjOdrKh l< foaYmd,k úoHd{hka bÈßm;a l<

úoHd;aul$p¾hdjd§ foaYmd,k úoHdj ms<sn| úfõpk lsysmhls¡
» p¾hdjd§ foaYmd,k úoHdj ieneúka u wOHhkh lrkafka foaYmd,kfha

we;s kshu" yrd;aul f;aud fkdj" tys u;=msg m%ldYk h¡
II p¾hdjd§ foaYmd,k úoHdj" foaYmd,ksl jYfhka .;dkq.;sl h¡
III ths k a is ÿ jka f ka iudcfha foa Y md,k jHQ y hka fjkia ls Í u" fyda
m%;sixialrKh lsÍu fyda fkdj tajd mj;ajdf.k hEu h¡ th mj;akd wêm;s
n,hg fiajh lrhs¡
udlaiajd§ wdNdih ,enQ foaYmd,k w¾: Ydia;S%h m%fõYfha wdNdIh ,enQ foaYmd,k
Ñka;lhka bÈßm;a l< úl,am foaYmd,k úµd m%fõYfha ,laIK iy me;slv
lsysmhls¡
» foaYmd,k m%mxphla ú.%y lsÍfï § tys we;s wd¾Ól" yd iudc mka;s uq,hka
o y÷kdf.k tu iuia;h wdYs%; j ;u ú.%yh f.dvkeÕSu¡
»» foaYmd,kh" wd¾:sl yd iudc mka;s hk idOlj,ska ;SrKh lrk nj

ms<s.ekSu¡
»»» foaYmd,kfha we;s uQ,l

s ^fundamental& f;audjka f,i n,h" wdêm;Hh" mka;s
úfNaokh" mka;s .egqu" rdcHh" wdêm;H úfrdaO iudc m%;spdr hk fïjd
ie,lSu¡
»¼ foaYmd,k wOHhkh" iudc" foaYmd,k" wd¾:sl u;jd§ wdÈ fËa;%j, mj;akd

wdêm;HOdÍ n, jHQyhka /äl,a úfõpkhg md;% lsÍu b,lal lr .ekSu'
17
¼ iudc" foaYmd,k mßj¾;kh i|yd úpdrd;aul foaYmd,k wOHhkh lem
úh hq;=hehs úYajdi lsÍu'
1' 4' 6' iudc úoHd;aul m%fõYh¡
iudc úoHdj ^Sociology& foaYmd,k úoHdjg b;d ióm Ydia;S%h úIhhls' fï úIh fol
tlsfklska fjka jQfha 19 jk ishjfia weußldkq úYaj úoHd,j,§h¡ 20 jk ishjfia uq,
tu fjka ùu ;yjqre jqj;a tu úIh fol w;r wka;¾iïnkaO;d wo o mj;S¡ —foaYmd,k
iudc úoHdj˜ ^Political sociology& hkq foaYmd,k yd iudc úoHd m%fõY w;r we;s
wfkHdkH;ajh ms<s.ekSu uÕska f.dv keÕ=Kq foaYmd,k úoHdfõ;a iudc úoHdfõ;a we;s
WmfË;%hls¡
foaYmd,k úoHd wOHhkh iy ú.%yh" iudc úoHdfõ kHdh" m%fõY iy úê l%u wdÈfhka
fnfyúka m, ,nd we;¡ tfuka u 19 jeks ishjfia iy úis jeks ishjfia uq,a wjêfha tu
úIh lafIa;% fol meje;sfha tlsfklg iïnkaO j h'
² 20 jk ishjig fmr isá" T.ia;a fldï;a" ld,a udlaia iy uelaia fjn¾ hk

Ñka;lfhda kQ;k foaYmd,k úoHdfõ fuka u iudc úoHd kHdhfha;a" úê l%ufha;a
mqfrda.dóyq h¡
² 20 jk ishji ueo Nd.fha § b;d n,mEï iy.; m¾fhaIlhka msßilf.ka iukaú;

jQ *Ekal*
a ¾Ü .=rel=,h úiska m¾fhaIKh lrk ,o fËa;% iudc úoHdj iy foaYmd,k
úoHdj hk úIh folg u iïnkaO tajd úh'
² foaYmd,k úoHdjg iudc úoHdfjka iy udkj úoHdfjka ,eî we;s wdNdih foaYmd,k
úoHdfõ úêl%u iy kHdhsl mßudj hk wxY foflys u oelsh yels h¡
² f;aud;aul j iudc úoHd wOHhkh iukaú; ù ;sfnkafka iudc jHQyh" iudc

ixúOdk" iudc tall" ukqIHhd iy iudch w;r iïnkaO;d" iudc ia;rdhKh"
iudc mßj¾;kh iy ta ish,a, u iïnkaO j isÿ jk ukqIH ls%hdldß;ajh f;areï
.ekSu wruqKq lrf.k h¡
² iudc úoHdfõ u WmúIh fËa;%hla jk udkj úoHdj Wkkaÿj olajkafka iudc"

ixialD;sl wd.ñl wdÈ ikao¾Nhka uÕska jvd;a ióm j ukqIHhdf.a iudc
l%shdldß;ajh wOHhkh lsÍug h¡
² foaYmd,k úoHdfõ wOHhkh lrk iuyr .eg¨ iy f;aud ms<sn| j iudch wdYs%;
j mq¿,a yd .eUqre wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug by; ±lajQ iudc úoHd yd udkj úoHd
m%fõY b;d m%fhdackj;a fõ¡
WodyrK (-
foaYmd,k mlaI hkq foaYmd,k úoHd wOHhkfha f;audjls¡ foaYmd,k
úoHd{hka mlaI .ek idïm%odhsl j wOHhkh lf<a"
² mlaIj, jevms<sfj<
² ue;sjrK m%ldYk
² mlaIj, b;sydih
18
² mlaI kdhlhka lrk l:d
² mqj;am;a jd¾;dj,ska ,efnk f;dr;=re
² mlaI kdhl iïuqL idlÉPd mokï fldg f.k h¡
fïjd iudch ;=< ls%hd lrk wdldrfha b;d jeo.;a me;slvj,a h¡ tfy;a ta
uÕska foaYmd,k mlaI .ek iïmQ¾K ú.%yhla bÈßm;a fkdflf¾'
³ foaYmd,kh iy foaYmd,k mlaI hkak iudcfha ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh f;areï

.ekSug wmg iudc úoHd;aul yd udkj úoHd;aul m%fõY fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a
h¡ foaYmd,khg mqrjeishka iyNd.s jkafka wehs@ .%dóh yd m%cd uÜgfuka foaYmd,k
mlaIj, n,h ;sfnkafka ld i;= j o@ Okh" l=,h" mjq,a miqìu" ia;S% mqreI Ndjh
hkdÈ idOl mqrjeishkaf.a foaYmd,k mlaIj, ls%hdldß;ajhg n,mdkafka flfia
o@ foaYmd,kh iy foaYmd,k mlaI m%cdj w;r iÔj f,i mj;sk in|;dj wjfndaO
lr.kakg kï wmg fujeks m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fidhd .ekSu wjYH fõ' tfy;a ta
i|yd m%fõYhla yd úêl%u wjYH h' foaYmd,k úoHd{hkag iudcúoHd yd udkj
úoHd m%fõY fnfyúka M,odhs f,i Ndú; l< yels h¡
1' 4' 7' ia;S%jdÈ m%fõYh (-
foaYmd,k yd iudc wOHhkhg úYd, n,mEula l< ia;S%jdoh Ydia;%Sh Odrdjla njg m;a
jQfha 1970 oYlfha § h¡ th ia;%sjd§ Ydia;S%h Odrdfõ o m%Odk me;slvla fjhs¡ ia;%Sjd§ m%fõYh
foaYmd,kh ms<sn| j w;suQ,sl m%Yak lsÍula isÿl<d muKla fkdj zfoaYmd,khZ hk
ixl,amfha w¾:h mjd ixj¾Okh lsÍug iu;a úh¡
foaYmd,k ú.%yfha § ia;S%jd§ m¾hdf,dalfhka wdNdih ,nd u;= lrk m%Yak idïm%odhsl
foaYmd,k úoHdfõ we;eï m%Yakj,g jvd fjkia h¡
WodyrK jYfhka
» foaYmd,kh hk fË;%fhka ia;S%ka neyer lr ;sfnkafka wehs@
»» foaYmd,kh mqreIhkaf.a fËa;%hla njg m;a lr ;sîu ;j ÿrg;a ms<s.; hq;= o@
»»» iudch fM;sydisl jYfhka ia;%Ska oaù;Sh ;;a;ajhg" wdka;sllrKhg" mSvdjg" iy
fjkialï lrkq ,eîug Ndckh lr ;sfnkafka wehs@ tfia lsÍu ;j ÿrg;a
mj;ajdf.k hd hq;= o@
»¼ ia;%Ska mSvkhg m;a lrk iudc" foaYmd,k" ixialD;sl u;jd§ jHQy fudkjd o@
¼ iudc yd udkj úuqla;h s ms<sn| ,snr,ajdofha iy iudcjdofha m¾hdf,dal m%udKj;a
o@
fujeks m%Yak .fõIKh lsÍu uÕska ia;%Sjdoh úiska foaYmd,k yd iudc ú.%yhg kj
kHdhsl $ ixl,amuh m%fNao .Kkdjla o tl;= lrkq ,eìK¡
² ia;S% mqreI iudc Ndjh ^Gender&

² ia;%S mqreI Y%u úNckh ^Male-Female division of labour&
² ms;D uq,sl;ajh ^Patriarchy&
² ia;S% mSvkh ^Women's oppression&
² mqreI flakaøSh;ajh Ândrocentrism&
² mqreI wdêm;Hh ^Male domination&
² ia;%S úuqla;sh ^Women's liberation&
19
hk ixl,am tajd w;r jeo.;a fõ¡
foaYmd,k úoHd wOHhk úu¾Ykh iy kHdh ia;%Sjd§ m%fõYh fj;ska fjkia jQ wdldrh
fláfhka fufia ±laúh yels h'
Î& rdcHh" foaYmd,k n,h" m%cd;ka;%jdoh" iudcjdoh" ksoyi" iudkd;au;dj h" hqla;h
s "
idOdrK;ajh" whs;sjdislï" fjkialï lsÍï" iQrd lEu" mSvkh" úfrdaO;dj" rdcH
m%;sm;a;s" mqrjeis Ndjh hkd È foaYmd,k úoHdfõ tk w;suQ,sl ixl,am ish,a, u"
ia;%S-mqreI iudc Ndjh ^Gender& hk m%fNaoh wdY%hfhka h<s úu¾Ykh lsÍu yd
tajdfha úIh m:hg ia;%S-mqreI iudc Ndjh ms<sn| m%fõYh tl;= lsÍu'
ÎI& mka;sh" cd;sh" iudch" mqrjeishd hk foaYmd,k úoHdfõ we;s wNsuQ,sl wkkH;d
ixl,am w;rg" ia;%S-mqreI iudc Ndjh hkak tl;= lsÍu'
ÎII& foaYmd,kh hkq uyck mßuKav,fha ^Public Sphere& isÿjk l%shdj,shls" hk .%Sl
foaYmd,k od¾Ykslhskaf.ka wdrïN jQ woyi fjkia fldg" fm!oa.,sl mßuKav,h
o ^Private Sphere& foaYmd,kh isÿjk lafIa;%hla njg ms<s.ekSu'
ÎV& ukqIH yd iudc úuqla;sh Êmancipation & ms<sn| j idïm%odhsl bÈß o¾Ykhg zia;%S
úuqla;shZ Êmancipation of Women& hkak o tl;= lsÍu'
fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï (-
1' my; i|yka ksoiqka wkqj m%Yakdj,s ilia lsÍug isiq$isiqúhka fhduq lrùu'
ksoiqka 1' m%;sudkSh wOHhkfha kshe¿Kq foaYmd,k Ñka;lhka fofofkl=

kï lrkak'
I' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
II' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ksoiqka 2' my; i|yka lD;s rpkd lrk ,o foaYmd,k Ñka;lfhda ljryq
o@
I' iuQydKavj
q ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
II' foaYmd,kh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2' my; i|yka ud;Dld hgf;a lKavdhï bÈßm;a lsÍï ie,iqï lr mk;shg bÈßm;a
lrkak'
foaYmd,k úoHdfõ"
I' od¾Yksl$m%;sudkSh m%fõYh'
II' ;=<kd;aul m%fõYh'
III' nyq úIhl m%fõYh'
IV' úoHd;aul ^p¾hdjd§ m%fõYh&'
V' foaYmd,k w¾: Ydia;%Sh m%fõYh'
VI' iudc úoHd;aul m%fõYh'
20
V' ia;%Sjd§ m%fõYh'
wdY%s; .%ka: iy ,sms
01' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^2007&" foaYmd,k úoHdfõ uQ,sldx. 1"

fld<U" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
02' Goodin, Robert E (ed) (2009), The Oxford Hand book of Political Science, Oxford,
Oxford University Press.
03' Grisby, Elleen, 2009, Analyzing Politics; An Introduction to Politics Science, Belmont,
CA, USA: Cengage Learning.
04' Heywood, Andrew, 2013, Politics, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
05' Hineman, Robert A (1995), Political Science An Introducion, New York, Mc Graw Hill
Provessional.
21
02' foaYmd,k úoHd úIh iukaú; jk lafIa;%
ksmqK;dj 02 (- foaYmd,k úoHd úIh iukaú; jk lafIa;% y÷kd.ksñka foaYmd,k

úoHdj wOHhkh lrhs¡
^ld,Éfþo 20 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
2¡ 1 foaYmd,k úoHdj iukaú; jk WmúIh lafIa;%j, iajNdjh iy
wka;¾.;h yodrhs'
2¡ 2 iudcfha foaYmd,k cSú;h ;=< tajdfha ld¾hNdrh úu¾Ykh lrhs¡
bf.kqï M, (-
 foaYmd,k úoHd úIh iukaú; jk lafIa;% kï lr úia;r lrhs¡
 ta tla tla lafIa;% foaYmd,k úoHd wOHhk úIh lafIa;%h mßmQ¾K ^holistic&
lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 tu úIh lafIa;% ms<sn| wjfndaOh foaYmd,k f,dalh ms<sn| úpdrd;aul j
is;Sug wdOdr lr .kshs'
ye¢kaùu (-
foaYmd,k wOHhkh Y;j¾I 24l muK ld,hla mqrd j¾Okh jQ iy úldYkh jQ
Ydia;S%h YslaIKhls¡ foaYmd,k úoHd úIhfha j¾;udk wka;¾.;h y÷kd.ekSu fuu
mdvfï § isÿ flf¾¡
iïNdjH .S%l hq.fha isg fï jk f;la foaYmd,k wOHhkh iukaú; jk m%Odk

WmfËa;%hla f,i foaYmd,k o¾Ykh y÷kajd Èh yels h¡ foaYmd,k ls%hdj,sfha
jeo.;a ld¾hhla bgq lrk ;j;a idOlhla jkafka foaYmd,k u;jdo h¡ kQ;k
foaYmd,k iy iudc Ñka;kh uÕska" iudcfha isÿjk ixisoaê tfia isÿjkafka
ukaoehs meyeÈ,s lrk foaYmd,k kHdh ;j;a jeo.;a fËa;%hla fjhs¡ foaYmd,k
úoHd úIh wka;¾.; jk ;j;a jeo.;a f;audjla jkafka foaYmd,k wdh;k hs¡
úêu;a yd wúêu;a hk j¾.SlrK Tiafia fuu wdh;k yodrkq ,efí¡ ta wkqj fuu
ksmqK;dj foaYmd,k o¾Ykh" foaYmd,k u;jdo" foaYmd,k kHdh yd foaYmd,k
wdh;k hk f;aud Tiafia wOHhkh lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾¡
mdvï ixj¾Okh i|yd uÕ fmkaùula"
1' foaYmd,k úoHd úIh iukaú; fËa;% y÷kd.ekSu¡
1'1' foaYmd,k o¾Ykh¡
foaYmd,k o¾Ykjdoh m%Odk f;aud ;=kla ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrhs¡
^w& foaYmd,k ú.%yfha Ndú; lrk ixl,amj, w¾:ksrEmKh meyeÈ,s lsÍu¡

WodyrK (- rdcHh" n,h" mqrjeis Ndjh" ksoyi" whs;j
s dislï iudkd;au;dj¡
^wd& foaYmd,kh ms<sn| we;s uQ,sl m%Yak u;= lrñka tajd .fõIKh lsÍu¡
WodyrK (- rdcHh hkq l=ula o@ rdcHhla wjYH jkafka wehs@ rdcHfha
iïNjh flfia ù o@ foaYmd,kh hkq l=ula o@
22
^we& foaYmd,k ls%hdldß;ajh "foaYmd,k wdh;k" rdcH m%;m
s ;a;s hk fïjdg uÕ
fmkajk m%;sudkShl ksIaGdjka fhdackd lsÍu'
WodyrK (- ksoyi" iudkd;au;dj" idOdrK;ajh" fmdÿ hym;" iudc
úuqla;sh¡
iïNdjH .S%l hq.fha isg j¾;udkh f;la foaYmd,k o¾Ykjd§ka Wkkaÿjla olajd we;s
f;aud lsysmhla f,i hqla;sh" idOdrK;ajh" whs;j
s dislï" ksoyi" iudkd;au;dj" foaYmd,k
úuqla;sh iy rdcHfha iajNdjh yd wruqKq hk fïjd bÈßm;a l< yels h¡ flfia fj;;a fuu
f;aud ms<sn| j foaYmd,k od¾Ykslhka w;r fmdÿ talu;sl Ndjhla fkdue;s w;r" tajd
idlÉcdjg" újdohg iy u;fNaohg ,la fjñka yqÿ iod;k ixl,amuh m%fNao jYfhka
mj;S¡
foaYmd,k o¾Ykjd§ka Wkkaÿj olajd we;s f;aud iy tajd .fõIKh l< foaYmd,k
od¾Ykslhka ms<sn| ir, wjfndaOhla my; j.=fjka ,nd.; yels h'
f;audj iïNdjH$uOHld,Sk iy uq,a iuld,Sk foaYmd,k

kQ;k foaYmd,k od¾Ykslfhda od¾Ykslfhda
hqla;sh$ ma f,a f gda " weßia fgda Ü,a " idka ; fcdaka frda,i
a "a frdnÜ fkdisl"a
idOdrK;ajh T.ia ; S k a " idka ; wela j hs k dia " uhs l,a ieka v,a" ud¾ ;d
f;da u ia fydíia " fâúâ ys h q ï " kianjqï" uy;aud .dkaê
bïudkqfj,a ldkaÜ" rEfida" fcdaka
iagqj¾Ü ñ,a" ld,a udlaia
iudk…h weßiafgdag,a fydíia" fcdaka f,dla" uy;aud .dk aê" uhsl ,a

rEfida " ñ,a" udlaia" wef,lais o fjda , a Ü i¾" pd,a i a fÜ,¾"
f;dla ú ,a " y¾nÜ ia f mkai¾" frdk,aâ âfjdalska
ysh q f.da f.% daI s hia " bïudkq fj,a
ldkaÜ" ñ,a" udlaia
whs;j
s dislï ldkaÜ" o f;dlaú,a" f,dla" yshqï" whs i hd n¾,s k a " frdk,a â
wevï iañ;a" udlaia" fudkafgialshq âfjda l s k a " fcda k a frda , a i a "
pd,aia fÜ,¾
ksoyi maf,afgda" weßia fgdag,a fydíia" whs i hd n¾,s k a " fmâßla

f,dla" udlaia" fcrñ fnka;ï yfhla" fcdaka frda,aia" *s,sma
fmàÜ
foaYmd,kfha ma f,a f gda " weßia fgda g,a " idka ; iS rhsÜ ñ,aia" h¾.ka yn¾udia"
iajNdjh T.ia;Ska" uelshdfj,a,s" fydíia" pd,aia fÜ,¾" ñfI,a *qflda
f,dla " rEfida " ldka Ü " fya . ,a "
udlaia
rdcHfha iajNdjh fydíia" f,dla" rEfi da" fc daka frda,a ia" h¾.k a"
uelshdfj,a,s" udlaia yn¾udia" pd,aia fÜ,¾
23
19 jk ishji olajd hqfrdamfha o¾Ykjdohg foaYmd,k ú.%yfha by< u ia:dkhla ysñ jqj
o úis jeks ishji ueo Nd.fha th hï miqnEulg ,la úh¡ tfia jQfha wkqN+;sjdÈ$m%;HlaI
uQ,jd§ foaYmd,k úoHd m%fõYh keÕSfï miqìfuys h¡ tfia jqj;a 1970 oYlfha uq,§ h<s;a
foaYmd,k úoHdfõ o¾Ykjdohg we;s wjOdkh biau;= jkakg úh¡ thska foaYmd,k úoHd
ú.%yfha ke;s jq lS¾;sh iy ia:dkh h<s;a ,efnkakg úh¡ tu fjki we;sjQfha 1971 § m<
jq weußldkq foaYmd,k od¾Yksl fcdaka frda,aia f.a A Theory of Justice ^hqla;sh ms<sn|
kHdhhla& kï .%ka:h fya;= fldg f.k hs¡ ta iuÕ od¾Ykslhka" foaYmd,k úoHd{hka yd
iudckHdhfõ§ka w;r we;s jQ idlÉPd yd újdo foaYmd,k o¾Ykjdoh h<s Tijd ;eîug
mdol úh¡
2¡ 2 foaYmd,k u;jdo
² ,snr,ajdoh" iudcjdoh" m%cd;ka;%jdoh" iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoh" meisiaÜ jdoh" rdcH

iqNidOk jdoh" kj ,snr,a jdoh" cd;sl jdoh" jeks foaYmd,k u;jdo f,dal
foaYmd,kfhys ,d úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgq l< tajd h¡
² foa Ymd,k u;jdohla hkq iudcfha foaYmd,khg n,mEï lrk" foaYmd,k

ls%hdldß;ajhg yd .ukg uÕ fmkajk" iudcfha úYd, ck fldgila wdl¾IKh
lr .ekSug iu;a jk" foaYmd,k u;su;dka;r yd úYajdi wdÈfhka iukaú; ksYÑ
a ;
woyia iuqÉphls¡ ´kE u foaYmd,k u;jdohla
³ tlsfklg ix.; woyia ud,djlska iukaú; fõ¡

³ iudcfha hï hï fldgiaj, foaYmd,k ú{dkh" úYajdi iy bÈß oelau yev
.eiaùug o iu;a fõ¡
³ iudc fldgia foaYmd,k ls%hdldß;ajhg fhduq lsÍfï yelshdj o iys; h'
³ fuh ksoiqka ;=kla weiqßka meyeÈ,s l< yels'
I ,snr,a jdoh -
• foaYmd,k u;jdohla f,i ,snr,ajdofha m%Odk;u uQ,O¾uh jkafka fm!oa.,sl

ksoyi hs' fm!oa.,sl ksoyi" iudcfha ksoyfia uq,a ., nj;a" th wd¾Ól" iudc"
ixialD;sl hk lafIa;%j, § uQ,sl uQ,O¾uh úh hq;= nj;a ,snr,a jdoh úYajdi lrhs'
• ,snr,a jdoh ft;sydisl jYfhka j¾Okh jQfha hqfrdamfha jevjiï l%uh ì| jeà
Okjdoh ìys ùfï miqìfuys h'
• ksoyia fj<|fmd< ms<sn| ,snr,ajd§ wd¾Ól uQ,O¾uh zzksoyiZZ ms<sn| ,snr,ajd§

f;areï .ekSu iuÕ noaO ù ;sìK' foaYmd,k lafIa;%h o zzksoyiaZZ tlla úh hq;= h
hk ,snr,a foaYmd,k u;jdoh" miq j m%cd;ka;%jdoh iuÕ noaO úh' zz,snr,a
m%cd;ka;%jdohZZ hkak ìys jQfha ta fj;sks'
• j¾;udk f,dalfha foaYmd,k wdh;k" uQ,O¾u iy Ndú;hka yev .eiaùug ,snr,a

foaYmd,k u;jdoh m%Odk idOlhla ù ;sfí' tf,i ,snr,a jdofha wdNdifhka
f.dv keÕ=Kq wdh;k" uQ,O¾u iy Ndú; fufia h'
wdh;k - md¾,sfïka;j
= " ckudOH" ksoyia wêlrKh" iSñ; n,;, iys;
wdKAvqj'
24
uQ,O¾u - mqoa., ksoyi" n,;, fjka lsÍu" ixjrK iy ;=<k l%u"
kS;f s ha wdêm;Hh" uQ,l
s whs;j
s dislï" fm!oa.,sl foam< whs;h
s '
Ndú; - ksoyia ue;sjrK" mqrjeis whs;sjdislï iqrlaI;

s lsÍfï rdcHfha
j.lSu" mqoa., ksoyi iy;sl lsÍu" rdcHh wd¾Ól yd iudc
lafIa;%fha wju f,i ueÈy;a ùu" wd.u iy rdcHh fjka
lsÍu' foaYmd,k n,hg iSud meñKùu'
II iudcjdoh -
• 19 jeks ishjfia fojk Nd.fha wdrïN jQ iudcjdoh úis jeks ishjfia § m%n,
foaYmd,k u;jdohla f,i me;sßK' th ìys jQfha ,snr,ajdohg iy Okjdohg
úfõpkhla fuka u úl,amhla o jYfhks'
• 19 jeks ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha § m%xYh" c¾uksh yd ì%;dkHh hk rgj," ld¾ñl

úma,jh;a iuÕ we;s j ;snQ iudc wd¾Ól úIu;d bÈßfha" iudcjdofhka bÈßm;a jQ
m%Odk woyi kï iudc iudk;ajh iy foam<j, fmdÿ iudÔh whs;sh hs'
• tu uQ,sl woyi ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh fjñka zziudcjdohZZ hkak m%n, u;jdohla

njg m;a lrk ,oafoa udlaiajdoh úisks' iudcjdoh ms<sn| j udlaiajdoh bÈßm;a l<
m%Odk m%jdoh jQfha" ienE iudcjdoh we;s l< yelafla Okjd§ l%uh fmr<d oud"
lïlre mka;sh" md,l mka;sh njg m;a lrk iudcjd§ úma,jhlska h hkak hs'
úis jeks ishjfia foaYmd,kfhys,d iudcjdoh m%Odk ld¾h y;rla bgq flf<a h'
^w& ksoyi" iudk;ajh iy iudc-foaYmd,k úuqla;sh ms<ns | ,snr,ajd§ u;jdohg
m%n, úl,amhla f.dv keÕSu'
^wd& Okjd§ m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k l%uhg úl,am jYfhka iudcjd§ rdcHh
ms<sn| bÈß ±laula bÈßm;a lsÍu'
^we& Okjdoh yd ne÷Kq iQrdlEu" iudc mSvkh yd iudc wiudk;dj ms<sn| j ±ä
úfõpkhla bÈßm;a lrñka" mSä; ck fldgiaj, iudk;ajh" whs;sjdislï
yd iudc úuqla;sh ms<sn| f;audj foaYmd,k Ñka;kfha flakaøh fj;g
f.k tau'
^wE& hqfrdamSh fuka u hqfrdamSh fkdjk f,dalfha o iudc $foaYmd,k ksoyi
i|yd jQ nyqck jHdmdrj,g uÕ fmkajQ m%n, foaYmd,k u;jdohla ùu'
III cd;sljdoh -
• oyjeks ishjfia mgka f,dalh mqrd mej;=Kq m%n,;u u;jdohls'
• m<uqfjka hqfrdamfhka u;= ù miq j wdishdkq" wm%sldkq iy ,;ska weußldkq rgj,

m%n, foaYmd,k u;jdohla njg m;a úh'
• foaYmd,k u;jdohla f,i cd;sljdoh bgq lr we;s iy ;j u;a bgq lrk ld¾h
/ila fõ'
^w& rdcHhla f,ig ixúOdkh úh yels fmdÿ wkkH;djla we;s foaYmd,k
m%cdjla f,ig ;uka .ek u mßl,amkh lsÍfï u;jd§h yd ixl,amSh rduqj
m%cdjkag imhkafka cd;sljdoh hs' NdIdj" wd.u" ixialD;sh iy N+ñ m%foaYh"
25
tf,i fmdÿ m%cdjla yeáhg ;uka .ek u mßl,amkh lsÍug m%cdj,g bv
i,ik wkkH;d idOl h'
^wd& kQ;k cd;sl rdcHh ^Nation State& uQ,sl jYfhka yev.eiS ;sfnkafka
cd;sljdoh úiska cd;sh iy rdcHh mßl,amkh lr we;s wdldrh wkqj h'
fN!ñl tald.%;dj" ixialD;sl tal;ajh" cd;sh iy rdcHh tlg iumd; úh
hq;= h hk kQ;k rdcHfha mokï jd§ uQ,O¾u yev.eiS ;sfnkafka cd;sljd§
foaYmd,kfha úúO m%ldYhka f,i h'
• fï wkqj fmkS hk lreKla kï" foaYmd,k u;jdo iudcfha foaYmd,k Ñka;kh"

ú{dkh iy Ndú;h iuÕ ióm j ne£ ;sfnkakd jQ;a" foaYmd,k wdh;k iy
foaYmd,k mßj¾;kfha .uka uÕ yev .eiaùug odhl jkakd jQ;a ;SrKd;aul
foaYmd,k idOhla jk nj hs'
2' 3' foaYmd,k kHdhh
kq;k foaYmd,k iy iudc Ñka;kfha —kHdh˜ hk ixl,amh idudkHfhka Ndú; jkafka

iudcfha isÿjk ixisoaê tfia isÿ jkafka ukaoehs meyeÈ,s lsÍug iy ú.%y lsÍug Ydia;%{hka
Ndú; lrk úêl%ñl fuj,ula yeáhg h¡ my; i|yka WodyrK j,ska th f;areï .; yels
h¡
isÿùu wOHhk fËa;%h kHdhh
wjldYhg we;=¿jk øjH jia;=jla fN!;sl jdoh .=re;ajdl¾IK

uy fmdf<dj u;g m;s; jkafka kHdhh
weh s@ fjk;a ÈYdjl . uka
fkdlrkafka wehs@
fjf<|fmdf<a NdKav ys.jk úg

tajdfha ñ, by< hkafka wehs@ wd¾Ól úoHdj b,a,qu iemhqu
ms<sn| kHdhh
iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;k isÿjk úg
iuyr iudcfldgia w;r l%u úfrdaë
yeÕSï iy ler,s we;s jkafka wehs@ foaYmd,k úoHdj idfmalaI úySk;d
kHdhh ^Relative
deprivation theory&
úoHdfõ —kHdhh˜ hkqfjka y÷kajk foh flá ixl,amhla njg iQ;. % ; l< yels" fya;M
= ,
iïnkaO;dfõ ;¾lKh wkqj f.dvkÕk úoHd;aul m%ldYhls¡ úoHd;aul kHdh idudkHfhka
bgq lrk ld¾hh kï" iajdNdúl fyda iudc fyda foaYmd,k fyda f,dalfha" wm ksÍlaIKh
lrk isÿùï tl tlla .ek fkd j" tajd iukaú; jk wx. rdYshla" tkï iuia; m%mxph"
.ek ú.%y lsÍï bÈßm;a lsÍu hs¡ fï wkqj kHdhhla hkq f,dalfha isÿjk fmdÿ m%mxphka
.ek meyeÈ,s lsÍug úoHd{hka Ndú; lrk Ydia;S%h fuj,uls¡ kHdh f.dvkeÕSu iajdNdúl
fuka u iudcSh úoHdjkaf.a tla jeo.;a ld¾hhls¡ foaYmd,k úoHdfõ kHdh hk ixl,amhg
w¾: folla ;sfí¡
26
1 m%;sudkSh kHdhh ^Normative Theory&
2 úoHd;aul kHdhh ^Scientific Theory&
³ m%;sudkSh kHdhh hkq foaYmd,k o¾Ykh iy foaYmd,k Ñka;kh iuÕ wkkH ù

we;s kHdhh hs¡ th maf,afgdaf.a isg j¾;udkh mj;sk foaYmd,k o¾Yk iïm%odhh
iuÕ iïnkaO ù we;¡ tu iïm%odhh foaYmd,k kHdh f,i bÈßm;a lr ;sfnkafka
m%Odk jYfhka u foaYmd,kh" rdcHh" foaYmd,k n,h" wdKavqlrKh yd rdcH
m%;sm;a;s flfia úh hq;= oehs fhdackd lrk ffioaOdka;sl uq,O¾u h âxiomatic
principles&' rdcHh ms<n
s | weßiafgdag,af.a kHdhh" iudc .súiqu ms<sn| fydíiaf.a yd
f,dlaf.a kHdhh" n,h ms<sn| ,snr,ajd§ kHdhh hk fïjd m%;sudkSh kHdh ms<sn|
iïNdjH WodyrK hs'
• ta i|yd úisjeks ishjfia WodyrK jkafka hqla;h

s ms<sn| j fcdaka frda,aiaf.a
kHdhh" iuQydKavqjd§ ksoyi ms<sn| j ms,sma fmá;af.a kHdh" uyck
mßuKav,h ms<sn| yn¾udiaf.a kHdh hk fïjd h'
úoHd;aul kHdhh
• foaYmd,k úoHdjg úoHd;aul;ajh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul woyi tl;=jQfha 1930 oYlfha

h' th iudÔh úoHdjkaf.a zzúoHd;aul yeÍuZZ ms<sn| miqìfuks' fuu úoHd;aul jd§
iudÔh úoHd iïm%odfhys § kHdhh hkak w¾:l:kh lrkq ,enQfha" iajdNdúl
úoHd iïm%odfhys § kHdh ixl,am.; l< wdldrhg u h' tkï" kHdhfha ld¾hh
jkafka f,dalfha isÿjk foa tfia isÿjkafka uka±hs tfia isÿjk kS;shlg wkqj
meyeÈ,s lsÍu h' kHdhh hkq tjeks kS;s f.dvkeÕSuls' ta wkqj kHdhhla hkq
iajdNdúl fyda iudc fyda f,dalfha isÿjk foa meyeÈ,s lsÍfï kS;shls' úoHd{hka
;u mÍlaIK uÕska kHdh f.dv k.kafkah hkafkys wre; wdkqNdúl o;a; iy
idlaIH ksÍlaIKhg iy úYaf,aIKhg Ndckh lr zzkS;sZZ moaO;s f.dv keÕSu hs'
• iudÔh úoHdfõ m%;HlaI uQ,jdo rduqj we;=<; f.dvkeÕ=k neúka foaYmd,k

úoHdfõ fuu kHdhsl Odrdj y÷kajkafka m%;HlaI uQ,jd§ foaYmd,k úoHd
kHdhh ^Pasitivist Political Theory& hkqfjks' p¾hdjdoh" ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,k
úoHd ú.%yh" foaYmd,k kùlrKh" yd foaYmd,k l%u moaO;s hk 1930
oYlfhka miq j ìys jQ foaYmd,k úoHd m%fõY foaYmd,k kHdh hkak
ÿgqfõ fuu m¾hdf,dalh Tiafia h'
• j¾;udk foaYmd,k úoHdfõ wm by; ±lajQ m%;sudkSh iy úoHd;aul hk

m%fõY fol u Ndú; fõ' fï w;r úisjeks ishjfia meje;s iy iuld,Sk j
mj;akd foaYmd,k úoHdj kHdhsl lafIa;%" m%fõY yd u;Odrd .Kkdjlska
u iukaú; tlla nj o wmg ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' tjeks m%Odk kHdhsl
Odrd jkafka my; i|yka tajd h'
^w& ,snr,a foaYmd,k kHdhh

^wd& iuQydKavqjd§ foaYmd,k kHdhh
^we& udlaiajd§ foaYmd,k kHdhh
^wE& mYapd;a - udlaiajd§ foaYmd,k kHdhh
^b& foaYmd,k kùlrK kHdhh
^B& ia;%sjd§ foaYmd,k kHdhh
27
^W& mYapd;a - kQ;kjd§$mYapd;a jHQyjd§ foaYmd,k kHdhh
^W!& mYapd;a - hg;aúð;jd§ foaYmd,k kHdhh
2'4' foaYmd,k wdh;k
foaYmd,kh wOHhkh lsÍfï§ wm foaYmd,k wdh;k .ek Wkkaÿj olajkafka iudcfha

foaYmd,kh úúO wdldrfhka wdh;k.; ù we;s ksid iy fndfyda foaYmd,k ls%hdodu iy
Ndú; foaYmd,k wdh;k wdYs%; j ilia ù we;s ksid;a h¡ wd¾Ól úoHdj" iudc úoHdj"
wOHdmk úoHdj" foaYmd,k úoHdj yd kS;sh hk Ydia;%Sh fËa;% .Kkdjla u —wdh;k˜
wOHhkh ;u YslaIKhg jeo.;a fldg i,l hs¡
wdh;k .ek wOHhkh lsÍfï § oelsh yels fohla kï tajd kS;sÍ;s" fr.=,dis" p¾hd moaO;s
hk fïjdhska iukaú; ixúOdk nj hs¡ ta w;r iudcfha mj;akd wdh;k hï hï ksYaÉ;
wruqKq i|yd f.dv keÕS we;s ixúOdk o fjhs¡
² iudcfha mj;akd wdh;k" úêu;a ^formal& iy wúêu;a Înformal& hkqfjka j¾.SlrKh

l< yels h¡
³ mdi,a" úYaj úoHd," k.r iNd" md¾,sfïka;=j hk fïjd úêu;a wdh;k fõ¡
tajd ksYaÑ; kS;sÍ;s" fr.=,dis" msßia iy f.dvkeÕs,s hk fïjdhska iukaú;
oDYHudk j mj;sk wdh;k hs¡
³ mjq," {d;s;ajh" l=," mka;s" ms;D uQ,sl;ajh iudcfha mj;akd jeo.;a wdh;k
jqj;a tajd mj;skf
a ka wúêu;a iajNdjhlsks¡ tajd wm bÈßfha fN!;sl jYfhka
oDYHudk j ke;;a wmg tajdfha meje;au" ls%hdldß;ajh yd m%;sM, ixcdkkh
l< yels h¡
² foaYmd,k wOHhkhg wod< jk m%Odk fmf<a wdh;k y;rla .ek fuu mdvfï §
idlÉcd l< hq;= j we;' tajd kï rdcHh yd wdKavqj" foaYmd,k mlaI" n,mEï
lKavdhï iy isú,a iudch fõ'
2'4'1' rdcH yd wdKavqj foaYmd,k wdh;k jYfhka
² ´kE u iudchl mj;sk uQ,sl iy flakaøSh foaYmd,k wdh;k jkafka rdcH iy

wdKavqj hs' iudcfha we;s wfkla fndfyda foaYmd,k wdh;k m%Njh ,nkafka o
rdcHh iy wdKavqj fj;sks'
ksoiqka - md¾,sfïka;=j" leìkÜ uKav,h" wêlrKh" m<d;a md,k wdh;k"

ika k oa O yuq o d" fmd,S i s h " is r f.j,a " mdi,a " úYa j úoHd,h"
fomd¾;fïka;= hkdÈh'
² rdcHh iy wdKavqj tlsfklg iïnkaO jqj;a" ta fol tlla u fkdfõ' kQ;k

m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k l%uj, rdcHh hkq idfmalaI jYfhka §¾>ld,hla ia:djr
j mej;s iudcfha we;s w;suQ,sl foaYmd,k ixúOdkh hs' wdKAvqjla hkq rdcHfha
lghq;= iy j.lSï bgq lsÍu i|yd uyck;dj úiska flá ld,hlg n,h ,nd fokq
,nk ixúOdkh hs'
28
² mQ¾j-m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k l%uj, rdcH yd wdKAvqj w;r fï fjki fkdmej;sK's
ksoiqka - rdcdKavq l%uj, uyck;dj f;dard.;a wdKAvqjla fkd;snqK w;r"

rdcHh iy wdKavqj w;r fjka lsÍula o fkd;sìKs' rc;=ud rdcHh o"
wdKAvqj o úh'
² rdcHh iy wdKavqj w;r wdh;ksl fjka ùu hqfrdamfha jevjiï foaYmd,k jHQyh

yd rdcdKavqj ì|jegqKdg miq ìys jQ ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k l%ufha m%Odk
,laIKhla úh'
² foaYmd,k wdh;khla f,i rdcHh jkdys ukd j ixúOdkh ù ;sfnkakls' kQ;k

rdcH ixúOdkh ù ;sfnkafka ksYaÑ; N+f.da,Sh$fN!ñl m%foaYhl h' rdcHhg
ksYaÑ; foaY iSud ;sfí' ksYaÑ; fN!ñl tallhla ;=< foaYmd,k jYfhka ixúOdkh
ù isák mqrjeis m%cdjla u; ;u wdêm;Hh iy n,h mj;ajd .ekSfï whs;shla iy
wêldrhla o rdcHhg ;sfí' th foaYmd,k úoHdfõ y÷kajkafka zziajdêm;H n,hZZ
hkqfjks' fï wêldß n,h mj;ajd .ekSug ;j;a wdh;k .Kkdjla u rdcHhg we;'
wdKAvqj thska tl wdh;khls'
² foaYmd,k wdh;khla jYfhka rdcHhg uQ,sl ffk;sl jHQyhla ;sfí' th kï

wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hs' rdcHfha iajNdjh" jHQyh" wdh;ksl ixhq;sh hk fïjd
;SrKh lr we;af;a wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfjks' tfuka u ;u wêldß n,h l%shd;aul
lsÍu i|yd rdcHh i;= m%Odk;u wdh;k kï jHjia:dodhlh" úOdhlh" wêlrKh"
ikakoaO yuqod iy ks,Or ;ka;%hhs' ta yeu Wmwdh;khl u tajdg ksYaÑ; kS;s" Í;s"
fr.=,dis msßia n, hk fïjd o we;'
² foaYmd,k wdh;khla f,i wdKavqj l%shd lrkafka rdcHfha n,;, l%shd;aul lrk
m%Odk;u ksfhdað; wdh;kh jYfhks' kS;s iïmdokh iy l%shd;aul lsÍu" m%;sm;a;s
iïmdokh iy l%shd;aul lsÍu" uyckhd iuÕ iïnkaO;d meje;aùu iy wfkl=;a
rdcHhka iuÕ iïnkaO;d meje;aùu hkq rdcHh fjkqfjka wdKAvqj bgq lrk
m%Odk ld¾h h'
² tlsfklg fjkia jqj;a" tlsfkl iuÕ iïnkaO wdh;ksl iuia;hla yeáhg .;a
úg" rdcHh iy wdKAvqj ixúOdkh ù ;sfnk wdldrh f;aud y;rlg fnÈh yels h'
1' jHjia:dodhl wdh;kh - md¾,sfïka;=j" ikaëh jHjia:dhl

uKav," m<d;a iNd'
2' úOdhl wdh;k - leìkÜ uKav,h" wud;HdxY"
fomd¾;fïka;=" rdcH ixia:d"
ks,n, l%uh'
3' wêlrK wdh;k - fY%aIaGdêlrKfha isg my<g
úysfok wêlrK moaO;s
4' wdrlaIl" kS;sh yd ikakoaO yuqod" fmd,Sish"
-
iduh ms<sn| wdh;k nkaOkd.dr
² rdcHh foaYmd,k úoHd ú.%yfha w;sYhska u flakaøSh f;audj o merKs;u f;audj o

fõ' .%Sl od¾Yksl maf,afgdaf.a isg wo jk foaYmd,k ú.%yfha zzrdcHhZZ hkak
.fõIKh lr wjika fkdjk f;audjls'
29
² foaYmd,k od¾Ykslhka yd kHdhh fõ§ka rdcHh ms<sn| m%Odk jYfhka wjOdkhg
,lalr we;s f;aud fumßÈ h'
^w& rdcHfha iajNdjh

^wd& rdcHfha iïNjh
^we& rdcHfha wruqK
^wE& rdcHfha n,h iy iajdêm;H n,h
^b& rdcHh iy mqrjeishd$iudch
^B& rdcHh n,fha iSud
^W& rdcHfha mßj¾;k iy udÈ,s
² fï w;r zzwdKAvqjZZ hkqfjka wo wm f;areï .kakd w¾:fhka wdKavqj .ek lrk

idlÉPd" iïNdjH foaYmd,k Ñka;kfha ke;' fndfyda úg wdKAvqj yd rdcHh tl
u w¾:hlska Ndú; lr ;sfí' thg fya;=j wm by; § lshQ mßÈ rdcHh yd wdKavqj
fjka lsÍu" 18 jeks ishjfika miq isÿ jQ j¾Okhla ùu h'
² foaYmd,k úoHd idys;Hfha zzwdKAvqjZZ hk f;audj nyq,j wOHhkh lr ;sfnkafka"

fjka fjka wdKAvq l%u udÈ,Ska y÷kd .ekSug iy tu wdKavql%u ;=,kd;aul j
yeoEÍug h' foaYmd,k úoHdfõ y÷kdf.k iy wOHhkh lr we;s tjeks wdKAvq
my; i|yka mßÈh'
^w& m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKAvq

^wd& m%cd;ka;%jd§ fkdjk wdKavq
^we& mQ¾j-m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavq
^wE& iuQydKavqjd§ wdKavq
^b& talShjd§ wdKavq
^B& ikaëhjd§ wdKavq
^W& iNd. wdKavq
^W!& Okjd§ wdKavq
^t& iudcjd§ wdKavq
^ta& mYapd;a-iudcjd§ wdKavq
2'4'2' foaYmd,k mlaI
² foaYmd,k mlaI kq;k foaYmd,kfha" úfYaIfhka u m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,kfha"

ke;s j u neß wx.hls'
² foaYmd,k mlaI §¾> b;sydihlg ysñlï fkdlshhs¡
² hqfrdamfha iy weußldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI ìys jQfha 19 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha

mgka h¡ ,xldj" bkaÈhdj jeks rgj, úisjeks ishjfia ueo Nd.fha tu l%shdj,sh
wdrïN úh¡
² tfy;a foaYmd,kfhys,d foaYmd,k mlaI isÿ lrk flakaøSh ld¾hNdrh ksid u tajd
ms<sn| b;d mq¿,a iy ;j u;a mq¿,a fjñka mj;sk Ydia;S%h idys;Hhla foaYmd,k
úoHd fËa;%fha ks¾udKh fjñka we;¡
30
² foaYmd,k mlaI ms<sn| Ydia;S%h wOHhkh w;ska jeo.;a foaYmd,k wdh;k f,ig
hqfrdamfha iy weußldfõ foaYmd,k mlaIj, ld¾hNdrh ;yjqre jQfha úisjeks
ishji wdrïNfha § h¡
² tu miqìfuys jQ m%Odk idOl 2ls¡
¸ ksfhdack wdKavql%uh jHdma; ùu¡

ksfhdack wdKavql%ufha m%Odk;u wdh;ksl hdka;%Kh yeáhg foaYmd,k
mlaIj, ld¾hNdrh bÈßhg u meñKSu h¡
¸¸ Pkao n,h jHdma; ùu¡

óg fmr wNs,dI lKavdhï înterest groups& f,i mej;=Kq foaYmd,k lKavdhï
mq¿,a idudcsl;aj iy ixúOdk jHQyhla iys; j j¾Okh ùu thg fya;= úh¡
² foaYmd,k mlaIhla hkq
² ue;sjrK fyda fjk;a udOHhla fyda uÕska wdKavq n,h ,nd .ekSu wruqKq lr f.k
f.dvkÕd we;s ixúOdkhls¡
² wekaârE fyajqâ " iudcfha we;s foaYmd,k lKavdhï iy iudc jHdmdr j,ska
foaYmd,k mlaIhla fjka fldg y÷kd.; yels m%Odk ,laIK y;rla Ândrew
Heywood, Politics& olajd we;¡
Ã foa Ymd,k mlaI W;aidy lrka fka foaYmd,k n,h ,nd.ekSu uÕska
wdKavqn,h ls%hd;aul lsÍugh¡
Ã foaYmd,k mlaI —idudðl ldâm;˜ ysñ idudðlhkaf.ka iukaú; jk
ixúOdk.; tallhls¡
Ã wdKavqfõ m%;m
s ;a;j
s ,g wod< jk úIh .Kkdjla wjOdrKh lrk m%;sm;a;s
rduqjla mej;Su îuyr úg ;ks m%;sm;a;Suh lreKla muKla bÈßhg ouk
l=vd mlaIo mj;S&
Ã foa Ymd,k mla I hlg m% ; s m ;a ; S u h iy u;jd§ wkkH;djla mej;S u
ôlaIsKdxYsl jdudxYsl uOHia:jd§" cd;sljd§" iqN idOkjd§ jYfhka&'
Ã ishjil l,la u|la blaujd .sh Ydia;S%h idys;Hhla iys; foaYmd,k mlaI
ms<sn| wOHhkfha §" foaYmd,k úoHd{hka Wkkaÿj olajd we;af;a my;
i|yka f;aud flfrys h'
1 foaYmd,k mlaI j¾.SlrKh
Ã flavr u; mokï jQ mlaI ^Cadre parties& iy nyqck mokula iys;

mlaI ^mass parties&
Ã uyck u;h ksfhdackh lrk mlaI ^representative parties& iy uyck
u;h yev.iajk mlaI întergrative parties&
Ã jHjia:djd§ mlaI ^constitutional& iy úma,jldÍ ^revolutionary& mlaI
Ã jdudxYsl mlaI iy olaIsKdxYsl mlaI
31
2 foaYmd,k mlaIj, ld¾h
Ã ksfhdackh ^Representation&
Ã foaYmd,k m%N+ ia;r ks¾udKh lsÍu yd thg w¨;a fldgia n|jd
.ekSu Êlite formation and recruitment&
Ã iudc lKavdhïj, foaYmd,k wruqKq iïmdokh lsÍu' ^setting political
goals&
Ã uyck Pkao odhl wNs,dI foaYmd,k l%shdj,sh we;=<g f.k tau
înterest articulation and aggregation&
Ã uyckhd foaYmd,k l%shdldß;ajhg fufyhùu yd kdhl;ajh §u
^mobilization and leadership&
Ã wdKAvqfõ lghq;= ixúOdk.; lsÍu'
3 mlaI l%u
Ã ;ks mlaI l%u'

Ã oaú mlaI l%u'
Ã wêm;s ;ks mlaI l%u'
Ã wêm;s oaú mlaI l%u'
Ã nyq mlaI l%u'
4 mlaI l%shdldß;ajh yd Wml%u
Ã foaYmd,k mlaIj, u;jdo'

Ã ue;sjrK Wmdh iy Wml%u'
Ã idudðlhka n|jd .ekSï iy wruqo,a f.dv keÕSfï úê l%u'
Ã foaYmd,k mlaIj, iudc moku'
Ã mlaIj, ixúOdk jHQyh'
Ã fiajdodhl-fiajdodhS iïnkaO;dj jeks iudc cd,'
foaYmd,k mlaI .ek lr we;s wOHhk foi n,k úg bka nyq;rh hqfrdamh
iy weußldj" tkï ÈhqKq ld¾ñl Okjd§ iy ,snr,a m%cd;ka;j % d§ foaYmd,k
l%uj, w;a±lSï u; mokï lr we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ' ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh
iïnkaOfhka flá b;sydihla we;s ld¾ñl lrKhg yd kùlrKhg wvqfjka
Ndckh ù we;s iudcj, mj;akd foaYmd,k mlaIj, iajNdjh" l%shdldß;ajh
yd .;s ,laIK fjkia iajNdjhla fmkakqï l< yels h'
kso (- ,xldfõ" bkaÈhdfõ" wm%sldfõ" ,;ska weußldkq iy wdishd;sl rgj,

uE; ld,fha lr we;s wOHhkj,ska" fï fjkia ùïj, iajNdjhka
y÷kd.; yels h'
2'4'3' n,mEï lKavdhï ^Pressure Groups& (-
 fïjd hqfrdamSh iy wefußldkq foaYmd,k úoHdfõ úfYaIfhka idlÉPdjg n÷ka jQ

foaYmd,k iudc lKavdhï j¾.hls'
32
 fï i|yd wefußldfõ nyq, j Ndú; jkafka wNs,dI lKavdhï Înterest Groups& iy
f,dì lKavdhï ^Lobbing Groups& hk mo fol hs' ì%;dkHfha Ndú; lrkafka
n,mEï lKavdhï hkak hs' fï mo ;=fka jpkd¾: fufia ±laúh yels h'
• n,mEï lKavdhï hkq lKavdhula yeáhg ixúOdkh ù" kS;s" rdcH" m%;sm;a;s"
rcfha ;SrK hk fïjdg n,mEï lrk ixúOdkd;aul mqrjeis lKAvdhï h'
• wNs,dI lKavdhï hkq ksYaÑ; wNs,dIhla$wruqKla$m, m%fhdackhla mokï

lrf.k ;u idudðlhkaf.a jqjukd iy wNs,dI bgq lr .ekSug l%shd lrk
ixúOdkd;aul mqrjeis lKAvdhï h'
• f,dì lKavdhï hkq kS;sh" rdcH m%;sm;a;s yd rcfha ;SrK wdÈhg" n,mEï
lsÍug uyck ksfhdað;hka" foaYmd,{hka" ks,OdÍka yuq fjñka" Tjqkaf.a
;SrKj,g ;ukag wjYH n,mEï isÿ lrk" ke;fyd;a fjk;a iudc
lKavdhula fyda wdKavqjla fyda fjkqfjka uqo,g tu ld¾hh isÿ lrk
ixúê; lKavdhï h' f,dì lKavdhï mqrjeis lKavdhï úh yels w;r tfia
fkdùug o mq¿jk'
ksoiqka - weußldfõ mqrjeis lKavdhï fyda úfoaY wdKAvq fyda fjkqfjka

f,dì lKavdhï lrk" tuÕska wdodhï Wmhk jHdmdßl iud.ï'
 n,mEï" wNs,dI iy f,dì hk lKAvdhï foaYmd,k úoHd wOHhkhg jeo.;a

jkafka" tajd kS;s iïmdokhg" rdcH m%;sm;a;sj,g iy wdKavqj, ;SrKj,g n,mEï
lrk" foaYmd,k mlaIj,g wu;r j iy iudka;r j mj;sk wdh;k ksid h'
 fïjd úêu;a ixúOdk jk w;r ngysr rgj, fuka u ,xldfõ o ;sfnkafka iñ;s
iud.ï yeáhg h' tajdfha idudðlfhda iy ks,OdÍ uKav, isá;s' jHjia:d" ld¾hd,"
iy jegqma ,nk ld¾h uKav, o iys; h'
 jHdmdßlhka" l¾udka; lrejka" f.dùka" úOdhl ks,OdÍka" wd.ñl lKavdhï"

jD;a;Sh lKavdhï" ia;Sk
% a wdÈ fndfyda iudc fldgia n,mEï$wNs,dI$f,dì lKavdhï
msysgqjdf.k we;'
 ,xldfjka .; yels ksoiqka -

• iq¿ f;a j;= ysñhkaf.a ix.uh'
• jeú,s lrejkaf.a ix.uh'
• ,xld jdKsc uKav,'
• ,xld uys,d iñ;sh'
• rdcH ffjoH ks,OdÍkaf.a ix.uh'
• iuia; ,xld fn!oaO uyd iïfï,kh'
• fm!oa.,sl niar: ysñhkaf.a ix.uh'
 foaYmd,k úoHd idys;Hfha § jD;a;Sh iñ;s iy iudc jHdmdr n,mEï$wNs,dI$f,dì

lKavdhï f,i fkdie,flhs' tajd fjk u m%fNaohl foaYmd,k wdh;k f,i
ie,fla'
33
 foaYmd,k mlaI iy n,mEï lKavdhï w;r tajdfha wruqKq Èkd .ekSug .kakd
l%shdud¾. ms<sn| oDIAá fldaKfhka n,k úg m%Odk fjkila ;sfí'
• foaYmd,k mlaI wdKavq we;=<g f.dia t uÕska rdcH m%;sm;a;s ;SrK wdÈhg
n,mEï lsÍug W;aidy or;s'
• n,mEï$wNs,dI$f,dì lKavdhïj, uQf,damdhh jkafka" wdKavq ;=<g fkdhd

wdKAvqjg msg;ska isg wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;sj,g yd ;SrKj,g n,mEï lsÍu h'
• we;eï n,mEï lKavdhï ;ks f;audjla u; f.dv keÕS ;sfnk ixúOdk fõ'
kso (- mßirh /lSu" úY%dñlhkaf.a whs;sjdislï /lSu" nia uÕskaf.a whs;Ska

iq/lSu" ks¾hd; fjf<|dfï fh§ isák iud.ïj, whs;Ska /l .ekSu"
urK o~qjug úreoaO ùu'
• we;eï n,mEï lKavdhï Bg jvd mq¿,a kHdh m;% yd b,lal iys; tajd fõ'
kso (- m%cd;ka;%jdoh" udkj whs;j

s dislï" ia;%S whs;s" isú,a whs;sjdislï wd§
kHdh m;%'
 n,mEï$wNs,dI$f,dì lKavdhïj,g mlaI j yd úmlaI j ;¾l mj;S'
mlaI j we;s ;¾l
• foaYmd,k mlaI ;u kHdh m;%hg we;=<;a lr fkd.kakd" tfy;a ksYaÑ;

mqrjeis lKavdhïj,g wod< iy jeo.;a jk ÿla .ekú,s" b,a,Sï" wNs,dI iy
wjYH;d ms<sn| j iudcfha;a" wdKAvqfõ;a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï udOHhla
ùu'
• foaYmd,k mlaIj, W!kmQrKhla f,i l%shd lrñka mqrjeis foaYmd,k

iyNd.s;ajfha wjldYh mq¿,a lsÍu'
• rdcH m%;sm;a;s yd ;SrK .ek" Wkkaÿj olajk mqrjeishka ixúOdkh lsÍu yd

Tjqka w;r ta ms<sn| idlÉPd iy úfõpkh m%j¾Okh lsÍu uÕska iudcfha
uyck foaYmd,k idlÉPdj .eUqre lsÍu yd ta uÕska m%cd;ka;%jdoh ;yjqre
lsÍu'
• ;u m%;sm;a;s yd ;SrK ms<sn| j wdKAvq olajk ys;=jlaldr p¾hdjg ixjrKhla

f,i l%shd lrñka iudcfha m%cd;ka;%jdÈ YlH;dj Yla;su;a lsÍu'
úmlaI j we;s ;¾l
• fïjdg nef|kafkda;a" l%shdldrlhka jkafkda;a W.;a" Okj;a iy jrm%ido

,;a mqrjeishka h' tneúka fujeks ixúOdk n, m%N+;aj êlite& .;s ,laIKhla
;sfnk w;r tajdhska m%;s,dN ,nkafka o" iudcfha m%N+ ia;rhka ùu'
34
• fïjd ksfhdackh lrkafka iudc lKavdhïj, mgq iy ksYaÑ; wjYH;d
ksid" tajdhska iudcfha jeä fokdf.a iy fmdÿ hym;g isÿjk fiajdj my<
uÜgul mej;Su'
• iuyr rgj, fujeks lKavdhïj,g fndfyda iudc n,hla ysñ h' th jkdys
ck;dj fj;ska ,nk n,hla fkdfõ' tneúka tajd i;= n,h iqcd; Ndjhlska
hqla; fkdùu'
• m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%shdj,sh újD; jQjla jQj;a" fuu ixúOdk wdKAvqfõ m%;sm;a;s

yd ;SrK wdjD; jQjla njg m;a lsÍu'
2'4'4' isú,a iudch (-
 isú,a iudch hkq zzrdcHfhka mßndysr j iy iajdëk j mqrjeishka ;u fmdÿ wruqKq

fjkqfjka tlg$ixúOdkh ù iy iduQysl j l%shd lrk iudc wjldYh hs'ZZ óg
wu;r j tjeks wjldYhla we;=<; l%shd flfrk mqrjeis ixúOdk ye¢kaùug o
zzisú,a iudchZZ hk moh Ndú; fõ' fuh jkdys isú,a iudch hkakg § we;s mgq
w¾:hls' fuu mq¿,a iy mgq w¾: foflka u zisú,a iudchZ hk ixl,amh j¾;udk
foaYmd,k yd iudc kHdhfha Ndú; flf¾'
 j;auka m%cd;ka;%jd§ kHdhfhys o isú,a iudch ms<sn| ixl,amhg jeo.;a ;ekla

ysñ fõ' Yla;u
s ;a yd il%h
S isú,a iudchla ;sîu" Yla;su;a m%cd;ka;%jdohl ,laIKhla
iy m%;sM,hla nj o isú,a iudch ms<sn| kHdhj,ska lshefõ' '
 foaYmd,k yd iudc kHdhfha isú,a iudch hkakg we;s ixl,amSh b;sydih ;=< th
w¾: y;rlska Ndú; lrkq ±lsh yels h'
1' iïNdjH ,snr,ajd§ w¾:h (-
tkï rdcH iy mjq, w;r mqoa., l%shdldß;ajh i|yd we;s iudc wjldYh'
bïuEkqfj,a ldkaÜ iy f*âßla fyaa.,a kï jQ c¾uka od¾Ykslhka fmkajd
ÿka mßÈ isú,a iudch jkdys Okjd§ fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| wjldYh o fjhs'
2' iïNdjH udlaiajd§ w¾:h (-
isú,a iudch hkq Okjd§ fjf<|fmd<h" hk fya.,a f.a woyi ;j ÿrg;a

bÈßhg f.khñka" ld,a udlaia tu ixl,amh mdúÉÑ lf<a Okjd§ iudch
hkakg ;j;a m¾hdh mohla yeáhg h' fuu udlaiajd§ w¾:hg wkqj isú,a
iudcfha isÿ jkafka iEu flfkl=g u ;u fm!oa.,sl iy wd;aud¾:ldó
wNsu;d¾: idlaId;a lr .ekSug Tjqfkdjqka iuÕ ;r. je§u hs' ta wkqj
isú,a iudch ;=< isÿjkafka mqoa.,hka tlsfkldf.ka fjka ù yqfol,d ù
;u YlH;djka bgq lr.; fkdyels ;;a;ajhlg weo jeàu hs'
3' idx.ñl m%cd;ka;%jd§ w¾:h (-
fï wkqj isú,a iudch hkq rdcHfhka iajdëk j" ;u fmdÿ wjYH;d bgq lr
.ekSug iñ;s iud.ï msysgqjd f.k fmdÿfõ l%shd lsÍug m%cd;ka;%jd§
35
foaYmd,k jHQyhka ;=< mqrjeishkag ,efnk iudc wjldYh hs' isú,a iudch
idx.ñl m%cd;ka;%jdofha âssociational democracy& wjldY f,i m<uqfjka
woyia lf<a 19 jeks ishjfia isá m%xY cd;sl foaYmd,k Ñka;lhl= jQ
wef,laisia o f;dlaú,a h' tfy;a Tyq zzisú,a iudchZZ hk moh mdúÉÑ lr
ke;' Tyq Bg Ndú; lf<a zmqrjeis Ôú;hZ ^Civil Life& hkak hs' ta ud¾.fhka
o f;dlaú,a ú.%y lf<a isú,a iudch hkqfjka wo wm y÷kajk m%mxph u h'
4' kj udlaiajd§ .%dïIshdkq w¾:h (-
wkaf;daksfhda .%dïiaIs kï b;d,s cd;sl udlaiajd§ Ñka;lhd 1930 oYlfha §

,shQ f,aLkj, zisú,a iudchZ hkakg w¨;a udlaiajd§ w¾:hla ÿkafka h' ta
wkqj isú,a iudch hkq rdcHh yd mqrjeishka w;rueo we;s iudc ixialD;sl
wjldYh hs' md,l mka;Ska ;u wdêm;Hh iudch u; mj;ajd .ekSfï §
wjYH uyck leue;a; ,nd .ekSug wjYH foa lrkafka fuu iudc ixialD;sl
wjldYfhys lrk ueÈy;aùï uÕsks' wd.u" ixialD;sh" wOHdmkh hk iudc
ixialD;sl lafIa;% fuka u" mdi,a" jD;a;Sh iñ;s" l%svd iñ;s" ckudOH"
m,a,sh jeks iudc ixialD;sl wdh;k o" isú,a iudc mßuKav,hg wh;a fõ'
5' m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudc-foaYmd,k l%shdldß;ajfha wjldYh f,i (-
isú,a iudch hkakg fuu w¾:h ,efnkafka 1970 oYlfha w. § iy 1980

oYlfha uq, § muK h' m%cd;ka;j
% doh fkd;snK
q q ,;ska weußldfõ" kefÕkysr
hqfrdamfha iy wdishdfõ wêldrjd§ wdKavq;ka;%j,g tfrys j m%cd;ka;%
foaYmd,k jHdmdr u;= ùfï iudc-foaYmd,k wjldY;a" jHdmdr;a" ye¢kaùug
fuu ixl,amh fhdod .eksK' fï yeu rgl u wêldßjd§ md,k ;ka;%
hgf;a foaYmd,k mlaI fkdmej;s ksid" tu md,k ;ka;%hg tfrys iudc
foaYmd,k l%shdldß;ajh u;= jQfha jD;a;Sh iñ;s" wd.ñl ixúOdk" f.dú
jHdmdr" ixialD;sl yd l,d ixúOdk" YsIH jHdmdr wdÈh udOH fldgf.khs'
fï jHdmdrj, ld¾h Ndrh" foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska fkdflreK ld¾h Ndrhla
úh' tjeks jHdmdr miq j m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k iudcj, o" foaYmd,k
mlaIj,g iudkdka;r j" úl,am foaYmd,k l%shdldß;ajhl fhfokakg
mgka .;s' foaYmd,k mlaI fkdjk foaYmd,k ieliSï ^non-party political
formations& hk ye¢kaùu isú,a iudc jHdmdrj,g ,enqfKa ta ksid h'
6' isú,a iudch iudc jHdmdr yd tajdfha wjldYh f,i (-
m%cd;ka;j
% d§ fuka u m%cd;ka;j
% d§ fkdjk iudcj, iudcfha mq¿,a foaYmd,k
wNs,dI u;= lrk nyqck jHdmdr mek kÕS'
kso (- f.dú jHdmdr" ;reK jHdmdr" ia;%S jHdmdr" wd.ñl jHdmdr"

jD;a;Sh iñ;s jHdmdr" mßir jHdmdr" udkj whs;sjdislï
jHdmdr" mqj;am;a ksoyi i|yd jQ jHdmdr'
• fujeks jHdmdr o foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska fjka fõ' tajd foaYmd,k mlaI

fuka l%udkql+, ixúOdk jHQy yd idudðl;ajh we;s tajd fkd j újD;
jHdmdr hs' tajdg ksYaÑ; u;jdo yd l%shud¾. ;sfí' mq¿,a nyqck fldgia Rcq
36
foaYmd,k l%shdldß;ajhg fhduq lsÍu ^Mass Action& tajdfha úfYaI;ajhls'
fujeks nyqck jHdmdr o isú,a iudc jHdmdr f,i ye¢kafõ'
foaYmd,k úoHdj isú,a iudch .ek Wkkaÿ ùug fya;=
• isú,a iudc jHdmdr" foaYmd,k mlaIj,g wu;r j iy iudka;r j" foaYmd,k

l%shdldß;ajh isÿ lrK wdh;k hs'
• rdcHfhka o" foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska o" iajdëk j yd fjka jQ iudc-foaYmd,k

wjldYhla" isú,a iudcfhka ksfhdackh fõ'
• mqrjeis foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajhg" foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska fkdiemfhk w¨;a

wjldYhla isú,a iudch fj;ska ,efí'
• il%sh isú,a iudchla mej;Su" rgl m%cd;ka;%jdoh .eUqre lsÍug odhl fjhs'
• foaYmd,k n, uq¿ .ekaùfï §" foaYmd,k mlaI wu;l lrk ke;fyd;a

iqÿiqlï ke;s" f;aud iy wruqKq u; mqrjeisfhda ixúOdkh lr;s'
• ixúOdkh yd n, uq¿ .ekaùï uÕska mqrjeishka foaYmd,k jYfhka iún,

lsÍug odhl fõ'
2'5' ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,kh ^Comparative Politics& (-
 1950 oYlfhka miq foaYmd,k úoHdfõ ksYÑ

a ; Odrdjla f,i ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,kfha
j¾Okh isÿ úh'
 th wefußldkq foaYmd,k úoHdj ;=< wdrïN ù" miq j foaYmd,k úoHd lafIa;%fha
zwOHhk OdrdjlaZ iy zwOHhk úê l%uhlaZ f,i o jHdma; úh'
 ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,kh yeoEÍfï b;sydih weßiafgdag,af.ka wdrïN jk w;r

jvd;a iqÿiq wdKavq l%uhla fhdackd lsÍu i|yd tl, .%Sisfha mej;s fm!r rdcHhka
.Kkdjla u th wOHhkh lf<a h'
 uelshdfj,a,s o ;u foaYmd,k wOHhkh i|yd ;=,kd;aul m%fõYhla Ndú; flf<a

h'
 foa Y md,k úoHdfõ idïm% o dhs l wjOdkh fhduq ù ;s n q K q hq f rda m fhka iy

wefußldfjka msg;" f,dalfha fjk;a rgj, foaYmd,k l%u .ek wOHhkhg
foaYmd,k{hka Wkkaÿ ùu" ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,kh wOHhk Odrdjla f,i j¾Okh
ùug fya;= úh'
 ta wkqj ;=ka jeks f,dalfha;a" reishdj m%uqL iudcjd§ rgj,;a" foaYmd,kfha iy

foaYmd,k l%ufha we;s úfYaI;d y÷kd .ekSug foaYmd,k úoHd{fhda bÈßm;a jQy'
fuhska isÿjQfha foaYmd,k úoHd úIhfha ;snQ wefußldkq iy hqfrdamSh flakaøSh
wjOdkh fjkia ùu hs'
37
 fufia tla tla rgj, foaYmd,kh ;=,kd;aul j wOHhkh lsÍu uÕska" foaYmd,k
l%shdj,s .ek fmdÿfõ wod< jk idudkHlrK ks.ukj,g t<öug foaYmd,k{hka
fm,eöu fya;= fldgf.k" th úê l%uhla njg m;a úh'
Wod (- ue;sjrK l%u" Pkao odhlhkaf.a p¾hdjg n,mdk wdldrh rgj,a lsysmhla
weiqßka wOHhkh lr" fmdÿ ks.ukj,g îdudkHlrKSh lrk ,o& t<öfï
yels hdj ,efí' fuu úêl%uh ;=<kd;aul úê l%uh hehs y÷kajkq ,efí'
 ;=<kd;aul foaYmd,kh yd wdKavql%u yeoEÍug foaYmd,k úoHd{hka Wkkaÿ jkafka

l=ula ksid o@ (-
I foaYmd,kh fjk;a rgj,a iuÕ ;=,kd;aul j yeoEÍfuka wmg wfma rfÜ

foaYmd,kh .ek jvd;a fyd| wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels ùu'
II wfkl=;a rgj, foaYmd,kh .ek ukd wjfndaOhlg" wm ta tla tla rgla

.ek muKla fkd j" rgj,a lsysmhla ii|d ne,Su o fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a
h'
III kQ;k foaYmd,k úoHd ú.%yfha tla ld¾hhla jkafka foaYmd,k .eg¨ iy
f;aud ms<sn| idudkHlrKh lrk ,o fmdÿ ks.ukj,g t<öu hs'
 ;=<kd;aul j wOHhkh lrkafka fudkjd o@ (-
 foaYmd,k úoHd{fhda rgj,a w;r iei£u lr;s'
Wod(- foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh .ek rgj,a lsysmhl ;=<kd;aul

wOHhkhla l< yels h' ^Cross-National Comparisons&
 rgla we;=<; o f;aud;aul iei£ï l< yels h'
Wod(- ia;%S-mqreI ue;sjrK iyNd.s;ajfha m%jK;d" ms<sn| j .%dóh

iy kd.ßl jYfhka ;=<kd;aul wOHhkhla l< yels h'
^Within-Country Comparisons&
 foaYmd,k úoHd;aul jYfhka jeo.;a f;aud wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka ;=,kd;aul

j wOHhkh l< yels h'
Wod(-  m%cd;ka;%jd§ mßj¾;kh" ckdêm;s wdKavql%uj,

id¾:l-wid¾:l Ndjh'
 iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh" ksfhdack
m%cd;ka;%jdohg lrk n,mEu'
 ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajfha m%jK;d
wdÈh ;=<kd;aul j wOHhkh l< yels f;aud fõ'
38
1' foaYmd,k úoHdj iukaú; jk WmúIh lafIa;% fyd¢ka wOHhkh lr ì;a;s

mqj;am;la fyda iÕrdjla fyda ilia lrkak'
wdY%S; .%ka:

02' o fidhsid" tï' ´' ta' ^2003&" foaYmd,k úoHdfõ uQ,sl isoaOdka;" fmardfoKsh"
l¾;D m%ldYk
03' Whkaf.dv" chfoaj" 2011" isú,a iudch" th l=ula o@ ldf.a o@ l=ulg o@" fld<U
iudc úµd{hskaf.a ix.uh'
04' Goodin, Robert E (ed) (2009), The Oxford Handbook of Political Science, Oxford,
05' Heywood, Andrew, 2013 Politics, London: Palgrave Macmilan.
06' Newton, Kenneth and Van Deth, Jan W. 2010, Foundations of Comparative Politics,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39
03' rdcHh'
ksmqK;dj 03 (- ;ud o mqrjeishl= jk rdcHh ms<sn| j kHdhsl iy m%dfhda.sl

wjfndaOhlg moku ilid .kshs'
^ld,Éfþo 55 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
3'1' rdcHh hk ixl,amh ú.%y lrhs'
3'2' rdcHh ms<sn| j¾.SlrKh mokï fldg f.k rdcHh hk f;audj
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
3'3' rdcHh ms<sn| foaYmd,k ixl,am wdY%hfhka kQ;k rdcH udÈ,s ú.%y lrhs'
3'4' rdcHh yd tys iajNdjh foaYmd,k úoHd ixl,am iy kHdh wdY%fhka
ú.%y lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (-
 rdcHh w¾:l:kh lr tys ld¾hNdrh úia;r lrhs'
 kQ;k fN!ñl rdcHfha iy cd;sl rdcHfha ,laIK y÷kajhs'
 f.da,ShlrKh rdcHh flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu úu¾Ykh lrhs'
 rdcH udÈ,s j¾. lr ú.%y lrhs'
 rdcH mrudêm;Hh yd mqrjeishd hk ixl,am w¾:l:kh lrhs'
 rdcHfha iajNdjh ms<sn| kHdhsl m%fõY kï lr tajd tlsfkl úia;r
lrhs'
 ñksia ksoyi m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd rdcHhg jvd;a fhda.H jk ,laIK
y÷kdf.k m%ldY lrhs'
ye¢kaùu (-
• rdcHh hkq foaYmd,k úoHdfõ m%Odk fmf<a f;audjls' ta iuÕ u rdcHh hkak wm
yeu fokdf.a u Ôú;hg Rcq j fyda jl% j fyda n,mdk iudc wdh;khla o fjhs'
rdcHfha n,mEug yiqfkdù Ôj;a ùug idudkHfhka ukqIHhkag wmyiq h' ukqIHhl=
rdcHh iuÕ in|;d f.dv k.k m<uq jk wjia:dj jkafka Wm; ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu
hs' th flfkl=f.a urKh f;la mj;sk iïnkaO;djls' rdcHfha idudðl;ajh
,eîfuka mqoa.,fhla mqrjeishl= njg m;afõ' rdcHh we;=<; whs;sjdislï ,eîug
ysñlrefjla o fõ'
• rdcHh ms<sn| j we;s úfYaI ldrKhla kï th weiska ±lsh fkdyels" w;ska iam¾Y
l< fkdyels" tfy;a iudcfha iEu ;ekl u mj;sk m%mxphla ùu hs' mqrjeishkaf.a
whs;sjdislï yd ksoyi wdrlaId lsÍu;a" iduldó iy M,odhS Ôú;hla .; lsÍug
wjYH kS;sh yd iduh wdrlaId lsÍu;a" wd¾Ól j¾Okh yd iudc iqNidOkh iy;sl
lsÍu;a rdcHfha j.lSu f,ig idudkHfhka ms<s.efka' mqrjeishka f,i wm YslaIKh
lrkafka iy yS,E lrkafka rdcHh hhs wmg lsj yels h'
úIh lreKq ye¢kaùug w;aje,la (-
3'0' rdcHh (-
• rdcHh f;areï .ekSfï m%Odk;u uQ,O¾uh kï" rdcHh hkq ft;sydisl yd iudÔh m%mxphla
hkak hs' thska woyia lrkafka zzrdcHhZZ ksYaÑ; ft;sydisl ;;a;ajhka fya;= fldg ìys ù"
úúO ft;sydisl ikao¾Nhka Tiafia úldYkh ù" úúO iajrEm f.k we;s iudc wdh;khla
fõ h hkak hs' fláfhka lshkafka kï rdcHh hkq" ft;sydisl jYfhka iqúfYaI jQ
40
ks¾udKhls' th iudÔh ks¾udKhla o fõ' tys f;areu kï rdcHfha iajNdjh iudcfha
ft;sydisl j¾Okhkag wkql+, j fjkia ù we; hkak hs' f.da;%sl rdcHfha isg kQ;k
m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcHh f;la rdcHfha isÿ jQ ft;sydisl úldYkfhka fmfkkafka ta lreK
hs'
3'1' rdcHh iy tys N+ñldj (-
 rdcHh hkq iudchla md,kh lsÍug ks¾udKh jQ n, jHQyj,;a" wdh;kj,;a" tl;=j f,i
w¾: ±laúh yels h'
 rdcHfha ld¾hhka idïm%odhsl j f;areï f.k we;af;a" m%Odk ld¾h lafIa;% ;=kla wdY%h
lrf.k hs' tajd
î& jHjia:dodhlh - tkï kS;s iïmdokh'

îi& úOdhlh - tkï kS;s l%shd;aul lrùu'
îii& wêlrKh - tkï hqla;sh mis|,Su'
 fï j¾.SlrKh zzrdcHhZZ hkak f;areï .ekSug wmg m%fhdackj;a jqj;a" rdcHfha ld¾hNdrh
Bg jvd mq¿,a iy ixlS¾K fõ'
 iuld,Sk f,dalfha rdcHj, ld¾hNdrh my; i|yka mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
î& kS;fs ha" iudc m¾hdfha yd foam<j, Ndrldr;ajh(- fuh rdcHfha merKs;u ld¾hNdrh
hs' thg"
â& iqmßlaIdj ^Policing& uÕska iudc iduh mj;ajd .ekSu' ^wjYH

jqjfyd;a ikakoaO yuqod fhoúh yels h&
^b& hqla;sh mis|,Su" wêlrK mßmd,kh yd o~qjï §u'
^c& kS;s iïmdokh iy kS;s w¾:l:kh'
^d& m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh'
hk lghq;= wh;a fõ'
îi& wd¾Ól mßmd,kh iy fufyhùu'

â& whnÿ tl;= lsÍu'
^b& rfÜ wd¾Ól .uka uÕ ks¾Kh lsÍu iy wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh'
îii& iudc md,kh" fufyhùu iy iudc wëlaIKh (-

fï hgf;a wdodhï fn§hdfï rgd ks¾Kh lsÍu iy md,kh lsÍu" wd¾Ól iy jdKsc
lafIa;j% , m%ñ;Ska ;SrKh lsÍu" iudc wdrlaIK iy iqNidOk l%shdud¾." È<s÷ iyk
m%;sm;a;"s ksjdi" fi!LH" wOHdmk" .ukd.uk wdÈ iudc lafIa;%j, m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh
lsÍu" rdcHh isÿ lrhs'
îv& iudcfha kS;sh yd iduh mj;ajd .ekSu' (-

rdcHfha foaY iSud we;=<; kS;sh yd iduh mj;ajd .ekSu;a" mqrjeishka rdcHfha
wdêm;H n,hg wjk; ùu iy;sl lsÍu;a i|yd rdcHh ksrka;rfhka W;aidy
.kshs' ta i|yd wêldß n,h o" wdh;k o" msßia n,h o" rdcH i;= h' fmd,sish"
wêlrKh iy msßia n,h mj;ajd .ekSu;a mqrjeis fidaÈish iy iqmÍlaIdldÍ;ajh;a
41
^Surveillance and policing& kS;sh yd iduh mj;ajd .ekSug rdcHh i;= wdh;k iy
Ndú; h'
^v& hqoaO m%ldY lsÍu iy hqoaO lsÍu idudkHfhka rdcHhg muKla ysñ úfYaI ld¾hhla
f,i ie,fla' rdcHh wNHka;r fuka u ndysr hqoaOj,g o iyNd.s fjhs' wNHka;r
hqoaO wjYH jkafka rdcHfha wdrlaIdjg rdcHfha foaY iSud we;=<;ska t,a, jk
;¾ck uev meje;aùug h' rdcHhla ndysr hqoaOj,g t<fUkafka" rdcHfha wdrlaIdjg"
fjk;a rdcHj,ska t,a, jk hqo ;¾ckj,g uqyqK §ug h'
3'1'1' iudcfhys mj;akd foaYmd,k n,fha flakøSh m%ldYkh f,i rdcHh (-
• ukqIHhka iduQysl jYfhka ixúOdkh ù we;s tla udOHhla jkafka foaYmd,k

jYfhka we;s jk iduQysl;ajh hs' tu foaYmd,k iduQysl;ajfha m%Odk m%ldYkh
rdcHh hs'
• ñksiqka iduQysl jYfhka ixúOdkh jk wfkl=;a ixúOdk f,i iafõÉPd iñ;s"

foaYmd,k mlaI" jD;a;Sh iñ;s" iudc jHdmdr" wd.ñl ixúOdk l%shd;aul fjhs'
• tfy;a rdcHh ta ish,a,g u jvd n,.;= iy Wiia ukqIH ixúOdkh hs zzrdcHh

ukqIH iud.uls( tfy;a th ukqIH iud.ï w;r by< u iud.u jkafka hZZ hk
weßiafgdag,af.a iqm%isoaO m%ldYfha moku fuhhs'
• rdcHh ukqIH ixúOdk$iud.ï w;r by< u ixúOdkh jkafka h hk m%ldYhg

w¾: folla ;sfí'
î& weßiafgdag,shdkq w¾:h (-
• .%Sl foaYmd,ksl od¾Yksl weßiafgdag,a Politics hk lD;sh wdrïNfha § u m%ldY

lrk m%jdohla kï zzrdcHh ukqIH iud.ula jk w;r u" ukqIHhkaf.a by< u
fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka l%hs d lrk ksid th wfkla ukqIH iud.ïj,g jvd W;a;Í;r
jkafka hZZ hkak hs'
• wfkl=;a iud.ï lem jkafka ;u idudðlhkaf.a ksYaÑ; wruqKq Èkjd .ekSu

Wfoid h'
• tfy;a rdcHh iudcfha iEu fokdf.a u fmdÿ iy Wiia hym; <Õd lr .ekSu ;u
wruqK lr .kakd neúka th Wiia u ukqIH iud.u fõ'
îi& fjfíßhdkq w¾:h (-
• 19 jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha iy 20 jeks ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha Ôj;a jQ c¾uka cd;sl

iudc úoHd{hl= jQ uelaia fõn¾ ^Max Weber& rdcHh ms<sn| j l< ú.%yh fj;ska
fuh jvd fyd¢ka m%ldY fõ'
zzPolitics as a VocationZZ ^1919& ^foaYmd,kh jD;a;shla jYfhka& kï rpkfha

Tyq olajd we;af;a zzrdcHh hkq ksYaÑ; N+ó m%foaYhla we;=<; n,y;aldÍ
42
n,h iqcd; f,i mdúÉÑ lsÍfï taldêldrh ;sfnkafka ;ukag muKlehs
lshdmdk ukqIH m%cdj hsZZ hkqfjks'
• iudcfha wfkl=;a wdh;kj,g yd mqoa.,hkag n,y;aldÍ n,h ^Coercive Power&

mdúÉÑ lsÍfï whs;sh ;sfnkafka ta i|yd rdcH bv fof;d;a muKs' rdcHh hkak
ie,eflkafka m%pKav;ajh mdúÉÑ lsÍfï zzwhs;shZZ ysñ tl u uQ,dY%hh f,ig h'
rdcHh ;uka .ek is;kafka;a tmßÈ h'
• tfi au rdcHfha foaY iSud ;=< isák iudc lKavdhï o" ukqIHhka o" fufyhùfï"
md,kh lsÍfï" yslauùfï fuka u o~qjï lsÍfïo wjidk n,h ysñ ixúOdkh
jkafka o rdcHh hs' ta i|yd n,h o" kS;sÍ;s o" ixúOdk o" mqoa.,fhda o" rdcHh i;=
fj;s' md¾,sfïka;=j" kS;s fr.=,dis" wêlrKh" ks,n,;ka;%h" hqo yuqodj" fmd,Sish"
nkaOkd.dr hkdÈfhka iukaú; úia;D;" n,.;= iy wka lsis ÿ wdh;khlg fkdue;s
jQ wêldß n,hla âuthority& rdcHhg ;sfí'
• by;ska ±lajQ wêldß n,h" foaYmd,k úoHdfõ y÷kajkafka rdcHfha zzmrudêm;H

n,hZZ hkqfjks' rdcHfha mrudêm;H$iajdêm;H n,h hkq tys n,h ;sfnk N+ñ
m%foaYh we;=<; iudch fufyhùu i|yd wjYH kS;s iïmdokh" kS;s l%shd;aul
lrùu" hqla;sh mis|,Su" kS;sh yd iduh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd rdcHhg muKla
we;s n,hls'
• wfkl=;a ukqIH ixúOdkj,g tu n,h iq¿ m%udKhlg fyda we;af;a rdcHhg hg;a
j iy rdcHfha wkqu;sh we;s j muKs'
3'1'2' kQ;k fN!ñl rdcHh'
• kQ;k fN!ñl rdcHh m%Odk wx. y;rla hgf;a ixúOdk.; fldg ;sfí'
I' ksYaÑ; foaY iSudj'
II' cd;sl moku'
III' wdKavqj'
IV' iajdêm;Hh
I' ksYaÑ; foaYiSudj (-
• kQ;k cd;sl rdcHh tys wêldß n,h me;sfrk ksYaÑ; foaY iSudjl mj;S' th
meyeÈ,s foaY iSudjla we;=<; ixúOdkh ù ;sfí'
• ksYaÑ; foaY iSud mej;Su" kQ;k cd;sl rdcHfha úfYaI ,laIKhls' tu foaY iSud"
wfkl=;a rdcH iy wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh úiska o ms<s.kq ,nk tajd h' mQ¾j-kQ;k
rdcHj, foaY iSud kuHYS,S jQ w;r" kQ;k rdcHj, foaY iSud idfmalaI jYfhka
wkuH h'
• rdcHfha foaY iSud lD;%su fyda iajdNdúl fyda iSud fyda tu fohdldrfhka u iukaú;
iSud fyda úh yels h'
• tu rdcHfha iSud f.dvìï iSudfjka" uqyqÿ iSudfjka fyda tu folaka u o" tu

l,dmh mqrd úysÿKq .=jka iSudfjka o hqla; fõ'
43
• rdcHhg wh;a N+ñ m%foaYh ;SrKh jkafka fuu foaY iSudj uÕsks' rdcHfha fN!;sl
iy øjHuh moku th i;= N+ñh fõ' zzfN!ñl;ajhZZ ^Territoriality& hk ixl,amh
rdcHhg yeu úg u jeo.;a ù ;sfnkafka tneúks'
• rg ms<sn| yeÕSu ke;fyd;a foaYdNsudkh cks; ùu i|yd n,mdk idOl w;=frka

tla m%n, idOlhla f,i o" N+ñh" ^Territory, Land& jeo.;alula Wiq,hs'
• mqrjeishka ;uka hïlsis rdcHhlg wh;a jkafka h hk woyi we;slr .kafka"

foaYiSudj,ska ;SrKh jQ N+ñh wdY%h fldgf.k hs'
II' cd;sl moku (-
• kQ;k cd;Ska ìysùfï l%shdj,sh yd kQ;k rdcHh ìys ùfï l%shdj,sh tlsfklg
iudka;r j isÿ ù we;'
• zztla cd;shla - tla rdcHhlaZZ hk iólrKh Bg wod< fõ' th zzcd;sl - rdcHhZZ

^Nation-State& hk kQ;k foaYmd,k iajrEmfha moku o fõ'
• kQ;k rdcHh ìys ùfï oDIaáuh idOlh jQfha zzcd;sljdoh hsZZ'
• cd;sljdoh hkq zzrdcHfha foaY iSudj ;=< jdih lrk ish¨ ck fldgia tla
wkkH;djla ysñ" tla cd;shla f,iZZ ie,lSfï foaYmd,k ú{dkh m%ldYhg m;a
lrk u;jdohhs'
• tuÕska cd;sl tlai;a Ndjh yd cd;sl wkql,kh isÿ fõ hehs wfmalaId flf¾'
kQ;k rdcHh cd;sl rdcHhla f,i ye¢kafjkafka tneúks'
III' wdKavqj (-
wm by; 2'4'1 fldgfia § ÿgq mßÈ"
• rdcHfha iajdêm;Hh l%shd;aul lrk ixúOdkh wdKavqj fõ' tkï rdcHfha n,h
l%shd;aul lrk wdh;ksl moaO;sh wdKavqj hs'
• wdKavqj úiska rdcHfha n,h l%shd;aul lsÍfï yd úksYaph lsÍfï l%shdj,sh isÿ
flf¾' ta wkqj jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl" wêlrK hk n,;, ;%s;ajh mokï lr.;a
wdh;k moaO;shla iy wdh;ksl lafIa;% ;=kla ks¾udKh ù ;sfí'
• wdKavq j¾. úúOdldr jk w;r" m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavq" taldêm;s wdKavq" wêldßjd§

wdKavq" iudcjd§ wdKavq wdÈ jYfhka úúO wdKavq udÈ,s olakg ,efí' tfia u
rdcdKavlq u
% " md¾,sfïka;= wdKAvl
q u
% " ckdêm;s wdKAvl
q u
% " ñY% wdKAvl
q u
% hkdÈ jYfhka
úúO wdKavql%u o mj;S'
IV' iajdêm;Hh (-
• rdcHh i;= wêldß n,h fuhska woyia fõ'
44
• rdcHhg ysñ iajdêm;Hh" iudcfha fjk;a lsis ÿ ixúOdkhlg ysñ fkdjk mru
n,h fõ'
• kS;s mekùug;a" uq¿ n,h fhdod tu kS;s l%shd;aul lsÍug;a" kS;s lv lrkakjqkag
o~qjï lsÍug;a" rdcHh fj; mj;sk fjk;a wdh;khla i;= j ke;s n,h ñka woyia
fõ'
• tu n,h jkdys wka whg wK fok" tfy;a wka whf.ka wK fkd,nk n,hls'
• foaY iSudj ;=<;a bka msg;;a rdcHh wiydh ;;a;j

a hg m;aù we;af;a o" rdcHfha foaY
iSudj ;=< iEu mqoa.,hl= fuka u" iEu ixúOdkhla u rdcHhg ish wjk; Ndjh m<
lrkafka o th i;= iajdêm;Hh n,h fya;= fldgf.k h'
3'1'3' kQ;k cd;sl rdcHh'
• cd;sl rdcHh ^Nation-State& hkq kQ;k rdcHh ye¢kaùug Ndú; lrk iudc úoHd;aul
ixl,amhls'
• zzcd;sl rdcHhZZ hk woyi m%:ufhka j¾Okh jQfha oy wgjeks ishjfia hqfrdamfha

h'
• tys uQ,sl weÕùu jkafka zztl cd;slhlg tl rdcHhls - tl rdcHhlg isákafka

tl cd;shlsZZ hkak hs'
• 1789 m%xY úma,jfhka miq j ìysjQ m%xY rdcHh hqfrdamfha m<uq jeks cd;sl - rdcHh
f,i ie,fla'
• cd;sl rdcHh" kQ;k rdcHfha úfYaI ,laIKhla f,i ie,flkafka" mQ¾j-kQ;k

rdcH cd;sl-rdcH fkdjQ ksid h'
• mQ¾j-kQ;k rdcHj,g ksYaÑ; N+ñ m%foaY yd ksYaÑ; foaY iSud ;snqfKa ke;' rdcH
n,h uOH.; ù ;snqfKa o ke;' tl u cd;shla f,i ie,l=Kq m%cdj" úúO NdId"
ixialD;sl yd m%foaYSh wkkH;d iys; jQfjda hs'
• tfy;a kQ;k cd;sl rdcHh" thg fjkia h' tl cd;shlg ;sìh hq;af;a" tla cd;sl
yd ixialD;sl wkkH;djlehs uq, § lsheúKs' tneúka ixialD;sl" NdISh iy wd.ñl
jYfhka nyqúO j mj;sk iudcj, kQ;k cd;sl- rdcH fndfyduhlau rdcHh yd
cd;sh f.dv keÕSfï l%shdj,sfha § uy;a w¾nqoj,g uqyqK md we;'
• tneúka j¾;udkfha cd;sl rdcHh hk ixl,amh w¨f;ka w¾:l:kh l< hq;= njg
foaYmd,k úoHd{fhda fhdackd l<y' ta wkqj zznyq;ajjdohZZ hk ixl,amh f.dvkeÕS
;sfí'
• bka .uH jk woyi jkafka kQ;k rdcHh jd¾.sl yd ixialD;sl m%cdjka .Kkdjlska
iukaú; úh yels nj hs' ixialD;sl" jd¾.sl yd wkkH;d úúO;ajh ms<s.kakd
nyq;ajjd§ ^Pluralist& rdcHhla ms<sn| woyi thska bÈßm;a fõ'
45
3'1'4' f.da,ShlrKh iy rdcHh'
• kj ,snr,ajd§ wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k m%;sixialrK úiska myiqlï imhkq ,enQ

l%shdj,shla f,i wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh ye¢kaúh yels h' fuu l%shdj,sfhys,d
rdcHhkays olakg ,enqKq kj m%jK;dj jQfha rdcHfhka ndysr iy rdcHj, iSudj
blau jQ idOlj, iy n,fõ.j, wdêm;Hh hs'
• m%d.aOkh" úoHq;a ;dlaIKh" mKsjqv wka;¾cd;sl yqjudrefõ úma,jh" ixialD;sl

f.da,ShlrKh" Y%ñlhkaf.a ixp,kh hk fïjd cd;sl rdcHfha iSudjka fkd;ld"
tu iSud ì|f.k me;sreKq tajd úh'
• fïjd cd;sl rdcHhg n,mEï lf<a flfia o hkak ms<sn| j idlÉPdj bÈßhg
meñKs w;r ta .ek kHdhsl m%fõY folla u;= úh' tkï"
I f.da,ShlrKh uÕska cd;sl rdcHh wjidkhg m;aúh yels nj'

II cd;sl rdcHh wjika jkafka ke;s j" th h<s jHQy.; lsÍulg ,la jk nj'
• f.da,ShlrKh úiska mj;akd cd;sl-rdcH l%uh uy;a w¾nqohlg weo oukq ,nk
njg u;= jqKq ú.%yfha ksfhdað;hl= jQ m%xY cd;sl uydpd¾h Ôka-udß f.fykafkd
^Jean-marie Gehenno& ^1995& m< l< The End of the Nation State ^zzcd;sl rdcHfha
wjidkhZZ& lD;sfha olajk mßÈ" f.da,ShlrKh uÕska ìys ù we;s ;;a;ajhla ksid"
úfYaIfhka u f.da,ShlrKh jQ iudc ms<sn| miqìu ;=<" fN!ñl;ajh u; mokï jQ
cd;sl-rdcHhg ±ka meje;aula ke;' foaY iSudj, ±ka w¾:hla ke;' ukao m%d.aOkhg"
f;dr;=rej,g" ;dlaIKhg iy ukqIHhkaf.a ixúOdk cd,hkag cd;sl rdcHfha
iSudjka ;j ÿrg;a jeo.;a fkdjkjd muKla fkdj" tajd l%shd lrkafka cd;sl
rdcHfha foaY iSudjka o fkd;lñks' ±ka foaY iSud hkq lsis ÿ f;areula ke;s fohls'
f.da,Sh f;dr;=re iudcfhys,d fN!ñl;ajh hkak ;j ÿrg;a jeo.;a ke;'
• by; ;¾lfhka ;j ÿrg;a lshkafka zzcd;shZZ hk woyig ;snQ jeo.;alu o wvq

fjñka mj;sk nj hs' fmdÿ wruqKla iy fmdÿ brKula ms<sn| j is;Su ;djld,sl
iïnkaO;d cd, iudch ;=< ;j ÿrg;a ke;s ksid ukqIHhka tlg ne| oud we;af;a
;djld,sl" foaYmd,k jYfhka jeo.;a lula ke;s cd, iïnkaO;d h' fïjdg uqyqK
§ug cd;sl rdcHhg mq¿jka lula ke;s nj o ta ;¾lfhka lshefõ'
• cd;sl rdcHh ÿ¾j, ùu" f.da,ShlrKfha m%;sM,h hs'
• zzcd;sl rdcHh ÿ¾j, ùuZZ ms<sn| m%jdofha ;rula fjkia bÈßm;a lsÍula jkafka
zzf.da,Sh m%d.aOkh rdcHfha .%yKfhka ñ§ rdcHfha md,kfhka iajdëk;djla ,nd
we;ZZ hkak hs'
• fâúâ fy,aâ 1991" zzm%cd;ka;%jdoh" cd;sl rdcHh yd f.da,Sh l%uhZZ hkqfjka m<
l< rpkfha" f.da,ShlrKh úiska tla ;ks rdcHhl" wêm;s rdcHhl" mjd md,khg
yiq fkdjk w¨;a f.da,Sh wd¾Ól l%uhla f.dv kÕñka ;snqKq njg ;¾l lr we;'
fï wkqj w¨;a cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k m¾hdhla f.dv kefÕa' tkï mdr cd;sl"
iïnkaO;d cd, ^Transnational networks& ìys ùu iy tajd md,kh lsÍug rdcHhkag
fkdyels ùu hs' rdcHfhka msg; we;s wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkj,g b;d u n,.;=
rdcHhkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh mjd iSud lsÍug" tajdg n,mEï lsÍug yelshdj ,eî ;sfí'
46
3'2' rdcH udÈ,s iy j¾.SlrKh'
• f.da;%sl rdcH'
• m%d:ñl foaYmd,k ixúOdk jk fïjdfha j¾;udk ixlS¾K iudcj, fuka foaYmd,k

ixúOdk jHqy fyda wdh;k fyda olakg fkdù h'
• foaYmd,k fyj;a md,k n,;, iudch ;=< úisr mej;sK'
• tajdfhys n,j;a mqoa.,hkaf.ka iEÿKq md,l fyj;a ;Skaÿ .kakd lKavdhï ìys jk
w;r fndfyda úg f.da;%hla tla mjq,lska tla mqoa.,fhla ne.ska tys idudðl;ajh
,nhs'
• tu lKavdhï uÕska f.da;%fha tlai;alu mj;ajd .; yels úh'
• f.da;%sl md,k oduj, kdhl;aj N+ñldj bgq lrk .%dóh kdhlhl= o isák w;r
Tyqg we;af;a iSñ; wêldrhls'
• Tyqf.a foaYmd,k n,h W;amdo jkafka lKavdhu ;=< ;udf.a fcHIaG;ajh wkqj h'
• tu kdhlhka wfkl=;a f.da;% iuÕ Okh yd wd.ñl lghq;= fjkqfjka igka je§
;u lKavdhug m%;s,dN fnod yer we;s nj udkj jxYfõ§yq mji;s'
• fuys ±lsh yels iudk;ajhla jkafka kdhlhkaf.a mjq, fuka ish¨ mjq,a ;;a;j
a fhka
tl iudk ùu hs'
• wdydr yd wfkl=;a wjYH;d iïnkaOfhka fuu iudc iajhxfmdaIs; fõ'

• f.da;%sl rdcHj, foaYmd,k Ndú;hka mokï jQfha pdß;% jdß;%" mqo mQcd" wNspdrúê
iy iïm%odh wkqj h'
• .%Sl kd.ßl ^fm!r& rdcH
• foaYmd,kh iïnkaOfhka ifÉ;k jQ m%:u rdcH l%uh jYfhka ie,flkafka .%Sl

kd.ßl rdcH l%uh hs' th f.da;%sl rdcHj,g miq j j¾Okh jQ rdcH udÈ,shls'
• kQ;k rdcHfha mjd kHdhsl moku ilid .ekSfï § fnfyúka wdNdih ,nd .kafka
fm!r rdcH l%uh wdY%s; j f.dv keÕ=Kq iïNdjH .%Sl foaYmd,k Ñka;kfhks'
• .%Sl kd.ßl rdcH l%uh ksYaÑ; iy l=vd N+f.da,Sh tallhl ixúOdkh jQ m%cdjla
iys; md,k l%uhla yd Ôjk rgdjla wdY%s; j j¾Okh jQjls'
• .%Slfhda tys mÈxÑ j m%d:ñl jYfhka iy f.da;%h mokï lrf.k ^clan and tribe&
m%cdjla f,i N+ l,dm ;=< ixúOdkh jQy' tajd foaYmd,k Ôú;fha flakaøia:dk
njg m;a úh'
• .%Sl kd.ßl rdcH l%ufhka fmfkkafka f.da;% mßmd,kh" l%ufhka wdKavqlrKh"
ms<smeÈ fmfoi fyj;a N+ñh mokï lrf.k wdrïN ù we;s njh'
47
• .%Sl kd.ßl rdcH jgd" tu iudcfha foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" nqoaêuh yd iodpdrd;aul
Ôú;h N%uKh jkakg úh'
• .%Sl kd.ßl rdcHhg wkkH jQ woyia folla olakg ,efí'

Î& kd.ßl rdcH foaYmd,ksl jYfhka ixúOdkh jQ tallhla ùu'
ÎI& tajd tlsfklska iajdëk jQ tall ùu'
• .%Sl kd.ßl rdcH fjk;a kd.ßl rdcH iuÕ wkkH ùu .%Slhkag kqyqre jQ fohla
jQjd fia u th ck.ykh yd N+ñh w;ska iSñ; iy l=vd foaYmd,k tallhla o úh'
• tlS ck;dj ;=< ;u rdcHh .ek b;d Wiia yeÕSula ;sìKs' k.rfha wd.u ish¨
mqrjeishkaf.a wd.u úh'
• tfia u .%Sl kd.ßl rdcHh ;=< ia;%Skag" jy¨kag" wd.ka;=l Y%ñlhkag mjd mqrjeis
Ndjh ysñjQfha ke;' mqrjeis Ndjh hkq foam< ysñ msßñka i;= jQ jrm%idohls'
• Rcq m%cd;ka;j
% doh mej;s we;kaia jeks fm!r rdcHj, mqrjeisfhl= jYfhka m%cdfõ
lghq;= fjkqfjka ils%h f,i ueÈy;a ùu wfmalaId flßKs'
• .%Sl kd.ßl rdcHj, úúO foaYmd,k udÈ,s j¾Okh ù ;sìK' ;ks mqoa., md,k
;ka;%" l;smhdêldÍ md,k ;ka;%" Rcq m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k ;ka;%" taldêm;s md,k
;ka;%" tajdg WodyrK hs'
• .%Sl k.r rdcH foaYmd,k jYfhka jeo.;a jkafka" m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd mqrjeis

foaYmd,k l%shdldß;ajh iïNjh ,enqfõ tajd wdY%s; j ùu ksid h'
• rdcdKavq
• rdcdKavq hkq fndfyda úg mrïmrdfjka rdcH;ajhg Wreulï lshk" ;ks mqoa.,hl=

úiska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk md,k l%uhls' th f,dalfha iEu rgl u olakg
,enqKq mQ¾j-kQ;k rdcH udÈ,shls'
• rcqg$/ðkg iqcd; Ndjh ,enqfKa iïm%odhfhks'
• foajjrïjd§ woyiaj,ska rcqg rdcH lsÍu i|yd foúhkaf.ka n,h ,eî we;ehs
m%ldY ùu ksid" i¾jn,e;s rdcdKavq l%uj, foajOd¾ñl rdcHhl ,laIK o olakg
,eìKs'
• rdcdKavq md,lhdg w;a;fkdau;sl n,;, ysñ jQ w;r kS;sh Tyqf.a$wehf.a fm!oa.,sl

wd{d uÕska W;amdokh úh'
• i¾j n,OdÍ rdcdKavql%uj, foaYmd,k wdh;k mej;sfha wvq ixj¾Ok wjêhl h'
jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl" wêlrK" mßmd,k yd hqo n,;, rcq$/ðK fj; flakaø.;
ù ;sîu thg m%Odk fya;=j úh'
• rdcdKavql%uj, zzmqrjeis NdjhZZ ms<sn| ixl,amhla o fkdù h' ta fjkqjg mej;sfha
zzhg;ajeishdZZ ^Subject& hk woyi hs' hg;a jeishkag kQ;k mqrjeishkag fuka
48
whs;sjdislï fkd;sìK' ta fjkqjg mej;sfha j.lSï h'
• ,snr,a m%cd;ka;j
% d§ rdcH (-
 iSñ; rdcHh ms<sn| ixl,amh ,snr,ajdofha uQ,sl foaYmd,k ixl,amhls'
 taldêm;s rdcH jdohg tfrys j ñksia ksoyi ;yjqre lsÍu Wfoid 17 jeks Y;j¾Ifha
w. Nd.fha mgka ì%;dkHh m%uL
q ngysr hqfrdamh iy weußld tlai;a ckmo rdcHhkays
me;sr.sh foaYmd,k u;jdoh ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh fõ'
 ,snr,a jdoh iy kQ;k m%cd;ka;%jdoh tlsfklg m%;snoaO j j¾Okh jQ foaYmd,k

ixl,am fõ'
 m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkq uyckhd úiska isÿ flfrk md,kh ms<sn| ixl,amhls' tfyhska
th ksYaÑ; md,k l%uhla iuÕ ne÷Kq ixl,amhls'
 ,snr,ajdoh tla;rd ksYaÑ; wd¾Ól l%uhla iuÕ ne÷Kq u;jdohls' tkï th Okjd§
wd¾Ól l%uh ^ld¾ñl Okjd§& yd ne÷Kq u;jdoh fõ'
 fï wkqj ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uh yd m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k l%uh

tlsfkl iïnkaO lrhs'
 ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcHh uQ,sl jYfhka Okjd§ wd¾Ól iudc l%uh u; mokï
jQ foaYmd,k l%uh fõ'
 uyck md,kh ms<sn| ixl,amh fï hgf;a m%uqL jk w;r uyck ksfhdað;hka

úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk md,kh fyj;a ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%uh" ,snr,a
m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k l%uhl uQ,sl u ,laIKhls'
 ksfhdack wdKavql%uh l%shd;aul ùu i|yd wjYH uQ,sl iudc - foaYmd,k úp,Hhka

lsysmhla fufia ±laúh yels h'
• kkajeoEreï ksoyi'
• iudkd;au;dj'
• nyq;rfha md,kh'
• uyck md,kh'
• jHjia:dkql+, jdoh'
• kS;sfha wdêm;Hh'
• wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh'
• j.lSu iys; wdKavqj'
• ksoyia ue;sjrKh'
• ;r.ldÍ foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh'
^.=rejrhd fï ms<sn| j mka;s ldurfha § idlÉPdjl ksr; jkak'&
• iudcjd§ rdcH udÈ,sh (-
49
• iudcjd§ rdcHh úis jeks ishjfia j¾Okh jQ rdcH udÈ,shls' tu udÈ,sfha kHdhsl
iy u;jd§ moku jQfha 19 jeks ishjfia hqfrdamfha ìys jQ udlaiajdoh hs' udlaiajdoh
hkq ld,audlaia hk c¾uka Ñka;lhd f.dvkeÕ+ kHdhsl" od¾Yksl iy Ñka;k
moaO;shls'
• udlaiajd§ foaYmd,k Ñka;kfha iudcjd§ rdcH udÈ,sh ms<sn| ixl,amh f.dv

ke.=fKa" 19 jeks ishji jk úg hqfrdamfha j¾Okh ù ;snqKq Okjd§ iy ,snr,ajd§
rdcH udÈ,shg úl,amhla jYfhks'
• th jkdys Okjd§ iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k l%uh lïlre mka;sh úiska fmr<d
oukq ,eîfuka miq j f.dv kefÕk rdcH udÈ,sh f,i udlaiajd§ kHdhka bÈßm;a
lrk ,§'
• iudcjd§ rdcHhl wruqK jkafka Y%u iQrd lefuka f;dr" iudcfha mka;s úfNaokhla
ke;s iudkd;au;djd§ iudchla f.dv keÕSu h'
• iudcjd§ rdcHl § jeä jYfhka wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka" mqrjeishdf.a fN!;sl

Ôjk ;;a;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd h' wOHdmkh" /lshd" ksjdi" fi!LHh wdÈ uQ,sl
ukqIH wjYH;d iEu fofkl=g u iudk wjldY iys; j iemhSu iudcjd§ rdcHfha
j.lSu f,i ie,elsK'
• tksid fm!oa.,sl jHjidh fjkqjg rdcH wdêm;Hh ia:dmkh fõ' iudcjd§ka

úYajdi l< mßÈ lïlre mka;s wd{d odhl;ajh hgf;a wd¾Ól iïm;a iy ksIamdok
l%shdj,sfha fm!oaa.,sl whs;sh wfydais fldg iudÔh fmdÿ wêldrh ia:dmkh l<
úg iudc mka;s wNdjhg hhs' mka;s wiudk;d o wfydais fjhs'
• mka;s úrys; iudchl § mka;s wdhqOhla jk rdcHh kue;s u¾okldÍ ixia:dj ;j

ÿrg;a wjYH fkdjk neúka th úhelS hk nj o udlaiajd§ kHdhfhka wjOdrKh
flßK'
• iudcjd§ rdcHh" ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcHhg yd;amiska fjkia h' iudcjd§ rdcHfha
ysñlrejka jkafka lïlre mka;sh hs' tys foaYmd,k l%ufha moku ,snr,a
m%cd;ka;%jdoh fkdj" ks¾Ok mka;s wd{dodhl;ajh hs'
• foaYmd,k mlaI u; mokï jQ foaYmd,k ;r.ldÍ;ajhla tys ke;' nyq mlaI l%uh
fjkqg tys we;af;a ;ks mlaI l%uhls'
• reishdj" Ökh" lshqndj" W;=re fldßhdj" úhÜkduh" ldïfndach iy kefÕkysr

hqfrdamfha rgj,a lsysmhla iudcjd§ rdcH l%uh w;ayod ne,sK'
• fidaúhÜ ix.uh iy kefÕkysr hqfrdamfha iudcjdoh ì|jeàfuka miq iudcjd§

rdcHh" ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcHhg úl,amhla f,i ie,flkafka ke;'
• *eisiaÜjd§ rdcH (-
50
• *eisiaÜjdoh hkq rdcHfha W;a;Í;r Ndjh ^Glorification of the state& fY%I
a aG;ajh yd
wiydh Ndjh;a" j¾.jdoh;a" rKjdoh;a" uq,a lr.;a foaYmd,k u;jdohls'
• th uq,ska ìys jQfha 1920 oYlfha yd 1930 oYlfha b;d,sfha iy c¾uksfha h'
b;d,sfha fnkSfgda uqfida,skS" c¾uksfha wefvd,a*a ysÜ,¾ hqfrdamSh *eisiaÜjdofha
m%Odk u foaYmd,k kdhlfhda fofokd h'
• *eisiaÜjdofha uQ,sl f;audjla f,i ie,flk wka; cd;sjdoh weiqßka rdcHh ms<sn|
j ú.%y lrk ysÜ,¾ fmkajd fokafka zzcd;sfha m%;suQ¾;sh rdcHhZZ jk nj h'
• *eisiaÜjdoh uÕska rdcHh iy cd;sh i¾jiu ;;a;ajhg m;alr we;s nj tuÕska

.uH fõ'
• *eisiaÜjdohg wkqj rdcHh" zzcd;sfha ms<sìUqj fõZZ rdcHh úiska cd;sfha wjYH;dj
ksfhdackh lrkq ,nhs' tneúka rdcHh iy cd;sh wkkHiu fõ'
• rdcHh ms<sn| j we;s *eisiaÜjd§" ks¾jpk w;ßka jvd;a lemS fmfkk ks¾jpk
folla fõ' tkï zrdcHh mrfuda;a;u ixúOdkh fõZ hkak iy zrdcHh i¾j n,OdÍ
ixúOdkh fõZ hk ks¾jpk fol hs'
• kSÜfIa bÈßm;a l< zziqmß

s ñksidZZ ^Super Man& hk ixl,amh" rdcHh ms<n
s | *eisiÜ
a jd§
u;h flfrys m%n, jYfhka n,md ;sfí' tuÕska" rdcHfha iqmsß Ndjh" W;alDIAg
Ndjh" mrfuda;a;u fõ h hk úksYaph uÕska rdcHhg iudk l< yels wka lsisÿ
ixúOdkhla fkdue;af;a h' hkak olajkq ,efí'
• zrdcHh i¾j n,OdÍZ fõ hkafkka woyia jkafka tys n,h wiSñ; fõ" n,h
W;a;Í;r yd wiydh n,hla fõ hkq hs'
• *eisiaÜ rdcHh iudc ixúOdkhla fkdj" th iudchg by<ska mj;skakla fõ'

rdcHh woaN=;" .=ma; iajNdjhla ork w;r tys h:d iajNdjh jgyd .ekSug idudkH
ck;djg fkdyels fõ'
• tfia u rdcHfha Wm;" tys j¾;udk iajNdjh yd rdcHfha wkd.;h ms<sn| j

l%udkql+, ú.%yhla *eisiaÜjdoh uÕska bÈßm;a fkdflf¾' zzrdcHh iod;k fõZZ
hkak wjOdrKh flf¾' bka woyia jkafka rdcHhg wdrïNhla fyda wjidkhla
fyda fkd;sfnk nj h'
• zzrdcHh yd iudch i¾j iu fõZZ hkqfjka w¾: ksrEmKh lrk *eisiaÜjd§yq

iudch iy mqoa.,hka fkdi,ld yßñka rdcHfha jeo.;alu muKla biau;= l<y'
mqoa., úuqla;sh idlaId;a jkafka rdcHhg iy rdcHfha wdêm;Hhg mqoa.,hd
idl,Hfhka u wjk; ùu uÕsks'
• iudcfha ck;dj jeo.;a fkdjk nj;a" jeo.;a jkafka rdcHh muKla nj;a" yqjd
olajk *eisiaÜjdoh zzrdcHh-md,lhd fõZZ tkï rdcHh yd md,lhd i¾j iu fõ'
tneúka rdcHfha m%;suQ¾;sh md,lhd jkafka h hk nj fmkajd ÿkafka h'
• fï wkqj *eisiÜ
a rdcHfha md,lhd i¾jf;daNø h' tkï {dkjka; nj" .=K.rel;ajh"
udkj ohdj" rK Y+r;ajh" ùr;ajh" rdcH ;dka;%sl Ndjh" foaY fm%aó;ajh hk
51
.=Kdx.j,ska *eisiaÜ md,lhd mßmQ¾K fõ' kdhlhdg idl,Hfhka lSlre ùu
mqrjeishkaf.ka wfmalaId lrkafka ta ksid h' kdhl jkaokh yqjd ±laúh hq;= h'
• *eisiaÜ rdcHfha iEu ck udOHhla u kdhl jkaokh yqjd ±laúh hq;= h' foaYmd,k
mlaI" n,mEï lKavdhï iïmQ¾Kfhka u ;ykï h'
• ck;djf.a foaYmd,k iyNd.S;ajh *eisiaÜjdoh m%;slafIam lrhs' rdcH md,k

l%shdoduh iïmQ¾Kfhka u md,lhdf.a taldêldrh hgf;a isÿ jk w;r" rdcHfha
kS;sh jkafka md,lhdf.a wNsu;h hs'
• ikakoaO n,h *eisiaÜ rdcHfha moku fõ' *eisiaÜ rdcHhg ;ud yer fjk;a lsis
ÿ wdldrhl iudc wruqKq ke;' zzrdcHh-rdcHh u wruqKq lrf.k mj;S' tkï
rdcHh-rdcHh Wfoid mj;SZZ
• hg;a úð; rdcHh (-
• zzhg;a úð; rdcHhZZ hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka ì%;dkH" m%xY" ´,kao" iamd[a[ wdÈ
hqfrdamSh hg;a úð; n,fõ.j, Rcq n,hg hg;a j isá" hqfrdamSh fkdjk iudcj,
j¾Okh jQ rdcH udÈ,shhs' tu rdcH udÈ,sh" ft;sydisl jYfhka j¾Okh jQfha 16
jeks ishjiska miq j h'
• ,xldfõ o hg;a úð; rdcHfha úldYkh wdrïN jQfha 16 ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha mgka
.;a mD;=.Sis hg;a úð; md,kh hgf;a h' 1815 § uq¿ Èjhsk u ì%;dkH wdêm;Hh
hg;g .ekqKq miq" uq¿ rfgys u foaYmd,k jHQyh" ì%;dkH hg;a úð; md,kh
hgf;a fjkia úh'
• hg;a úð; rdcHhg fmr mej;s mQ¾j-hg;a úð; rdcHh tlaflda ,xldj" nqreufha"
bkaÿkSishdfõ fyda bkaÈhdfõ fuka jevjiï rdcdKavq úh' ke;fyd;a fndfyda
wm%sldkq rgj, fuka" f.da;%sl rdcH úh'
• hg;a úð; rdcHh m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍu ksid" fuu hg;a úð; iudchkays foaYmd,k
l%uj, my; i|yka fjkialï isÿ úh'
î& úYd, N+ñ m%foaY tl rdcHhl wdêm;Hhg .ekSu ksid hg;a úð; rdcHh"
mQ¾j-hg;a úð; rdcHj,g jvd úYd, fN!ñl rdcHh njg m;a ùu'
îi& hg;a úð; rdcHh msysgqjk ,oafoa hqoaO l%shdud¾. uÕska ksid hg;a úð;
rdcH j¾Okh jQfha ñ,sgß rdcHh jYfhks' foaYSh iudcfhka t,a, jQ ler,s
yd úfrdaO;d ue~meje;aùug hg;a úð; rdcHfha hqoaO Yla;sh;a" hqo yuqodj;a
ksr;=re j mj;ajdf.k hkq ,eìK'
îii& hg;a úð; rdcHh uOH.; rdcH ;ka;%hla u; ilia jQjla úh' hg;a úð;
md,kh úiska fuu iudcj, we;s lrk ,o m%Odk foaYmd,k fjkila
jkafka" uOH.; rdcHh jHQyhla f.dv keÕSu hs' miq j mYapd;a-hg;a úð;
rdcHh f.dv keÕ=fKa tu jHQyh mokï fldg f.kh'
îv& hg;a úð; iudcj, hg;a úð; rdcHh f.dv kÕk ,oafoa ñ,sgß-ks,Odßjd§
rdcH jYfhks' th m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcHhla o fkdù h' foaYSh iudcfha
ksfhdað;hka" hg;a úð; rdcHh jHQyhg iïnkaO lr.kakd ,oafoa" foaYSh
52
iudcfha ksfhdað;hka yeáhg fkd j" hg;a úð; rdcHfha u ksfhdað;hka
^tacka;hka& f,i l%shd lsÍug h' hg;a úð; rdcHhg fiajh lsÍu fjkqfjka
Tjqkag bvï" kskao.ï" ;k;=re iy uQ,H m%;s,dN ,eìK' hg;a úð; rdcHh
fjkqfjka whnÿ tl;= lsÍu;a" kS;sh iy iduh mj;ajd .ekSu;a" tu foaYSh
ks,OdÍka fj; mejreKq m%Odk ld¾h úh'
• mYapd;a hg;a úð; rdcHh -
• mYapd;a hg;a úð; rdcH úfYaI rdcH udÈ,shla f,i kHdhsl j ;¾lhla f,i f.dv
keÕ=fõ mlsia;dkq iïNjhla iys; yïid w,dú ^Hamza Alavi& kï jQ kHdhfõÈhd
h'
• 1972 § New Left Review iÕrdfõ m< l< "State in Post-colonial Societies: Pakistan
and Bangaladesh" hk rpkh Bg mdol úh'
• yïid w,dúf.a kHdhh iy fjk;a m%fõYhka o weiqfrka mYapd;a - hg;a úð;

rdcHfha úfYaI ,laIK fufia bÈßm;a l< yels h'
Î& mYapd;a - hg;a úð; iudcj, we;s rdcHh" tu iudcj, mej;s hg;a úð;
rdcH jHQyh ;j ÿrg;a bÈßhg f.k hEula úh' hg;a úð; md,kfhka
,enqKq foaYmd,k ksoyi tu jHQyj,ska leã fjka ùug ;=vq § ke;'
ÎI& mYapd;a hg;a úð; rdcH fndfyduhl u m%cd;ka;%jd§ mßj¾;kh id¾:lj

fyda l,a mj;akd f,i fyda isÿ ù ke;' yuqod l=uka;%Kj,ska m%cd;ka;%jd§
md,k ;ka;% fmr<d ±óu iy wêldrjd§ md,k ;ka;% ìys ùu fuu iudcj,
fmdÿ ,laIK ù ;sfí' thg jH;sf¾l ù ;sfnkafka bkaÈhdj iy ,xldj
jeks mYapd;a hg;a úð; iudc w;f<diails'
ÎII& mYapd;a-hg;a úð; rdcHfha we;s iqúfYaI ,laIKh kï tu rgj, idfmalaI

jYfhka Yla;su;a iy n,iïmkak ñ,sgß iy isú,a ks,Or jHQyhla rdcH
;ka;%fha flakaøSh wdh;k f,i lghq;= lsÍu hs' tajd hg;a úð; md,k l%uh
;=< § f.dv kÕkq ,enQ tajd h" hg;a úð; jdofhka ,enqKq foaYmd,k ksoyi
ksid tu jHQy fjkia jQfha ke;' tajd foaYmd,k mlaI iy isú,a foaYmd,k
wdh;kj,g jvd n,iïmkak h'
ÎV& foaYmd,k mlaI isú,a foaYmd,k wdh;kj,g jvd n,j;a j" ñ,sgß iy
ks,Or;dka;s%l jHQyhla u;= ùu mYapd;a hg;a úð; rdcH m%cd;ka;%jd§;ajhg
mßj¾;kh ùug we;s jHQyd;aul ndOdjla úh'
• kj ,snr,ajd§ rdcHh (-
wd¾Ól miqìu(
53
• rdcH iqNidOk ixl,amh ;=ka jk f,dalfhka .s,syS hdu wdrïN ùu;a" iudc jdoh
f,dal mßydkshg m;aùu;a ksid f,dal Okjd§ wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k n,fõ.hkag
f,dj mqrd ksremoD; j ;yjqre ùug wjldYh ie,isKs'
• tu miqìfï cd;sl rdcHfha foaYiSudj blaujd fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uh YS>%

jHdma;shlg ,la úh'
• fuu uQ,H m%d.aOkh uq,alr.;a OfkaYajr fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uh wka;¾cd;sl

jYfhka l%shd;aul ùu fya;= lrf.k zzf.da,ShlrKhZZ ixl,amh ìys úh'
• Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%ufha uq,a hq.fha rdcH m%;sm;a;sh jQfha ks¾ndOjdoh hs' tuÕska
isÿjQfha rdcHh" wd¾Ól lghq;=j,g ueÈy;a fkdùu fyj;a ndOd fkdlsÍu h'
• uq,a ld,Sk rdcH ks¾ndOjd§ m%;sm;a;s wj,x.= ù .sfha" iqNidOl rdcH ixl,amh
mq¿,a f,i me;sÍ .sh miqìul h'
• 1960 oYlh jk úg rdcH iqNidOk jdoh l%ufhka wj,x.= ù l<ukdldÍ rdcH

ixl,amh me;sßK'
• fufia ,snr,a rdcH wdKavq md,khg muKla iSud lsÍu kj ,snr,a rdcHfha uQ,sl
,laIKhla úh'
• Okjd§ fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólh c.;alrKhg n÷ka ùu ksid f,dalfha foaYmd,k

ikao¾Nh m%n, fjkilg mßj¾;kh jQ w;r" fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhg wkqrEmsl
f,i c.;alrKh jQ ixialD;shla o j¾Okh úh'
• fujeks ;;a;ajhla wkqj cd;sl rdcHh yqfola u kdu ud;%sl Ndjhg m;a ùu;a" rdcH
wd¾Ól lghq;=j,ska úks¾uqla; ùu;a wksjd¾h wx.hla jkafka h' tkï cd;sl
rdcHh foaY iSud blaujd jHdma; ù we;' fjf<|fmd< yeisrùu i|yd lsis ÿ m%h;akhla
±Íug rdcHhg wjldYhla fkdue;'
• fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhg bv fokq jia cd;sl wd¾Ólhla újD; lsÍug rdcHh mshjr
.; hq;= w;r" c.;a wd¾Ólh yeisrùfï iïmQ¾K ld¾h Ndrh" f,dal nexl=j"
wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqo," wka;¾cd;sl fjf<| ixúOdkh yd nyq cd;sl iud.ï
jeks wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdk úiska lrkq ,efí'
• tfyhska wd¾Ólh yeisrùfï ld¾hh j;auka rdcHhg wh;a jQjla fkdfõ' fujeks
miqìul rdcHhg mejÍ we;s ld¾hh jkafka ksoyia fjf<|fmd< l%shdldß;ajhg
wjYH iduldó mßirhla ia:dms; lsÍu" hqla;sh mis|,Su iy l<ukdlrKh hs'
• fuys § l<ukdlrKh hkqfjka woyia lf<a Okjd§ fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólh h:d

mßÈ mj;ajdf.k hEu i|yd wjYH ish¨ wdldrfha ;;a;ajhka iïmdokh lsÍu iy
fufyhùu uq,a lr.;a l<ukdlrKh hs'
54
foaYmd,k Ñka;k miqìu(
• kj ,snr,ajd§ woyia m< l< foaYmd,k Ñka;lhka w;ßka frdnÜ fkdaisla" f*âßla
fjdaka yfhla jekafkda m%Odk fj;s'
• kj ,snr,a jd§ka fmkajd fok wkaoug iEu ñksil=g u tla;rd ksYaÑ; whs;j s dislï
iuqodhla Wreu ù mj;S' fïjd lsis fia;a u meyer.; fkdyelsh' w;ay< fkdyels iy
wka i;= l< fkdyels tajd h' tajd rdcH ksiel j u ,ndÿka tajd fkdjk neúka
tajdfha iunr;dj we;s lsÍu i|yd rdcH ueÈy;a fkdúh hq;= h'
• frdnÜ fkdails a ^Robert Nozik& olajd we;s wkaoug mqo.

a ,hdf.a foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï
wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd rdcH n,h b;d u wju jYfhka l%shd;aul úh hq;= h'
• rdcHfha n,h fmd,sia n,hlg jeä hula fkdúh hq;= h' mqoa.,hdf.a foam< ms<sn|
whs;sh jvd;a jeo.;a jkjd fuka u tu whs;sh fkdflf,ish hq;= nj o Tyq fmkajd
fohs' j;auka OfkaYajr wd¾Ól l%ufha kj m%jK;djg wkqrEmsl j rdcHfha iajNdjh
fjkia lrkq msKsi kj ,snr,a jd§ woyia fï whqßka bÈßm;a ù ;sfí'
• j¾;udk ÈhqKq OfkaYajr rdcHhkays fuka u wvq ÈhqKq OfkaYajr rdcHj, mjd rdcH
iqNidOk lghq;=j,g ueÈy;a ùu u;fNaod;aul h' wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H ixúOdkj,
kshuh ù we;af;a wvq ÈhqKq rdcHj, iqNidOk rdcH úhoï wfydais l< hq;= nj h'
• fujeks ;;a;ajhla wkqj Tjqka iudcfha È<skaoka fjkqfjka fhdackd lrk úi÷u
jkafka" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk uÕska iykdOdr ,nd§fï l%shd ms<sfj; hs' fï wkqj
wka;¾cd;sl wêrdcHjdofhka wdOdr ,nk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk cd,hla f,dalfha
l%shd;aul jkq ±lsh yels h'
• OfkaYajr wd¾Ól l%ufha j¾Okhg n,mE ks¾ndOjd§ m%;sm;a;sh th ì| jeàug

fya;= idOl njg m;a jQ w;r" Bg úl,amh ù biau;= jQ rdcH iqnidOk m%;sm;a;s
l%shdjg keÕSfuka Okjd§ iudc-wd¾Ól l%uh h,s mqk¾Ôjkhg m;aj ia:djr iudc
l%uhla njg m;a úh' fuf,i Okjd§ l%uh ia:djr ùu" È.=ld,Sk j Bg mej;s
n,fõ.hla jQ iudcjd§ iudc l%uh fn,ySk lsÍug iu;a úh'
wju rdcH ixl,amh(
• tfyhska rdcHh iqNidOkjdofha ft;sydisl ld¾hNdrh wjika lrñka OfkaYajr

l%ufha ienE uQ,Hjd§ wruqKq h<s biau;= ùu úis jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha § wju
rdcH ^minimalist state& ixl,amh mek keÕSu uÕska ixfla;j;a flßKs'
• wju rdcH ixl,amh uÕska kej; j;djla rdcHfha ld¾h Ndrh iSud lsÍug fyj;a
wju lsÍula ±lsh yels h' tfy;a th ks¾ndO rdcHfha ;rï iudc" wd¾Ól lghq;j
= ,ska
wE;a ùula bj;a j isàula fyda ueÈy;a fkdù isàula fkdfõ'
• fuys § rdcH ueÈy;a jkafka iudc" foaYmd,k lghq;= l<ukdlrKh lsÍu i|yd
iSñ; jQ m%udKhlsks' tfy;a th iqNidOl rdcHfha ;rï mq¿,a yd myiq ueÈy;a ùula
o fkdfõ' ta wkqj rdcH ks¾ndOjdoh yd iqNidOk jdoh hk folg w;rueÈ
;;a;ajhla f,i wju rdcHh y÷kd .; yels h'
55
3'3' rdcHh ms<sn| foaYmd,k ixl,am'
3'3'1 rdcHh iy iajdêm;Hh (-
• iajdêm;Hh hkafkys woyi zzW;a;Í;rZZ hkak hs' iajdêm;Hh n,h hkafkka

woyia lrkafka rdcHh i;= W;a;Í;r n,hls'
• fï moh m<uq jrg foaYmd,k úoHd idys;Hfha Ndú;hg .kq ,enqfõ ðka fndvEka
^Jean Bodin& úisks Tyq iajdêm;Hh w¾:l:kh lf<a kS;sfhka iSud fkdjQ mqrjeishka"
hg;a jeishka flfrys fhoúh yels rdcH i;= W;a;Í;r n,h hkqúk' iajdêm;s OdÍ
ixia:dj fjk;a lsisÿ iudkhl=g hg;a fkdfõ'
• fï wkqj iajdêm;Hhg me;slv folla ;sfí'

I wNHka;r iajdêm;Hh Înternal Sovereignty&
II ndysr iajdêm;Hh Êxternal Sovereignty&
• wNHka;r iajdêm;Hh hkq ´kE u ksoyia rdcHhla ;u rdcHfhys Ôj;a jk

;eke;a;kaf.a wjk; Ndjh ,nd .ekSug ffk;sl n,h iys; nj h'
• ndysr iajdêm;Hh hkq fjk;a lsisÿ iajdêm;s n,hlg th hg;a fkdjk njhs' fï
wkqj iajdêm;s rdcHhlg ;u úfoaY m%;ms ;a;h
s n,mEïj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd .ekSug
yelshdj ;sfí'
• iajdêm;s n,h ia:djr" ish,a, jid me;sfrk" fkdfnÈh yels" wka i;= l< fkdyels"
mejßh fkdyels talSh fohla f,i ie,fla'
• iajdêm;H n,h ms<sn| ixl,amh ikaëhjdoh yd f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,sh hgf;a

nrm;< wNsfhda.hlg ,la ù ;sfí' cd;sl rdcHhla ;=< isák úúO ck jd¾.sl
fldgia tlai;a lsÍu i|yd iajdêm;H n,h fnod yeÍfï keUqrejla j¾Okh fjñka
mj;S'
• ;j;a w;lska" iajdêm;H n,h f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,sh uÕska o wNsfhda.hlg ,la j

;sfí'
• j¾;udkfha f,dalfha fmdÿ m%;sm;a;s cd;sl uÜgfï iajdêm;H tall uÕska ;Skaÿ
lrkjdg jvd m%n, j Wmßcd;sl ^Super-National Organzations& ixúOdkj,ska ;SrKh
fõ'
• cd;sl rdcHhkag foaYSh j ;Srenÿ m%;sm;a;sh yd wmrdO hkq l=ula± hs ;ks j ;SrKh
l< yels j ;snQ neúka tys wNHka;r iajdêm;Hh j,x.= j mj;S hehs ms<s.eksKs'
• tfy;a j¾;udk m%d.aOk .,dhdu;a iuÕ ^Capital Flight& we;s jQ fjf<|du kshdukh
lrk f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh jeks wdh;k wka;¾cd;sl udkj ysñlï" kS;s yd
iïm%odh iy wmrdO hkq l=ula± hs ;SrKh lsÍu;a iuÕ iajdêm;Hh o wNsfhda.hg
,la j we;'
56
• tneúka j¾;udk cd;sl rdcH hkq f,dal mßudK Wmß cd;sl wdh;kj,ska .kq
,nk m%;sm;a;s foaYSh j l%shdjg kÕk tacka;jrhl=f.a ;;a;ajhg m;a j we;s njg
;¾lhla u;= j ;sfí'
• fï miqìu ;=< m%n, rdcHkays iajdêm;Hh j¾Okh ù ÿn, rdcHhkays iajdêm;Hh

kdh hEug ,la j we;s nj hs'
3'3'1 rdcHh iy mqrjeishd (-
• mqrjeishd hkafkys ir, woyi zzk.rfha jikakdZZ hkak hs' tys j¾;udk w¾:h
zzrdcHfha idudðlhdZZ hkak hs'
• mqoa.,hd ;u fmdÿ Ôú;h iïnkaO ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shg iyNd.s jk wdldrh

wkqj zzmqrjeishdZZ hkak ;SrKh fõ'
• weßiafgdag,ag wkqj mqrjeishd hkq rdcHfha ld¾hNdrhg il%sh j iïnkaO jk

;eke;a;d h'
• fuu woyi Tyq bÈßm;a lf<a l=vd .%Sl kd.ßl rdcHh hk miqìfuys h'
• kQ;k ixlS¾K rdcH l%ufha § .%Sl kd.ßl rdcHj, § fuka mqrjeishkag rdcH
md,k lghq;=j,g Rcq j iïnkaO úh fkdyels h' th l%shd;aul jkafka ck;d
ksfhdað;hka ud¾.fhks'
• kQ;k m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcHj, kS;s iïmdolhka yd úOdhlh ck;d ksfhdað;hka

fyda ck;djg j.lshk mqrjeishka fyda jkq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' bka woyia
jkafka mqrjeishka fmdÿ ;SrK .ekSug ck;d ksfhdað;hka uÕska iïnkaO jk
j.lsjhq;= ks,OdÍka jk nj h'
• tfyhska rdcHfha lghq;= iïnkaOfhka mqrjeishkaf.a ld¾hNdrh kQ;k rdcHfha

fjkia ùïj,g wkqj yev .ekaù we;'
• j¾;udkfha § rdcHh yd mqrjeishd w;r iïnkaO;dfõ lemS fmfkk ,laIK

folla ;sfí'
I mqrjeishka N=la;s ú¢k foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï'
II mqrjeishkaf.a foaYmd,k j.lSï'
• ta wkqj mqrjeishd hkq rdcHfha iqNidOkh yd whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú¢k rdcHhg ta

fjkqfjka wjk; Ndjh olajkafkls'
• rdcHhl N+ñh ;=< Ôj;a jkakjqkag mqrjeis Ndjh m%odkh l< yels yd wysñ l< yels
tl u tl wdh;kh rdcH hs' tfy;a ienE ;;a;ajh jkafka rdcHh md,kh lrk
whg th ;SrKh lsÍug yels ùu h'
• T.H. Marshall jeks wh fï ixl,amhg zziudc mqrjeis NdjhZZ hkak tla lr we;'
ta whg wkqj" /lshdjla lsÍug" ksjila ysñ lr.ekSug we;s whs;sh jeks oE o iudc
57
mqrjeis Ndjh úiska w¾: .kajkq ,nhs' udI,af.a fuu ziudc mqrjeis NdjhZ hk
woyi z,snr,a mqrjeis NdjhgZ úl,amhls'
• rdcHhg mqrjeishd wjk; Ndjh ±laúh hq;af;a wehs ±hs hk m%Yakhg foaYmd,k
Ñka;lhka úúO ms<s;=re imhd we;'
 weßiafgdag,ag wkqj rdcHfha wjidk wruqK ish¨ mqrjeishkaf.a iqNidOkh

iy hym;a jQ Ôú;hla i,id §u h' mqrjeishdg iodpdrd;aul jYfhka Wiia
jQ" i;=gq ckl W;a;Í;r Ôú;hla rdcHh ;=< § iemfha'
 iudc .súiqï kHdhg wkqj mqrjeishd rdcH ìyslr .ekSu;a iuÕ rdcHhg
wjk; Ndjh ±laùug tlÕ;d iïuq;shla we;s lr.kS' ta fjkqfjka rdcH
mqrjeishdg wdrlaIdj yd iudc wdrlaIdj imhhs'
 ,snr,aa jd§ kHdhg wkqj mqrjeishdf.a iajdNdúl whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lr

fokafka rdcH úiska ksid mqrjeishd rdcHhg wjk; úh hq;= h'
 rEfida olajd isá mßÈ rdcHh fmdÿ leue;a; ksfhdackh lrk w;r tuÕska
ksfhdackh jkafka ;ukaf.au fmdÿ leue;a; h' tneúka mqrjeishd rdcHhg
wjk; úh hq;= h'
 rdcHh" wdKavqj iy md,k ;ka;%h w;r iïnkaO;d yd fjkialï (-
• ´kE u iudchl mj;sk uQ,sl iy flakaøSh foaYmd,k wdh;k jkafka rdcHh iy

wdKavqj hs'
• iudcfha we;s wfkla fndfyda foaYmd,k wdh;k m%Njh ,nkafka o rdcHh iy

wdKavqj fj;sks'
ksoiqka (- md¾,sfïka;=j" leìkÜ uKav,h" wêlrK" m<d;a md,k wdh;k"

ikakoaO yuqod" fmd,sih
s " isrf.j,a" mdi,a" úYajúoHd," fomd¾;fïka;=
hkd § jYfhks'
• rdcHh iy wdKavqj tlsfklg iïnkaO h' tfy;a ta fol tlla u fkdfõ'

m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k l%uj, rdcHh hkq idfmalaI jYfhka §¾> ld,hla ia:djr
j mj;akd" iudcfha we;s w;suQ,sl foaYmd,ksl ixúOdkh hs'
• wdKavqjla hkq" rdcHfha lghq;= iy j.lSï bgq lsÍu i|yd uyck;dj úiska flá
ld,hlg n,h ,nd fokq ,nk ixúOdkhla fõ'
• mQ¾j m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k l%uj, fuu fjki fkd;snqKs'
ksoiqka (- rdcdKavqjla ;=< uyck;dj f;dard.;a wdKavqjla fkd;sìK w;r"

rdcHh iy wdKavqj w;r fjka lsÍula o fkdùh' rc;=ud" rdcHh o
wdKavqj o úh'
58
• rdcHh iy wdKavqj w;r wdh;ksl fjka ùu" hqfrdamfha jevjiï foaYmd,k jHQyh
yd rdcdKavqj ì| jeàfuka miq ìys jQ ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k l%ufha m%Odk
,laIKhla úh'
• rdcHh jkdys ukd j ixúOdkh jQ" ksYaÑ; fN!ñl m%foaYhlska o" foaYmd,k
jYfhka ixúOdkh ù mqrjeis m%cdjla u; ;u wdêm;Hh iy n,h mj;ajd .ekSfï
whs;shla yd wêldrhla o iys; foaYmd,k ixúOdkhla fõ'
• ;u wêldß n,h mj;ajdf.k hdug rdcHhg we;s wdh;k w;=frka wdKAvqj" tla
wdh;khla muKla fõ'
• rdcHhg we;s uQ,sl ffk;sl jHQyh wdKavl

q %u jHjia:dj jk w;r" rdcHfha iajNdjh"
jHQyh" wdh;ksl ixhq;sh hk fïjd tuÕska ;SrKh lrhs'
• rdcHh ;u wêldß n,h l%shd;aul lrkafka ;uka i;= jHjia:dodhlh" úOdhlh

wêlrKh" ikakoaO yuqod iy ks,n, ;ka;%h mokï lrf.k h'
• fuys § wdKAvqj l%shd lrkafka rdcHfha n,;, l%shd;aul lrk m%Odk;u ksfhdað;
wdh;kh yeáhg hs' kS;s iïmdokh" iy l%h s d;aul lsÍu" m%;m
s ;a;s iïnkaO;d meje;aùu
iy wfkl=;a rdcHhka iuÕ iïnkaO;d meje;aùu hk tajd rdcHh fjkqfjka
wdKavqjla bgq lr.; hq;= m%Odk ld¾h fõ'
• md,k ;ka;%h ^Regime& (-
• md,k ;ka;%h ^Regime& hk ixl,amh zwdKavqjZ hkakg ;rula iudk jqj;a" thg
fjkia w¾:hla we;a;ls' wdKavqjla hkq rdcHfha lghq;= lsÍu i|yd uyck;dj
úiska m;a lrkq ,nk wdh;ksl jHQyh hehs wms by; § ÿgqfjuq' m%cd;ka;j
% d§ l%uhla
;=< wdKAvjq la hkq md¾,sfïka;f
= õ nyq;rh ysñ j isák w.ue;s iy leìkÜ uKav,h
úiska kdhl;ajh fokq ,nk wdh;ksl jHQyh hs'
• tla tla wdKavqjla tys u;jdo iudc mokï yd kdhl;ajh iïnkaO j we;s úfYaI;d
mokï fldgf.k tu wdKAvqj ye¢kaùfï § zzmd,k ;ka;%hZZ ^Regime& hk moh
Ndú; flf¾' WodyrK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
• wdKAvqfõ kdhl;ajh wkqj wdKavqjla ye¢kaùu - rdcmlaI md,k ;ka;%h"

chj¾Ok md,k ;ka;%h" bkaÈrd .dkaê md,k ;ka;%h" wd§ jYfhka"
• wdKavqfõ ixhq;sh wdY%s; j we;s jk md,k ;ka;%h - yjq,a$iNd.; wdKavq

;ka;h
% ^Coalition regime&
• wdKAvqfõ u;jd§ ixhq;sh wdY%s; j - iqNidOkjd§ md,k ;ka;%h ^Welfare

regime&" iudcjd§ md,k ;ka;%h ^Socialist regime& wêldrjd§ md,k ;ka;h
%
âuthoritarian regime&
59
3'4' rdcHfha iajNdjh ms<sn| kHdhsl m%fõY (-
 iudc iïuq;sjdoh'
• iudc iïuq;s j doh u;= jQ fha" mYapd;a uOHld,S k hq frda m fha rdcHfha n,h
idOdrKSlrKh lsÍu i|yd mej;s foajO¾ujdoh ì|jeà mej;s miqìul h'
• ful, md,lhka foúhka jykafiaf.a ksfhdað;hka f,i fmkS isáñka f.k.sh

jevjiï wd¾Ól l%uh" keÕS tk kj jdKscjd§ mka;shg ndOdjla úh'
• OfkaYajr l%uh kue;s iudc l%uh ;=< ìys jQ kj iudc mka;shg wjYH jQfha
idïm%odhsl jevjiï ro,hka ia:dmkh lr ta ;;a;ajh ;u wdYd fjkqfjka fhdod
.ekSu h' thg WmldÍ jQ zziudch ;=<ska rdcH ìys ùu ms<sn| u;jdohZZ iudc iïuq;s
jdoh weiqßka biau;= jQfha tlS iudc wjYH;dj fõ'
• fuf;la ÈjHuh Wm;l mej;=Kd hhs ie,el+ rdcHhg iudcuh Wm;la mj;sk nj
ñka fmkajd fokq ,eî h' th zziudcfha we;s jQ iïuq;shl m%;sM,hla jYfhkaZZ isÿ
jQ nj ms<s.eksKs'
• fuu u;h kHdhhla f,i bÈßm;a l< f;dauia fydíia" fcdaka f,dla" fIdka Idla
rEfida hk Ñka;lhka ;sfokd h'
• f;dauia fydíia tx.,ka;fha 1642-1648 w;r we;s jQ isú,a hqoaO ld,fha we;s jQ
foaYmd,k wia:djr Ndjh wjika fldg ia:djr foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhla f.dv keÕsh
yelafla Yla;su;a rdcdKavqjlg nj fmkajd §fï wruqK i|yd fuu kHdh bÈßm;a
flf<a h'
• fcdaka f,dla bx.%Sis úma,j iufha tx.,ka; taldêm;s rdcdKavqfõ n,h hg;a
lrñka md¾,sfïka;=fõ n,h ;yjqre lsÍu wruqKq lr.ksñka ;u ú.%yh bÈßm;a
flf<a h'
• rEfida m%xYfha mej;s taldêm;s rdcdKavqjg yd ¥Is; ro, n,hg tfrys j uyck;djf.a
úma,jhla uÕska rdcdKavq l%uh yd ro, n,h uq,ska Wmqgd oud n,fha W,am;
uyck;dj nj ±laùug ;u kHdh bÈßm;a flf<a h'
^.=rejrhd úiska §¾> j mka;s ldurh ;=< fï ms<sn| j idlÉPdjl ksr; jkak'&
• udlaiajdoh'
• udlaiajdoh hkq wd¾Ól idOlh uq,a lrf.k b;sydih yd iudch ms<sn| j ú.%y
lsÍug bÈßm;a jQ mq¿,a o¾Ykhls'
• ld,a udlaia iy f*âßla tx.,aia y÷kajd ÿka fuu u;jdofhka rdcHfha m%Njh"
úldYkh yd tys wkd.;h ms<sn| j Bg fmr fkd;sì wdldrfha ú.%yhla bÈßm;a lr
we;'
60
• Tjqka olajkafka ñksia iudcfha fï;dla mej;s b;sydih mka;s igkaj, b;sydihla
nj hs' b;sydifha mej;s iEu iudchl u mej;s m%;súfrdaO;djka u¾okh lsÍu i|yd
rdcHh keu;s WmlrKh foam< ysñ mka;sh úiska Wmfhda.s lr.kq ,nkd fyhska
zzrdcHh foam< ysñ mka;sfha WmlrKhZZ jYfhka o zzrdcHh u¾okldÍ ixúOdkhla
jYfhka l%shd;aul jk njZZ o Tjqyq olajd isáhy'
• m%d.a fldñhqksiaÜ hq.h" jy,a hq.h" jevjiï hq.h" Okjd§ hq.h iy iudcjd§ hq.h
Tiafia ukqIH iudcfha ft;sydisl úldYkh ù we;s iy isÿjk nj b;sydih ms<sn|
udlaiajd§ kHdhfhka lsheúK' rdcHh o" ta ta ft;sydisl hq.j,g wkqj úldYkh
ù we;'
• iïNdjH udlaiajdohg wkqj kQ;k OfkaYajr rdcHh hkq ksIamdok idOl ysñ
Okm;s mka;sh úiska Y%uh muKla ysñ" tfy;a tu Y%ufha whs;sh mjd ;ukaf.ka
úhqla; lsÍug ,la jQ lïlre mka;sh iQrdlEu i|yd f.dv k.d.;a mka;s WmlrKh
hs' tksid u rdcHh wfydais l< hq;= nj udlaiajd§yq úYajdi lr;s'
• OfkaYajr rdcHh wfydais lsÍfï ft;sydisl ld¾hNdrh udlaiajd§ka mjrdfokqfha

lïlre mka;shg hs' lïlre mka;sh i;= j tlS YlH;dj we;s kuq;a th ixúOdkh
lsÍfï hdka;%Khla wjYH fõ' udlaiajd§kag wkqj rdcHh wfydais lsÍfï ft;sydisl
ld¾hNdrh i|yd lïlre mka;sh fufyheùfï j.lSu fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh úiska
isÿ flf¾' tfyhska fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh" lïlre mka;sfha mqfrda.dó foaYmd,k
n,uq¿j njg m;a fõ'
• lïlre mka;sh n,h w;alrf.k iudcjd§ iudchla f.dv kexùug mjd rdcH
ixúOdkh lsishï ld,dka;rhla i|yd w;HjYH jk nj udlaiajd§yq mji;s'
• iudcjd§ úma,jhlska miq j f.dv kefÕkafka ks¾Ok mdka;sl rdcHhls' mka;s

úrys; iudcjd§ iudchg;a" lïlre mka;shg;a tfrys j OfkaYajrh úiska kej;
f.dv keÕsh yels m%;súma,jh u¾okh lsÍfï ld¾hNdrh" mYapd;a úma,ùh ks¾Ok
mdka;sl rdcHfha wjYH;dj hk m%jdofha miqìfuys we;s ;¾lh fõ'
• flfia fj;;a" iudcjd§ úma,jhlska miqj §¾>ld,Sk j rdcHfha wjYH;djka mek

fkdkÕsk neúka rdcHfha wfydais ùu fkdfyd;a úhelS hdu isÿjk nj we;eï
udlaiajd§yq úYajdi l<y' f,kska óg lsishï fjkia woyila orñka" OfkaYajr
rdcHh bfí wfydais ùulg jvd lïlre mdka;sl kdhl;ajh hgf;a wfydais l< hq;=
hdka;%Khla f,i úia;r lf<a h'
^.=rejrhd §¾> j idlÉPd lrkak&
• ,snr,a jdoh'
• 18 Y; j¾Ih w. Nd.fha mgka ngysr hqfrdamfha me;sr .sh ksoyi ms<sn| foaYmd,k
u;jdoh ,snr,ajdoh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
61
• oyy;a jk Y; j¾Ih w. Nd.fha bx.%Sis od¾Yksl fcdaka f,dla" mqoa., ksoyi"
foaYmd,k ksoyi yd foam< whs;shg we;s ksoyi ms<sn| j bÈßm;a l< woyia
,snr,ajdofha j¾Okh yd fmdaIKh flfrys m%n, f,i n,mEfõ h'
• oyih jk ishjfia mgka ngysr hqfrdamfha jdKsc Okjdoh uq,a lrf.k ìys jQ
wd¾Ól l%uh rdcHh úiska yiqrejkq ,eî h' tfy;a 18 jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha §
m%Nj jk ld¾ñl Okjdoh yeisrùu i|yd rdcHh ueÈy;a fkdúh hq;= nj;a" tu
wd¾Ól l%uh Bg u wdfõKsl jQ n,fõ. uÕska yeisfrk nj;a" iïNdjH wd¾Ól
úoHd{hka fom<la jQ wevï iañ;a yd fâúâ ßldfvda m%ldY lr isáhy'
• fï miqìfuys rdcHh wd¾Ólh yeisr úh hq;= ke; hk u;jdoh uq,a lrf.k rdcH
ks¾ndOjdoh kue;s ixl,amh ìys jQfha h' th ,snr,ajdofha flakaøSh m%jdohls'
• ta wkqj ks¾ndOjd§ rdcHhla f.dv keÕSu i|yd jk foaYmd,k u;jdoh yeáhg

,snr,ajdoh me;sr .sfha ngysr hqfrdamfha ia:dms; jQ ld¾ñl Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%ufha
foaYmd,k m%ldYkh jYfhks'
• fuf,i úldYkh jQ ,snr,a jdoh m%fNao ;=kla Tiafia y÷kd.ekSug mq¿jk'
 iïNdjH ,snr,ajdoh - ks¾ndO rdcH ixl,amh'

 mYapd;a-iïNdjH ,snr,ajdoh - iqNidOk rdcH ixl,amh'
 kj ,snr,ajdoh - wju rdcH ixl,amh'
• iïNdjH ,snr,a jdoh( oy wgjk ishji w. Nd.fha me;sr .sh uq,ald,Sk ,snr,ajd§
woyia iïNdjH ,snr,ajdoh fõ' fuh ksYaÑ; j u wd¾Ólh yeisrùug rdcHh
ueÈy;a fkdúh hq;= nj;a" rdcHh iudcfha iduldó mßirhlaa we;s lsÍu iy wmlaImd;
j hqla;sh mis|,Sfï fhfoñka mqoa.,hdf.a lghq;=j,g b;d u wju jYfhka ueÈy;a
ùu m%udKj;a nj;a bka wjOdrKh flßK' ta wkqj wvqfjka u md,kh lrk rdcHh
fyd| u rdcHh jk nj;a thska woyia úh'
• mYapd;a iïNdjH ,snr,ajdofhka ,o wd¾Ól ksoyi yuqfõ Okm;s mka;sfha ,dN

Wmßu lsÍu i|yd ks¾Ok mka;sh iQrdlEfï mq¿,a bv m%ia;d Okm;s mka;shg ysñúh'
tuÕska mek kÕsk iudc wiudk;dj yd mSä; mka;sh È.ska È.gu uqyqK fok
oßø;dj" ú/lshdj" ukaofmdaIKh" frda.S nj" kQ.;alu jeks iudc wd¾Ól m%Yakj,g
úi÷ï fiùu wjYH úh' ta i|yd kS;sh yd iduh wdrlaId lrñka rdcHh bgq lrk
fmd,sia rdcldßhg wu;r j iudc iqNidOkhg o ueÈy;a úh hq;= nj wjOdrKh
flßKs' fufia iudcfha fmdÿ hym; Wod lsÍu i|yd rdcHh ueÈy;a úh hq;= nj
kHdhd;aul j bÈßm;a l< wh w;r à' tÉ' .%Ska yd fydí yjqia idñ jrhd uq,a ;ek
.;ay' ta wkqj rdcH iqnidOk ixl,amh ,snr,ajd§ u;jdoh ;=< uq,a nei .;af;a h'
• fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%ufha m%fõYhka iuÕ rdcH iqNidOk ixl,am wj,x.= ù

l<ukdldÍ rdcH ixl,amh me;sÍ .sfha h' tf,i wdrïN jk kj ,snr,ajd§ ixl,am
;=<ska kej; j;djla rdcHfha ld¾hNdrh iSud lsÍula fyj;a wju lsÍula ±l .;
yels fõ' tfy;a ks¾ndO rdcH ;rug u" rdcHh wd¾Ól yd iudc lghq;=j,ska wE;a
j isàula" bj;a j isàula ueÈy;a fkdù isàula wju rdcH ixl,amfhys olakg
fkd,efnk w;r" wju rdcHh wd¾Ól yd iudc lghq;=j,g iSñ; ueÈy;a ùula
62
lrhs' tkï iudc foaYmd,k lghq;= l<ukdlrKh lsÍu i|yd rdcH iSñ; f,i
ueÈy;a úh hq;= nj lshhs' fï wkqj rdcH ks¾ndO jdoh yd rdcH iqNidOkjdoh hk
folg w;rueÈ ;;a;ajhla f,i wju rdcHh ms<sn| m%fõYh y÷kd.; yels h'
^.=rejrhd fï u;jdoh §¾> j mka;s ldurfha idlÉPd lrkak&
• ia;S% jdoh'
• rdcHh iïnkaO úfYaI ia;j

S% d§ kHdhhla fkdue;' thg we;af;a n,h ms<n
s | kHdhhls'
tfy;a" rdcHh yd foaYmd,kh ms<sn| úfYaI m%fõYhla fhdackd lsÍug ia;%Sjdoh
iu;a ù ;sfí'
• zz,sx.sl;ajh mqu;sßlrKh fldg ;sfíZZ hkak fï kHdhfha m%uqL woyihs'
• wdêm;Hh yd hgm;a lsÍu yryd YDx.dr;ajhg keÕSfuka mqreIhka yd ia;Sk

% a iudcfha
m%fNao yeáhg ks¾udKh lr we;ehs th lshhs'
• msßñkaf.a f,dal o¾Ykhg wkqj f.dv keÕS we;s m¾hdjf,dalj,ska ia;%sh w¾:l:kh
flfrk w;r thska wef.a YÍrh jg lrkq ,efí' wef.a l:kh yev.iajhs" Ôú;h
úia;r lrhs" ia;%Skaf.a Ôú;fha wka;¾.;h ielfia' ta ta ,sx.sl;ajhg thg wod<
ld¾h Ndrhla kshufldg ;sfí'
• ia;%Sjdofha úúO .=rel=, ;sfí' ,snr,a" udlaiajd§ yd /äl,a hkq tu m%Odk .=rel=,
fõ'
• ia;%Sjd§ka rdcHh ms<sn| j ork woyi jkafka" rdcHh hkq mqreI flakaøSh j f.dv
kxjk f,dalh" bÈßhg f.k hk mqreIhka i;= fuj,ula jYfhks'
• rdcHh iïnkaO j ia;%S jdohg kHdhhla fkdue;s ksid u th ,snr,ajdoh yd

udlaiajdoh w;r foda,kh fõ'
• ,snr,a ia;%Sjd§yq ia;%S úuqla;sh i|yd rdcHfha ueÈy;a ùu wkqu; lr;s' udlaiajd§
ia;%Sjd§yq Okjd§ rdcHh m%;slafIam lsÍug fhdackd lr;s' th ia;%Skag idOdrK;ajh
f.k fok l%uhla ia:dmkh lrk f,i b,a,d isáhs'
• wjidk jYfhka ia;%Sjd§ka m%ldY lrkafka w;HjYHfhka u mqreI uQ,sl fuj,ula

jk rdcHh" ia;%Ska u; mqreI f,dalh wdfrdamKh lsÍfï fuj,ula f,i l%shd;aul
jk nj h'
fhdað; bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï (-
1' l=im;a we§u uÕska ;ud fj; ,efnk ud;Dldj Tiafia lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu$l:d
lsÍu'
i' foaYmd,k n,fha flakaøSh m%ldYkh f,i rdcHh'
ii' kQ;k fN!ñl rdcHh'
iii' kQ;k cd;sl rdcHh'
63
iv' f.da,ShlrKh iy rdcHh'
v' f.da;%sl rdcHh'
vi' .%Sl fm!r rdcHh'
vii' rdcdKavqj'
viii' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcHh'
ix' iudcjd§ rdcHh'
x' meisiaÜjd§ rdcHh'
xi' hg;aúð;jd§ rdcHh'
xii' mYapd;a hg;aúð;jd§ rdcHh'
xiii' kj ,snr,ajd§ rdcHh'
2' my; i|yka f;aud we;=<;a jk mßÈ fmd;a msxpla ilia lrkak'
• rdcHh iy iudc ixúOdk'
• rdcHh yd mqrjeis Ndjh'
• rdcHh" wdKavqj iy md,k ;ka;%h w;r iïnkaO;d yd fjkialï'
• iudc iïuq;sjdoh'
• udlaiajdoh'
• ,snr,ajdoh'
• ia;S%jdoh'

02' fl%diauka" wd¾'tÉ'tia' ^1972&" wdKavql%u yd rg jeishd" fld<U" wOHdmk m%ldYk

fomd¾;fïka;=j'
03' ,Eials" yer,aâ fÊ' ^1970&" rdcH ms<sn| isoaOdka; yd jHjydrh" fld<U" wOHdmk
m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
04' Whkaf.dv" chfoaj" 2010" rdcH ms<sn| foaYmd,k kHdh iy Ndú;h" fld<U(
iudc úµd{hskaf.a ix.uh'
05' Jessop, Bob, (2015), State: Past, Present and Future, Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
06' Vincent, Andrew, (1987), Theories of the State, Oxford: Blackwell.
64
04' wdKavql%u wdlD;s
ksmqK;dj 04 (- f,dalfha mj;akd wdKavql%u wdlD;s m%fNao wdY%hfhka wdKavql%u ú.%y

lsÍug we;s yelshdj m%ldY lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 30 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
04'1' rdcHfha n,h fn§u wkqj wdKavql%u wdlD;s ilia ù we;s wdldrh
úia;r lrhs'
04'2' úOdhl n,h ixúOdkh lsÍu wkqj wdKAvql%u wdlD;s ilia ù we;s
wdldrh úia;r lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (-
 rdcHfha n,h fn§u wkqj wdKAvql%u wdlD;s y÷kd .ksñka tajd
w¾:l:kh lrhs'
 tlS wdKAvql%uj, ,laIK iy jdis" wjdis fmkajd fohs'
 úOdhl n,h ixúOdkh ùu wkqj wdKavql%u wdlD;s y÷kd .ksñka
w¾:l:kh lrhs'
 tlsfkl wdKavql%uj, M,odhS Ndjh ms<sn| j ;=<kd;aul j woyia olajhs'
 ,xldfõ ±kg ;sfnk wdKavql%ufha ,laIK" W.;a wdKavql%u udÈ,s
wdY%fhka ú.%y lrhs'
ye¢kaùu (
fuu fldgfiys wruqK jkafka f,dalfha mj;akd wdKavql%u wdlD;skays m%fNao iy tajdfhys
úfYaI;d y÷kd .ksñka" ta ms<sn| ú.%yhla isÿ lsÍu;a" rdcHfha iajdêm;H n,h fn§u iy
úOdhl n,h ixúOdkh ùu wkqj wdKavql%u wdlD;s y÷kd .ekSu;a h'
fuu mdvu m<uq j" rdcHfha iajdêm;H n,h fn§u" ke;skï iajdêm;H n,h ia:dk.;
jkafka fld;ek o hkak u;" wdKavql%u j¾. lrñka tu wdKavql%uj, úfYaIs; ,laIK
ii|ñka idlÉPd lrhs' fojkq j" tu wdKavql%uj, idfmalaI jdis wjdis fmkajd iajdêm;s
n,h ia:dk.; jk wdldrh wkqj talSh" ikaëh" w¾O ikaëh iy iyikaëh hk wdKavql%u
ilia jk wdldrh idlÉPd lrhs'
tfuka u" úOdhl n,h ixúOdkh jk wdldrh wkqj f,dalfha mj;akd m%Odk wdKavql%u
wdlD;sj, úfYaI;d y÷kd .ksñka ta ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhla o isÿ flf¾' fuys § ,snr,a
m%cd;ka;%jdoh hgf;a l%shd;aul jk leìkÜ wdKavql%uh" ckdêm;s wdKavql%uh iy ñY%
wdKavql%uh fuka u tal ;ka;% wdKavql%uh o wOHhkh lrkq we;'
rdcHfha iajdêm;H n,h fn§u mokï fldg f.k mj;akd wdKavql%u wdlD;s(
talSh wdKavql%u
talSh wdKavql%uhl rdcH iajdêm;H uqMukska u /£ mj;skafka uOHu wdKavqj fj; h'
talSh wdKavql%uhl jHjia:dkql+, W;a;Í;r;ajh uOHhg mjrd ;sîu fya;=fjka m<d;a
wdKavq we;=M ´kE u m¾hka; l%uhla mj;skafka uOHu wdKavqfõ leue;a; mßÈ h' fuh
ixjrKh fkdjQ uOH.;lrK ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh lrhs' uOHu wdKavqjg ish wNsu;h
mßÈ m<d;a wdKavq wdh;k kej; yev .eiaùug;a" kej; ixúOdkh lsÍug;a" wfydais lsÍug;a
65
yels hdj we;' tfuka u tu wdh;kj, n,;, iy j.lSï mqM,a lsÍug fuka u b;d
myiqfjka yl=Mjd oeóug o yels h'
f,dalfha fndfyda rdcH ixúOdkh ù we;af;a talSh md,k l%uhla f,i h' úfYaIfhka oeä
ckjd¾.sl fn§ïj,ska f;dr l=vd m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgj, talSh md,k jHQyhka iïu;hla
njg m;a j ;sfí' ikaëhjdofha ixlS¾K;ajh iuÕ ii|k úg" talSh md,k jHQyh ie,lsh
yelafla ir, yd idfmalaI jYfhka ld¾hlaIu l%uhla f,i h' ^flfia fj;;a" m%dfhda.sl
j" taalSh l%uj, uOHh iy mßêh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj ikaëh l%uj, fuka ixlS¾K h'&
talSh wdKavql%ufha ,laIK
• rdcHfha iajdêm;H n,h ;ks" cd;sl wdh;khlg mjrd ;sîu'
• talSh wdKavql%uj, iajdêm;H n,h uqMukska u mejÍ we;af;a cd;sl uOHu

wdKavqj fj; h'
• Oqrdj,s ie,iqulg wkqj f.dv kxjd we;s wdKavq wdh;k rgdj uÕska uOHu cd;sl
wdKavqj úiska my< uÜgfï wdh;k wfydais lsÍfï wêldß;ajh ysñ lr.kS'
• uOHfha jHjia:dodhlfha W;a;Í;r;ajh ms<sìUq jk wkaoug talSh rdcHj, cd;sl

jHjia:dodhlh tal uKav,jdoh u; mokï fõ'
• fmvr,a wdKavql%uhg idfmalaI j talSh wdKavql%uh idfmalaI jYfhka wixlS¾K

iy ld¾hlaIu wdKavql%uhla f,i o ±lafõ'
talSh wdKavql%ufha m%jK;d
talSh wdKavq l%shdldß;ajh ksrka;rfhka u mßmd,kuh úuOH.;lrKhg ,la fõ' tkï

my< uÜgïj,g jeä jeäfhka mßmd,k j.lSï mejÍu h' fuh foaYmd,k n,h my<g
mejÍula fkdfõ' 1990 oYlfha isg fndfyda talSh rdcHhka my< uÜgïj,g jeä jeäfhka
j.lSï mejÍfï W;aidyhla olakg ,efí'
talSh rdcHhkays uOHfha isg my< uÜgïj,g mßmd,k n,h úiqrejd yeÍu m%Odk wdldr
;=klska isÿ úh yels h'
1' n,h ú;eka lsÍu (deconcentration)

n,h ú;eka lsÍu uq¿ukska u mßmd,kuh ld¾hhls' fï hgf;a isÿ jkafka uOHu
wdKavqfõ ld¾h uKav, w.k.rfhka msg; fjk;a m%foaYj, fiajh i|yd fhoùu
h' tys wruqK jkafka mßmd,k lghq;= mqM,a lsÍu" wdKavqfõ mßmd,k lghq;= i|yd
flfrk úhoï wvq lsÍu hkdÈh hs'
2' mßmd,kh úuOH.; lsÍu (decentralization)

ñka woyia jkafka m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg kexùfï j.lSu m<d;a md,k jeks Wmcd;sl
wdh;kj,g mejÍu h' ì%;dkHh iy ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a fï iïnkaOfhka
fyd| u WodyrKh hs' tjeks rgj,a úiska m<d;a wdKavq uOHu wdKavqfõ tlÕ;dj
we;s j fyda ke;s j fyda iqNidOl jevigyka l%shd;aul lrhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka"
66
tlai;a rdcOdksfha m<d;a wdKavq uOHu wdKavqj úiska ilia lrkq ,nk ie,iqï
l%shdjg kxjhs'
3' n,h mejÍu (devolution)

ñka woyia jkafka we;eï jHjia:dodhl n,;, o we;=¿ j ;SrK .ekSfï iajdëk;ajh
uOHu wdKavqj úiska my< uÜgïj,g ,nd §u hs' m%xYfha" b;d,sfha iy iamd[a[fha
m%foaYSh wdKavq fï iïnkaOfhka WodyrK jYfhka ±laúh yels h' tlai;a rdcOdksh
úiska 1999 § iafldÜ,ka;hg iy fõ,aihg n,h fnod mjrk ,o md¾,sfïka;=
mk;a y÷kajd fok ,È' tfia jqj o trg uOHu wdKavqfõ md¾,sfïka;=jg idudkH
mk;la iïu; lsÍu uÕska tf,i mjrk ,o n,h wfydais l< yels h'
 ikaëh wdKavql%uh
ikaëh ke;fyd;a f*vr,a wdKavql%uh hkq ;ks rdcHhla ;=< wdKavq w;r mßmd,k n,h
iïnkaëlrKh lsÍfï l%uhla fkd j" iajdêm;H n,h fnodf.k l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk
nyq uÜgfï (multilevel) md,k wdlD;shls (Martin & Harrop 2013).fï wkqj ikaëh
wdKavql%uhl § uOHu wdKavqj iy ikaëh l%uh iliaj we;s Wm tall tkï" m%dka; fyda
m<d;a w;r" ffk;sl iajdêm;Hh fnod .kq ,nhs' ikaëh wdKavql%uhl fï lsis÷ uÜgulg
wfkla uÜgu wfydais lsÍfï yels hdjla fkdmj;S' fuuÕska m%dka;j, idfmalaI iajdëk;aj
;;a;ajh wdrlaId flf¾' ta ksid u ikaëh wdKavq l%uhl uOHu wdKavqjg m%dka; wdKavq
nyq;rhl wkqu;sh fkdue;s j ish n,;, mqM,a lr.; fkdyels h'
tlai;alu iy m%foaYh
S úúO;ajh w;r iïuq;shla u; ikaëh l%uh mokï fõ' th idfmalaI
jYfhka iajdëk ke;fyd;a fjkia foaYmd,k wNs,dI we;s tall w;r we;s jk idlÉPd
iy flaj,a lsÍï mokï fldgf.k we;s flfrk wdKavql%uhla o fõ' ´kE u ikaëh
wdKavql%uhl oelsh yels fmdÿ ,laIK lsysmhla mj;S'
 ikaëh wdKavql%ufha ,laIK
• wdKavq hdka;%Kh tlsfklg idfmalI

a jYfhka iajdh;a; wdKavq uÜgï follska iukaú;
fõ' tkï cd;sl fkdfyd;a uOHu wdKavqj iy m%dka; wdKavq jYfhks'
• uOHu wdKavqj iy m%dka; wdKavq" wdKavq n,;, rdYshla ysñ lr.kS' fïjd iajdëk
n,;, h' wdKavq uÜgï foflka tllg j;a wfkla uÜgfï n,;, w;am;a lr.;
fkdyels h'
• ikaëh wdKavq l%uhl uOHu rchg iy m%dka; tallj,g úfYaIs; ld¾h mejf¾' uOHu
wdKavqj" ndysr iïnkaO;d" wdrlaIdj" ixl%uK lghq;= iy uq,H lghq;= jeks fmdÿ
wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr j isák w;r m%dka; wdKavqj,g mejfrk lghq;=j, úúO;ajhla
;sìh yels h' tfia jqj o fmdÿfõ wOHdmkh" m<d;a md,k lghq;=" fi!LH lghq;="
iudc fiajd lghq;= jeks ld¾h m%dka;j,g mejf¾'
• uOHu iy m%dka; hk tla tla wdKavq uÜgfï mj;akd j.lSï iy n,;, ,sÅ; wdKavql%u
jHjia:djla uÕska ksYÑ
a ; j olajd we;' uOHh iy mßêh w;r iïnkaO;dj h fufyhjkq
,nkafka uOHhg fyda m%dka; wdKavqj,g fyda tal md¾Yaúl j fjkia l< fkdyels
úêu;a ffk;sl rduqjla ;=< h' tneúka ikaëh wdKavql%uhl wdKavql%u jHjia:dj"
idfmalaI jYfhka wkuH" ixfYdaOkh lsÍu ;rula ÿIalr tlla fõ' WodyrK jYfhka
67
íafÜ%,shdfõ iy iaúÜi¾,ka;fha jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh lsÍu i|yd cku; úpdrK
Tiafia ck;djf.ka wkqu;sh ,nd .ekSu o wjYH lrhs'
• uOHu wdKavqj iy m%dka; w;r iyfhda.s;dj f.dv keÕSfï wruqfKka o uOHu wdKavf q õ
m%;sm;a;s iïmdok l%h
s dj,shg m%dka; wdKavq iïnkaO lr .ekSu msKi
s o uOHu wdKavf
q õ
jHjia:dodhlh oaúudKav,sljdoh u; mokï fõ' fndfyda rgj, fifkÜ uKav,fha
fyj;a fojk uKav,fha wruqK m%dka; rdcHj,g o uOHu wdKavqfõ ksfhdackh yd
n,;, ,nd §u hs'
• wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ úêu;a úêúOdk w¾:kssrEmKh lrkq ,nkafka fY%aIaGdêlrKh

úisks' tuÕska fY%aIaGdêlrKh l%shd lrkafka uOHu wdKavqj iy m%dka; wdKavq w;r
.egqï iu:hlg m;a lrk by< u wdh;kh f,i hs' uOHu iy m%dka; uÜgfuys wod<
n, fCIa;%h ;SrKh lsÍu uÕska ikaëh wdKavql%uh l%shd;aul jkafka flfia o hkak
;SrKh lsÍfï yels hdj fmvr,a wêlrKhg mj;S'
• talh
S wdKavl
q %uh úldYkd;aul udÈ,shla jk w;r ikaëh wdKavl q u
% h iqúfYaIS ;;a;j
a hka
hgf;a ys;du;d ilia lr .ekqKls' ikaëh wdKavql%uhla ixia:dmkh lsÍu flafj,a
lsÍï ud,djla u; isÿjk fohls' iajdëk tall tl;= lr.kafka flfia o@ uOHh iy
m%dka; w;r n,h fnokafka flfia o@ hkdÈ w;suQ,sl lreKq fujeks flaj,a lsÍïj,
§ jeo.;a ;ekla .kS' tfuka u jHjia:d iïmdok l%shdj,shg ikaëh wdKavql%uhla
ixia:dmkh lsÍfï l%shdmámdáfhys m%Odk ia:dkhla ysñ fõ' l=ula ksid o h;a" flakaøh
iy tall w;r n,h fn§u isÿjkafka wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ùu ksihs' tfia jqj o"
talSh l%uhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï § fujeks wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §ug isÿjkafka ke;'
ikaëh wdKavq msysgqjd .ekSug uq,a jk fya;=
• fmr § iajdëk j mej;s rdcHhka fyda foaYmd,k tall fyda tla rdcHhla jYfhka
talrdYs ùfï wjYH;dj h wkqj ikaëh rdcH msysgqjd .kq ,eìKs' iaúÜi¾,ka;h
iy wefußld tlai;a ckmoh fuhg WodyrK jYfhka ±laúh yels h' ndysr ;¾ckhl
meje;au" wka;¾cd;sl iïnkaO;d ukd j l<ukdlrKh lsÍu" ke;fyd;a wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okh ikaëh rdcH ìys lsÍu i|yd wdikak fya;= úh yels h'
• N+ñfha úYd,;ajh ikaëh wdKavqlu % msysgjq d .ekSug uq,a jk ;j;a lreKls' f,dalfha
N+f.da,Sh jYfhka úYd, rdcHhka fmvr,a l%uhla y÷kajd §ug ;SrK lsÍu fuu
lreK iuÕ iEu úg u iumd; fkdjQj o" wefußld tlai;a ckmoh ^1787&" lekvdj
^1867&" n%iS,h ^1891&" íafá%,shdj ^1901&" fulaisfldaj ^1917& iy bkaÈhdj ^1947& wdÈ
rgj,a iïnkaOfhka fuh i;Hhls' N+f.da,Sh jYfhka úYd, rdcHhka ixialD;sl
jYfhka úúO;ajhla .ekSfï keñhdjla mj;sk w;r Yla;su;a m%foaYSh iïm%odhhka
ysñ lr .ekSfï bv lvla o tajd i;=j mj;S'
• ikaëh l%uh msysgqjd .ekSug Wkkaÿ lrjk wjidk idOlh jkafka ixialD;sl iy
jd¾.sl úúO;ajh hs' ikaëhjdoh iudÔh fn§ïj,g iy úúO;ajhkag ksrka;rfhka
u wdh;ksl ms<s;=rla imhhs' WodyrK jYfhka bkaÈhdfõ m%dka; rdcHhkaf.a iSud"
NdIdj mokï j m%Odk jYfhka kshu l< o" mxcdnh iy ldYaórh jeks m%dka;
wd.ñl fjkialï o ie,ls,a,g .kS' úúO;ajh ;=< talh
S ;ajh (unity in diversity) hk
mdGfhka fuu woyi m%n, j m%ldY fõ'
68
ikaëh wdKavql%ufha hym;a ,laIK
• ;ks uOH.; wdh;khla fj; iajdêm;Hh flakaø.; j we;s talSh wdKavql%uhl §

fuka fkd j" jHjia:dkql+, f,iska iy;sl lrk ,o foaYmd,k yvla m%dfoaYsl yd
m<d;a wNs,dIhkag ,nd §ug yels ùu'
• uOHu wdKavqfõ jHjia:dodhlfha fojk uKav,h Tiafia m%dka; wdKavq uOHu

wdKavqj ;=< hï m%udKhl ksfhdackhla iy n,;, N=la;s ú£u' ikaëh n,;, ,enQ
mßêfha tall fjka j isákafka u ke;sj" uOHu wdKavq jHQyh we;=<; tl;= ùu o
ta uÕska isÿ fõ'
• wdKavq n,h úuOH.; j úisÍu fya;=fjka mqoa., ksoyi wdrlaId lsÍug wdOdr
lrk ixjrK yd ;=<k cd,hla ks¾udKh fjhs'
• Nskk
a jQ iudchla tlai;a j iy taldnoaO j mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd wdh;ksl hdka;K
% hla
ikaëh l%ufhka ,nd fohs' fï iïnkaOfhka .;a úg ckjd¾.sl iy m%dfoaYsl
jYfhka fnÿKq iudchkag fmvr,a úi÷ula fhda.H úh yels h' fn,aðhï w;aoelSï
uÕska fmkajd fok wdldrhg fnÿKq iudchl ckjd¾.sl úúO;ajh hd lsÍu i|yd
ikaëh md,k l%uh m%fhdackj;a fõ'
• úYd, rdcHhla ixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd iajdNdúl iy m%dfhda.sl ie,eiqula ikaëh

l%uh uÕska ,nd fohs'
ikaëh wdKavql%ufha whym;a ,laIK
• úis jk ishjfia isg ikaëh wdKavql%u uOH.;lrK Èidjg keUqre ùu je<elaùug

ikaëhjdohg yels hdjla fkdue;s ù ;sfí'
• ikaëh l%uh fya;=fjka wdKavq fn§ï we;s úh yels w;r" rdcHh ;=< flakaømidß
n,mEï Yla;su;a jkq we;'
• ikaëh wdKavq" talSh iy uOH.; wdKavq ;rï ld¾hlaIu iy Yla;u

s ;a tajd fkdfj;s
hkak o ;j;a úfõpkhls'
ikaëh wdKavq l%u f.dv keÕSu
ft;sydisl jYfhka ikaëh wdKavql%u msysgqjd .ekSfï ud¾. ;=kla mj;S'
1' fmdÿ wNs,dIhka yUdhdu msKsi l,ska fjka j mej;s tall tlg tl;= j uOHu
wêldßhla ks¾udKh lr.ekSu'
fï hgf;a fndfyda úg ikaëh wdKavq f.dvkÕd .kq ,nkafka ia:dms; foaYmd,k

ckiudc .Kkdjla fjka fjkajQ wkkH;d yd iajd¾: wdrlaId lr.ekSfï wfmalaIdj
o iys; j tlg tl;= ùu uÕsks' WodyrK jYfhka 1787 § wefußldfõ m%dka; 13 l
ksfhdað;hkaf.a yuq ùulska wefußld tlai;a ckmoh ìys úh' wefußldkq w;aoelSï
uÕska Yla;su;a f,i n,mEï ,o iudk iïfï,k 1848 § iaúÜi¾,ka;fha o" 1867
69
§ lekvdfõ o" 1897$98 jirj, § íafá%,shdfõ o isÿ úh' fï i|yd fm,Uqï idOl
jkqfha wd¾Ól iy wdrlaIdj ms<sn| lreKq h'
2' fnÿKq rgla tlg tl;= fjñka ikaëh md,k l%uhla f,iska m%;sjHQy.; ùu'
fuh l,d;=rlska isÿ jkakls' fn,aðhu m%Odk WodyrKh hs' m%xY NdIdj l;d lrk
m%foaY iy ´,kao NdIdj l;d lrk m%foaY w;r mej;s fn§ï ksid we;s jQ .eg¿
fya;f= jka 1970 iy 1980 oYlj, isÿ l< jHjia:d ixfYdaOk uÕska fuu lKavdhïj,g
jeä n,;, ,nd ÿka w;r" wjidkfha § 1995 jif¾ § fn,aðhu ikaëh rgla
jYfhka m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È'
3' talSh rdcHhla jd¾.sl yd ixialD;sl úúO;ajh u; ikaëh rdcHhla f,i m%;sjHQy.;
lsÍu'
iamd[a[h" uef,aishdj iy ol=Kq wm%sldj fuhg WodyrK fõ' iïNdjH talSh

rdcHhla jQ uyd ì%;dkHh o ±ka ikaëh ,laIK w;am;a lrf.k we;'
w¾O ikaëh wdKavql%uh
w¾O ikaëh wdKavq l%uhl talSh wdKavql%uhla i;= ,laIK iy ikaëh wdKavql%uhl
,laIK hk fol u tl úg y÷kd.; yels h' fï wkqj talSh iy ikaëh wdKavql%u hk j¾.
folg w;rueÈ j mj;sk wdKavql%uhla f,i w¾O ikaëh l%uh ie,lsh yels h'
bkaÈhdj w¾O ikaëh wdKavql%uhla iïnkaOfhka Èh yels fyd| u WodyrKhhs' bkaÈhdkq

wdKavql%uh i,lkq ,nkafka ikaëh wdKavql%uhla fyda talSh wdKavql%uhla fyda jYfhka
fkdj w¾O ikaëh wdKavql%uhla f,i h' oaú;aj wdKavq wdh;k l%uh iy jHjia:dfõ
W;a;Í;r Ndjh hk ,laIK uÕska bkaÈhdkq jHjia:dj uQ,l
s jYfhka u ikaëh wdKavl q u
% hl
.;s ,laIK fmkakqï l< o" ta iuÕ u talSh rdcHhl mj;sk fndfyda .;s ,laIK o
wka;¾.; lrf.k we;' WodyrK jYfhka talSh mqrjeis Ndjh" ks,n, l%ufha wdêm;H iy
fï ish,a,g u by<ska uOHu wdKavqjg úYd, n,;, m%udKhla wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka
w;alr §u oelaúh yels h'
bkaÈhdkq jHjia:dj ;=< we;s n,;, fn§u úu¾Ykh lrk úg meyeÈ,s jkafka trg
jHjia:dj uOHu wdKavj q g mlaImd; whqßka l%shd lr we;s nj hs' fï iïnkaOfhka WodyrK
lsysmhla ±laúh yels h'
WodyrK jYfhka yÈis wjia:djla m%ldY we;s wjia:djl m%dka; wdKavqj, úIh ,ehsia;=j
iïnkaOfhka uOHu wdKavqjg kS;s iïmdokh l< yels h' tfuka u uOHu wdKavqjg m%dka;
wdKavqj, úOdhl n,;, md,kh l< yels h' ieneúka u yÈis wjia:d ld,hl § bkaÈhdkq
jHjia:dj talSh rdcHhl .;s ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs' bkaÈhdkq jHjia:dfjys yÈis wjia:d
j¾. ;=kla i|yka fõ' tkï
1' cd;sl yÈis wjia:dj
bkaÈhdj ndysr wdl%uKhlg fyda wNHka;r le,eöulg fyda uqyK

q ÿka úgl jHjia:dfõ
352 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdg yÈis wjia:djla m%ldY l< yels h'
70
2' m%dka; yÈis wjia:dj
lsih
s ï m%dka;hl jHjia:d hdka;%Kh ì| jegqKq wjia:djl jHjia:dfõ 356 jk j.ka;sh
hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdg yÈis wjia:djla m%ldYhg m;a l< yels h'
3' uQ,H yÈis wjia:dj
bkaÈhdfõ uQ,H ia:djr;ajhg ;¾ckhla we;s jQ úgl jHjia:dfõ 360 jk j.ka;sh

hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdg yÈis wjia:djla m%ldYhg m;a l< yels h'
ta yereKq úg idudkH ld,j, § mjd uOHu wdKa v q f õ md¾,s f ïka ; = j g m% d ka ;

jHjia:dodhlhkaf.a wkqu;shlska f;dr j ir< nyq;rhlska kj m%dka; ms<s.ekSu fyda
m%dka;j, foaY iSudjka fjkia lsÍu fyda l< yels h' wefußldkq jHjia:dj iïNdjH
fmvr,a wdlD;shla f,iska úia;r lrk fla' iS' úh¾ bkaÈhdkq jHjia:dj úia;r lrkafka
w¾O ikaëh wdKavqlu % hla f,i h' w;sf¾l talSh ,laIK iys; fmvr,a wdKavql%uhlg jvd
w;sf¾l fmvr,a ,laIK iys; talSh wdKavql%uhla f,i Tyq bkaÈhdkq wdKavql%uh y÷kajhs'
fuh Tyq leá fldg olajkafka bkaÈhdkq wdKavql%uh iajrEmfhka fmvr,a jqj o idrfhka
talSh wdKavql%uhla jk nj m%ldY lrñks' tfy;a" m%dfhda.sl jYfka bkaÈhdkq wdKavql%ufha
fmvr,a ,laIK Yla;su;a ù we;s nj o lsj yels h'
iyikaëh l%uh
iyikaëh hkafkka jdÑl jYfhka woyia jkafka tlÕ;dj hs. iyikaëh l%uh hkq
iajdëk rdcH tall w;r ióm iyfhda.hla we;s lr.ekSug tajd w;r we;s lr.;a tlÕ;djls'
fndfyda úg tlÕ;djla $ .súiqula uÕska iyikaëh wdKavql%uh ks¾udKh lr.kq ,nk
w;r" miq j fmdÿ jHjia:djla iïu; lr.efka' wdrlaIdj" úfoaY lghq;=" fmdÿ uQ,H tall
jeks ne?reï .eg¨j,g uqyqK §fï wruqfKka iyikaëh wdKavql%u wdKavq ìys ù we;' fï
wkqj iyikaëh l%uhla hkq ish¨ tallj,g wod< j fmdÿ ld¾hhka i|yd jQ foaYmd,k
tallj,ska iukaú; ix.uhls' tkï úfYaIs; wruqKq bgq lr.ekSfï wfmalaIdfjka iajdêm;s
n,h iys; rdcH úiska uOHu wdKavqjg iSñ; n,hla ,nd fok wdKavql%uhls'
iyikaëh l%uhl m%dka; wdKavq n,;,j,ska jeä m%udKhla ork w;r uOHu wdKavqjg
we;af;a iqM n,;, m%udKhls' uOHu wdKavqj l< hq;af;a l=ula o hkak ;SrKh lrkq
,nkafka m%dka; wdKavq úisks' iyikaëh l%uhg ft;sydisl WodyrKh f,i Articles of
Confederation hgf;a f.dv kÕk ,o wefußldkq wdKavl
q u
% h oelaúh yels h' kQ;k WodyrKh
f,i iaúÜi¾,ka;h oelaúh yels h'
úOdhl n,h ixúOdkh ùu wkqj mj;akd wdKavql%u
fï hgf;a wdKavql%u j¾. ;=klg fnokq ,efí' tkï" md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uh" ckdêm;s
wdKavql%uh iy ñY% wdKavql%uh jYfhks'
md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uh
md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%u ksrka;rfhka u ì%;dkHh wdo¾Yhg .kS" tu wdKavql%u mqM,a

f,iska ì%;dkH fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj, olakg ,efí' tfuka u ngysr hqfrdamSh
rgj,ska o fidhd .; yels h'
71
ckdêm;s wdKavql%uj, úOdhlh iy jHjia:dodhlh w;r meyeÈ,s fn§ula mej;=k o
md¾,sfïka;= l%ufhys fuh meyeÈ,s j oelsh fkdyels h'
md¾,sfïkak= wdKavql%ufha ,laIK
• md¾,sfïka;= l%uhl" md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrekaf.ka iukaú; jk leìkÜ uKav,hg

úOdhl n,h ysñ h' leìkÜ uKav,h zzfoaYmd,k úOdhlhZZ hkqfjka ye|skfa jkafka
tneúks'
• md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;r iydh ,nk mlaIfha fyda ikaOdkfha fyda kdhlhd w.ue;s
njg m;a fõ'
• w.ue;sjrhd úiska idudkHfhka md¾,sfïka;=fõ idudðlhka w;=frka f;dard.kakd

whf.ka leìkÜ uKav,h ilia lr.kS' leìkÜ uKav,h wdKavqfõ kdNsh njg
m;a fõ'
• md¾,sfïka;=fõ iydh u; wdKavqj r\ mj;S' fuhska woyia jkafka md¾,sfïka;=

l%uhl úOdhlh iDcq f,iska u jHjia:dodhlh u; r\ mj;sk nj;a jHjia:dodhlhg
j.lshk nj;a h'
• rdcH kdhlhd iDcq f,iska u f;dardm;a lr .ekSula isÿ fkdfõ' rdcH kdhlhd
tlaflda rc flfkl= fyda tfia;a ke;skï jl% f,iska f;dardm;a lr.kq ,nk
ckdêm;sjrhl= fyda úh yels h' ì%;dkHh iy bkaÈhdj WodyrK hs'
• w.ue;sjrhd iy leìkÜ uKav,h iduQysl f,iska md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lsh;s'
 ckdêm;s l%uh iuÕ ii|k úg md¾,sfïka;= l%ufha jdis w;=ßka tlla jkafka úOdhlfha
iy jHjia:dodhlfha iïñY%Kfhka Yla;su;a iy ia:djr wdKavqjla ks¾udKh lsÍfï
yelshdj hs' fuh fmdÿfõ íafÜ%,shdfõ" lekvdfõ" ì%ldkHfha" fvkaud¾lfha iy
cmdkfha olakg ,efí'
ckdêm;s wdKavql%uh
,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdÈ f,dalh ;=< ckdêm;s wdKavql%uh md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhg tla

m%Odk úl,amhls' tfiaa jqj o" ckdêm;s wdKavql%uh md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uh fuka f,dj
mqrd me;sreKq wdKavql%uhla fkdfõ' wefußldkq tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;s wdKavql%uh
,;ska wefußldfõ fndfyda rgj, wdlD;shla jYfhka fhdod f.k ;sfí' ms,smSkh ta
iïnkaOfhka we;s wdishd;sl WodyrKhls'
ckdêm;s wdKavql%u w;r ljr wdldrfha fjkialï mej;sh o tu wdKavql%ufha mj;sk

w;suQ,sl .;s ,laIK kï jHjia:dodhlh iy úOdhlh fjk fjk u f;aÍ m;aùu
(separate origin) iy tlsfklska fjka jq meje;au (separate survival) h' fï wkqj"
• úOdhlh iy jHjia:dodhlh fjka fjka j f;dardm;a lr.kq ,nk w;r fuu

wxYj,g jHjia:dkql=, iajdëk n,;, ysñ fõ' fï wkqj ckdêm;sjrhd iDcq
72
f,iska u fyda wefußldkq tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;sjrhd f;dardm;a lr.kakd
wdldrhg fyda Pkao úoHd,hla uÕska m;a lr.efka'
• úOdhl iy jHjia:dodhl wxY w;r úêu;a mqoa., fn§ula mj;S' ckdêm;sjrhd

rdcHfha kdhlhd fuka u wdKavqfõ kdhlhd o fõ'
• úOdhlh jHjia : dodhlhg j. fkdls h k w;r" jHjia : dodhlhg úfYa I s ;

fodaIdNsfhda. l%shdj,shlska ñi ckdêm;sjrhd bj;a l< fkdyels h' wfkla w;g
ckdêm;sjrhdg jHjia:dodhlh bj;a l< fkdyels h' ñka woyia jkafka fuu wxY
foflys ks< ld,h ksYaÑ; lr we;s nj h'
• úOdhl wêldß;a j h ckdêm;s j rhdg ,nd § we;s w;r leìkÜ uKa v ,h

ckdêm;sjrhdg j. lshkq ,nk yqÿ WmfoaYlfhda h' leìkÜ uKav,fha idudðlfhda
jHjia:dodhlfha idudðlfhda fkdfj;s' jHjia:dodhlfha idudðlhl= leìkÜ
uKav,hg m;a l<fyd;a Tyq$weh jHjia:dodhlfhka b,a,d wiaúh hq;= h'
• rdcH kdhlhdf.a N+ñldj iy wdKavqfõ kdhlhdf.a N+ñldj ckdêm;s ks,h fj;g

f.dkq lr we;'
• ckdêm;s wdKavql%ufha m%Odk m%n,;dj jkqfha úOdhl n,;,j,ska jHjia:dodhl

n,;, fjka lsÍug W;aidy oeÍu hs' th ixjrK iy ;=<k l%uh u; f.dv kÕd
we;' tu ;;a;ajh mqoa., ksoyi iy ysñlï wdrlaId lsÍug iydh fõ' tfuka u
wdKavqfõ tl wdh;khlg n,h flakaø.; ùfï wjldYh thska je<elafõ'
ñY% wdKavql%uh
úúO wdKavql%uj, ,laIK wka;¾.; j mj;sk wdKavq ñY% wdKavql%u f,iska y÷kajkq
,nhs' rdcdKavq iy iuqydKavq hk wdKavql%u ,laIK ñY% jQ wdKavq fuka u ckdêm;s iy
md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uj, ,laIKj, tl;=fjka f.dv keÕ=Kq wdKavql%u o mj;S'
fuf,i ñY% wdKavqlu

% .Kkdjla mj;sk w;r bka jvd;a nyq, iy ckm%sh ñY% wdKavql%u
iajrEmh jkafka md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%ufha iy ckdêm;s l%ufha uQ,sl wx. ,laIK
iys; w¾O ckdêm;s l%uh hkqfjka nyq, j y÷kajkq ,nk wdKavqlu % h hs' w¾O ckdêm;s
wdKavql%uh tla w;lska md¾,sfïka;=jg W;a;r §ug ne|S isák w.ue;s we;=M weu;s
uKav,hlska o ;j w;lska ck;djf.a iDcq Pkaofhka f;aÍm;a jk úOdhl n,;, iys;
ckdêm;s jrhl=f.ka o iukaú; fõ' w¾O ckdêm;s wdKavlq %ufha m%Odk ,laIK lsysmhla
mj;S'
• ckdêm;sjrhd ck;djf.a Pkaofhka f;dardm;a lr .;a whl= ùu

• ckdêm;sjrhdg ie,lsh hq;= úOdhl n,;, mej;Su
73
• úOdhl n,;, iys; w.ue;sjrhd iy weu;s uKav,hla ckdêm;sjrhdg wNsuqL j
isàu iy ta msßi md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;r leue;a; we;s f;la Oqrh ±Íu
oaú;aj úOdhl l%uh kñka o ye|skafjk w¾O ckdêm;s l%uh m%Odkhka fofofkl= iys;
l%uhla neúka th ksh; jYfhka u md,k wêldß;ajfha fn§ula ks¾udKh lrhs' tmuKla
o fkdj m%;súreoaO mlaI follg ckdêm;s iy weu;s uKav,fha n,h wh;a jk úgl
fuu fn§u ckdêm;sjrhd iy w.ue;sjrhd w;r .egqï we;s ùug o fya;= úh yels h'
m%xYh fï iïnkaOfhka Èh yels m%n, WodyrKhls' óg w;sf¾l j fï jk úg Y%S ,xldj
o we;=Mj n,af.aßhdj" ,s;=fõkshdj" ueifvdakshdj" uev.ialrh" ud,s" fudieïìla"
frdfïkshdj wdÈ rgj, o l%shd;aul jkafka w¾O ckdêm;s wdKavql%u hs (Newton Deth
2005; Sodaro 2008).
tal ;ka;% wdKavql%uh (Autocracy)
tal ;ka;% wdKavl

q u
% hl m%Odk ,laIKh jkafka tla mqo.
a ,hl= w; rdcH n,h ixflakøa Kh
j ;sîu iy tal;dka;%slhdf.a ;SrK ndysr ffk;sl wjfrdaOl fyda ck;d md,kh fyda
hk foflka tllg j;a ,la fkdùu h'
fuu md,k l%uh hgf;a mqoa., whs;sjdislï idudkHfhka fkdi,ld yßk w;r n,h
ksrka;rfhka u mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nkafka n,y;aldrfhkss' fï wkqj tal ;dka;%slhdf.a
wêldß;ajh j<lajk jHjia:djla fyda lsisÿ kS;hs la fyda fuu md,k l%ufhys fkdmj;S'
tfuka u ck;djg Tjqkaf.a wdKavqj l%shd;aul úh hq;af;a flfia o hkak ms<sn| j ;u
woyia m%ldY lsÍug ue;sjrK jeks m%cd;dka;%sl l%u fõo fkdue;'
tal;dka;%sljdofha âutocracy& m%Odk ft;sydisl iajrEmhka jkafka mru rdcdKavql%uh

iy taldêm;sjdoh hs' ta w;r u" tal n,jdÈ md,k l%uh iy yuqod w{dodhl;ajhla iys;
md,k l%uh tal ;dka;%sl md,k l%u jYfhka y÷kd.; yels h' tfia jqj o tal n,jdÈ
(totalitarian) md,k l%u iy yuqod wd{dodhl md,k l%u iEu úg u tal ;dka;%sl md,k
l%u iuÕ tlg .uka lrkafka ke;' tal n,jdÈ md,k l%uhl § ^tal n,jdÈ md,k
l%uhla hkq Ôú;fha iy isú,a iudcfha iEu me;s lvla u md,kh lrk md,k l%uhls&
fuka u yuqod wd{dodhl;ajhla iys; md,k l%uhl § tla W;a;Í;r wd{dodhlhl= úiska
tu md,k l%uhg kdhl;ajh §u uÕska tal ;dka;%sl md,k l%uhla ks¾udKh lr.;
yels h' wfkla w;g tal n,jdÈ fyda yuqod wd{dodhl;ajhla iys; md,k l%u fldñhqk"
cqkagd fyda ;ks foaYmd,k mlaIhla fyda jeks iduQysl kdhl;aj iajrEmhlska l%shd l<
yels h' we;eï úg tal ;ka;% md,k l%u m%cd;ka;%jdÈ wdKavql%u Tiafia o u;= úh yels
h' tal ;ka;% md,k l%uhl mj;sk m%Odk jdish jkqfha ;SrK .ekSu iy ;SrK l%shd;aul
lsÍu jyd isÿ l< yels ùu hs' tfia jqjo" tal;ka;% wdKavql%u m%cd;ka;%jdoh iïmQ¾Kfhka
u ksfIaOkh lrhs' th mQ¾j-m%cd;dka;%sl iy ks¾-m%cd;dka;%sl foaYmd,k udÈ,shls'
74
1' rdcH n,h fn§u mokïlrf.k mj;akd wdKavql%u wdlD;s'

2' úOdhl n,h ixúOdkh lsÍu wkqj mj;akd wdKavql%u wdlD;s
hk f;aud fol hgf;a újdo lKavdhï fol ne.ska iQodkï lr újdohla ie,iqï
lr.kak'
01. Bealey Frank, Richard A. Chapman and Michael Sheehan, (1999), Elements in
Political Science, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
02. Hague, Rod and Martin Harrop, ( 2013), Comparative Government and Politics,
New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
03. Heywood, Andrew, (2013), Politics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
04. Lijphart, A (ed.), (1992), Parliamentary Versus Presidential Government, Oxford:

05. Wheare, K.C, (1966), Modern Constitutions , Oxford: Oxford University University
Press.
75
05' foaYmd,k u;jdo
ksmqK;dj 05 (- foaYmd,k u;jdoj, iajNdjh iy ld¾h ms<sn| wjfndaOh

m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 30 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
5'1' úúO foaYmd,k u;jdo y÷kd .kshs'
5'2' tajdfha uQ,sl ,laIK iy foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha § tajd bgqlr we;s ld¾h
úpdrd;aul j úuihs'
bf.kqï M, (-
 foaYmd,k u;jdo w¾:l:kh lrhs'
 tlS foaYmd,k u;jdo ;=<kd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'
 fuu foaYmd,k u;jdo" foaYmd,khg n,md we;s wdldrh" foaYmd,k
ixisoaê weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'
ye¢kaùu (-
• foaYmd,k u;jdo hk ixl,amfhka woyia lrkafka" iudcfha foaYmd,k ú{dkhg"
mqoa.,hkaf.a yd iudc lKavdhïj, foaYmd,k l%shdldß;ajhg fuka u foaYmd,k
wdh;kj, iajNdjh yd ld¾hNdrh ;SrKh lsÍug o n,mdk" l%udkql+, j f.dkqù
;sfnk foaYmd,k woyia moaO;Ska h' foaYmd,k oDIaájdo iy foaYmd,k Ñka;kh
hkq thg fhfok m¾hdh mo fõ' foaYmd,k úoHdfjys § foaYmd,k u;jdo hk
ixl,am Ndú; lrkafka l%udkql+, j ilia ù ;sfnk foaYmd,k Ñka;k moaO;s iy
woyia iuqodh hk w¾:fhks'
• foaYmd,k u;jdohla m%Odk fmf<a Ñka;lfhl=f.a fyda Ñka;lhka lsysm fofkl=f.a

fyda b.ekaùï iy woyia moaO;shla u; f.dvkeÕS ;sfnkakg mq¿jk' ke;fyd;a
m%Odk tl Ñka;lhl= fkdue;s j" Ñka;lhka .Kkdjla úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o
woyiaj, j¾Okfha m%;sM,hla f,i f.dvkeÕS ;sfnkakla o úh yels h'
• foaYmd,k jYfhka b;d jeo.;a ld¾h Ndrhla isÿ lr we;s foaYmd,k u;jdo
lsysmhla y÷kd .ekSu fuu mdvfuka wfmalaId flf¾' ta wkqj"
• ,snr,a jdoh
• iudc jdoh
• iuQydKavq jdoh
• iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoh
• meisiaÜ jdoh
• cd;sl jdoh
• ksrd.ñl jdoh
• ia;%S jdoh
hk foaYmd,k u;jdo foaYmd,k úoHd úIh lafIa;%fha isÿ l<d jQ ld¾hNdrh yd

tajdfha iajNdjh" ,laIK yd jeo.;alu ms<n
s | wjfndaOhla ,nd §u fuu ksmK
q ;dfjka
wfmalaIs; h'
76
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu i|yd w;aje,la(-
5.1 ,snr,a jdoh
• fuh liber hk ,;ska jpkfhka ks¾udKh jQjls' tys w¾:h fjkafka zksoyiZ hkak hs'
• ,snr,a foaYmd,k o¾Ykh ;=<;a wd¾Ól kHdh ;=<;a" zksoyiZ hkak ixl,am.; flrefKa
rdcHfha$wdKavqfõ wkjYH ueÈy;a ùfuka" weÕs,s .eiSfuka ksoyia ùuZZ ^Freedom from
undue government interference& hk f,isk's
• 17 jeks ishjfia § hqfrdamfha mej;s jevjiï iudc-wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k l%uh iy i¾j

n,OdÍ rdcdKavq l%uh miqìfï tajdg tfrys j u;= jQ woyia ud,djla yeáhg o ,snr,a jdoh
y÷kajd Èh yels h'
• 17 ishji jk úg rcqf.a ys;=jlaldr md,k ;ka;%hg tfrys jQ w¨;a iudc mka;sj, keÕS
taula o úh' Okjdofha wdrïNl wjêh jQ ful, ìys jQ w¨;a jdKsc yd uOHu mka;sh"
rdcHfha ys;=jlaldr md,k l%uh o" ys;=uf;a fjf<|du md,kh lsÍu yd whnÿ .ekSu l<
wd¾Ól md,kh o fkd bjiS h'
• fujeks miqìul Tjqkag wjYH zksoyiZ jQfha rdcdKavqfõ ys;j = laldr foaYmd,k iy wd¾Ól
ueÈy;a ùïj,ska ñ§u hs' miq j th ,snr,a jdofha we;s uqLH; u uQ,O¾uhla j j¾Okh jQfha
h'
• fï wkqj ,snr,ajd§ ixl,amfha uQ,sl w¾:h jQfha rdcHfha$ wdKavqfõ ueÈy;a ùïj,ska iy
tajd mkjk iSud$md,kj,ska ,nk ksoyi hs' ^Freedom from government's interference and
constraints imposed by the government& fuu woyfiys od¾Yksl weÕùula iy foaYmd,ksl
weÕùula o .eí j ;sìKs'
I od¾Yksl weÕùu (-
• ksfIaOkSh ksoyi ^negative Freedom& f,i iïNdjH ,snr,a jdoh úiska ksoyi
hkakg" w¨;a w¾:hla imhk ,È' fuhska woyia jkafka ndOd" iSud" ueÈy;a ùï
fkdue;s ùu ksid mqoa.,hka w;a ú¢k ksoyi hs' ^Freedom from constraints" ndOd
fkdue;s ùfuka ,nk ksoyi&
• ;j ÿrg;a"
 ys;=jlaldr f,i wdKAvqj úiska w;a wvx.=jg .kq ,eîfuka f;dr ùfï
ksoyi ^Freedom from arbitrary arrest&
 ys;=jlaldr f,i wdKavqj mkjk whnÿj,ska f;dr ùfuka ,nk ksoyi
^freedom from arbitrary taxatiom& hkdÈ f,i iïNdjH ,snr,ajd§ o¾Yk jdoh
ksoyi zzksfIaOkSh ksoyiZZ f,iska ixl,am .; fldg we;'
II foaYmd,ksl weÕùu (-
• ñka woyia lr we;af;a rdcH ks¾ndOjdoh hs'
77
• miq ld,fha wd¾Ól uQ,O¾uhla f,i j¾Okh jQ rdcH ks¾ndOjdoh ^laissez-faire&
hkafkka lshejqfKa wd¾Ól" iudc" foaYmd,k lafIa;%j,g wdKavqfõ ueÈy;a ùu
wju úh hq;= h hk woyi hs'
• ksoyia wd¾Ólh iy ksoyia fjf<|fmd< rdcH ks¾ndOjdoh iuÕ ne÷Kq m%Odk

ixl,am folls'
• wdKavqfõ ueÈy;a ùu yd md,kh wju lrñka ksoyia j l%shd lrk fjf<|fmd<la

u; f.dv keÕ+ ksoyia wd¾Ólhla ms<sn| woyi tys yrh fõ'
• fm!oa.,sl ksoyi hkak" ksoyia fj<|m, iy ksoyia wd¾Ólh i|yd w;HjYH mQ¾j
fldkafoaishla f,i iïNdjH ,snr,ajdoh ie,lS h'
 ,snr,a jdoh iy fm!oa.,sl ksoyi (-
• fm!oa.,sl ksoyi - iïNdjH ,snr,a jdofha kHdhd;aul uQ,O¾uhla jk w;r

j¾;udk ,snr,a foaYmd,k yd wdKavql%u jHjia:d Ñka;kfha uq,a.,la o n÷
ixl,amhls'
• ,snr,a o¾Ykjdofha;a" iudc" foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól oDIaájdoj, iy kHdhj,;a uQ,sl

b.ekaùula jk zfm!oa.,sl ksoyiZ Îndividual Freedom& hk m%jdoh f.dv kÕd
;sfnkafka Wml,amk lsysmhla u; h'
I iudch iukaú; jkafka ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hkaf.ks' tneúka iudch jkdys

;ks ;ks mqo. a ,hkaf.ka iukaú; jk iudc ftlHh hs' ^Society is a collection
of individuals&
II iudch iukaú; jk tla tla ;ks mqoa.,hd Îndividual& jkdys ksoyia ^Free&"
;d¾lsl j is;sh yels ^rational& iy iajdh;a; âutonomous& ukqIHfhls'
III iudch iukaú; jk ksoyia" ;¾l nqoaêh ysñ" iy iajdh;a; mqoa.,hkag ;u

ukqIH YlH;d Wmßu f,i idlaId;a lr .ekSug yelsjkafka ndysr" tkï
wdKavqfõ fuka u iudcfha o iSud ndOl iy ueÈy;a ùï wju lrñka iy;sl
flfrk zzksoyiaZZ mßirhla ;=<h' th zksoyiZ rclrk mßirhls'
IV wdKavqfõ j.lSu jkafka fm!oa.,sl ksoyi iy;sl lrk p¾hdjlska wdKavq

lsÍu hs' fuh l< yelafla kS;sfha wdêm;Hh" ksoyi" iy wd¾Ól" iudc
lafIa;%j, wju f,i ueÈy;a ùu iy;sl lrk wdKavq l%uhlsk's th zz,snr,aZZ
wdKAvq l%uh hs'
 ,snr,a foaYmd,k u;jdoh (-
m%Odk Ñka;lfhda yd Tjqkaf.a woyia
 f;dauia fydíia ^1586-1679&
• fudyq lsisfia;a u ,snr,a Ñka;lfhla fkdfõ'
78
• tfy;a ,snr,a foaYmd,k o¾Ykfha uQ,sl m%jdo jk
^w& ;ks mqoa.,hd rdcHhg mQ¾jl h"

^wd& mqoa.,hd ;d¾lsl nqoaêhla ysñ iajdh;a;
mqoa.,fhls"
^we& rdcHh hkq ukqIHhkaf.a iudÔh ks¾udKhls
hk woyiaj, wdrïNlhd Tyq h'
• 1652 § f,úhd;ka ^Leviathan& kue;s foaYmd,k o¾Ykjdofhys jeo.;a jk lD;sh

fydíia m< flf<a w;a;fkdaau;sl rdcdKavq l%uh hqla;s iy.; lsÍug h'
• rdcHfha iïNjh ms<sn| j Tyq f.dv keÕ+ iudc iïuq;sjdoh ;=<" miq ld,fha
,snr,ajd§ Ñka;khg uÕ mE¥ by; wm ±lajQ woyia ;=k .eí ù ;sìK'
fcdaka f,dla ^1632-1704&
• fydíiag miq j tx.,ka;fha ìysjQ m%Odk foaYmd,k Ñka;lhd jQ fudyq ,snr,ajd§

foaYmd,k Ñka;kfha ienE wdrïNlhd h'
• ±ä rdcdKavq úfrdaêhl= jQ f,dla tx.,ka;fha rdcdKavqjd§ka iy md¾,sfïka;=jd§ka

w;r ;snQ n, wr.,fha § md¾,sfïka;=jd§kaf.a ms, ksfhdackh flf<a h'
• f,dla 1690 § zzwdKavqj .ek rpkd follaZZ hk .%ka:h m< lrñka iïNdjH ,snr,a
jdofha uQ,sl foaYmd,k m%ia;+;h f.dv keÕS h'
• ,snr,ajd§ foaYmd,k u;jdohg f,dla isÿ l< tl;=fõ m%Odk f;aud my; i|yka
mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
I rdcHfha n,fha uQ,dY%h uyck;dj hs'
II wdKavq lsÍfï n,h md,lhkag ,eî ;sfnkafka uyck;dj úiska Tjqkag

fldkafoais iys; j ,nd § we;s Ndrlr;aj n,hls ^Trusteeship&'
III uyck;dj ,nd § we;s tu Ndrldr;aj n,fha fldkafoais fkdlvjd bgq

lsÍug md,lfhda ne£ isá;s' uyck;djf.a ksoyi" Ôú;h yd foam<j,
wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍu tu fldkafoaisj, wruqK hs'
IV ;uka iuÕ tlÕ jQ md,lfhda tu fldkafoais W,a,x>kh lr;a kï" Tjqkag

§ we;s n,h wdmiq le|ùfï whs;sh uyck;djg ;sfí'
V wdKAvqjg we;af;a iSñ; n,hls' tu n,h iSud jk udOH folls'
^w& wdKavqfõ n,dêldrh" uyck;dj md,lhkag § we;s Ndrldr;ajh

.súiqfï fldkafoaisj,ska iSud ù ;sîu'
^w& md,lhkag uyck;dj wdKavq n,h mjrkafka iSñ; ld,mßÉfþohlg
ùu'
79
• f,dla foaYmd,k Ñka;khg y÷kajd ÿka fuu m%jdoh y÷kajkafka zziSñ; wdKavqjZZ
^Limited Government& ms<sn| ixl,amh f,i hs'
 fudkafgialshq ^1689-1755&
• m%xY foaYmd,k Ñka;lhl= jQ fudyq ,snr,a foaYmd,k Ñka;khg l< m%Odk;u

odhl;ajh jkafka n,;, fjka lsÍfï isoaOdka;h f.dv keÕSu hs'
• l%s'j' 1748 § m%xY NdIdfjka m, l< zzkS;sfha ÔjhZZ kue;s lD;sfhka fï isoaOdka;h
j¾Okh lr ;sfí'
• fuys m%Odk;u uQ,O¾uh jkafka wdKavq n,h jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl iy wêlrK

hk wdKAvqfõ m%Odk YdLd w;r fn§ ;sìh hq;= h hkak hs'
• tfia fkdfn§ tu n,;, tla wdh;khla fyda tla mqoa.,hl= fyda fj; flakaø.;
ù ;sfnk l, tys m%;sM,h jkafka mqoa., ksoyi ;rfha u W,a,x>kh lrk md,k
flakaøhla ìys ùu hs' fudkafgialahq th y÷kajkafka zzm%cdmSvl md,khZZ ^Tyranny&
f,i hs' th je<elaùfï uÕ jkafka wdKAvqfõ tu n,;, tajd l%shd;aul lrk YdLd
w;r meyeÈ,s j fnod .ekSu;a" tu wdh;k tlsfklska iajdëk j meje;aùu;a h'
• foaYmd,k n,h md,lhka úiska m%cd mSvl f,i Ndú; lsÍfï wk;=r ksrka;rfhka
u ;sfnk ksid uyckhdf.a ksoyi wdrlaId lsÍug kï tu n,hg iSudjka mekúh
hq;= h hk Wml,amkh u; fuu isoaOdka;h f.dv keÕsK'
• fï i|yd fudkafgialahq fhdackd lf<a wdKavq n,h tla mqoa.,fhl= fyda wdh;khla
fyda fj; flakaø.; ùug bv fkd;eìh hq;= nj h'
 fIdaka Idla rEfida ^Jean Jacques Rousseau& ^1712-1778&
• m%xY cd;slhl= jQ rEfida iudc .súiqïjd§ iïm%odh h bÈßhg f.k .sh wfhls'
• 1762 § m<jQ zziudc .súiquZZ ^Social Contract& Tyqf.a m%Odk;u foaYmd,k lD;sh fõ'
• f,dla" fudkafgialahq fuka u rEfida o Wkkaÿ jQfha rdcHh úiska lrkq ,nk
W,a,x>kh lsÍïj,ska ukqIH ksoyi" wdrlaId lr .ekSug h'
• rdcHh ukqIHhkaf.a ksoyi iy wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍu msKsi Tjqka u ks¾udKh lr

.ekqK o" rdcHh úiska u ukqIH ksoyig ydks lsÍfï wk;=r o ;sfí' fuu m%fya,l
s djg
rEfida ÿka úi÷fï yrh jQfha rdcH n,h rdcHhka ;=< ixúOdkh ù isák iEu
fokdf.a u hym; wruqKq lr.; hq;= h hkak hs'
• rEfida ixl,am folla udOH lr.ksñka fï m%jdoh bÈßm;a lf<a h'
I zzfmdÿ leue;a;ZZ ^General Will& hkak m<uq jekak fõ' rdcHh ksfhdackh
lrkafka" md,lhdf.a j;a iudcfha ál fofkl=f.a j;a" leue;a;$hym;
fkdj" rdcHfha idudðlhka j isák iEu fokdf.a u iduQyl s leue;a;$hym;
h hkak tys w¾:h fõ'
80
II zzuyck mrudêm;HZZ hkak fojekak fõ' mrudêm;H n,fha ysñlrejd
jkafka rdcHh fyda md,lhka fyda fkdj uyck;dj h" hkak tys w¾:h fõ'
uyckhd i;= mrudêm;Hh wkai;= l< fkdyels h" fnÈh fkdyels h'
5'2' iudcjdoh
• 19 jeks ishjfia hqfrdamfha u;= jQ foaYmd,k u;jdohls'
• fuh ìys ùug mokï jQfha 17 ishjfia isg j¾Okh jQ ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%;sM,hla f,i
hqfrdamSh Okjd§ iudcfha we;s jQ ;shqKq mka;s úfNaokh;a" lïlre mka;sh m;a j isá w;sYh
oßø;dj;a h'
• wvq jegqma-iuÕ jQ ±ä Y%u iQrd lEug f.dÿre jQ lïlre mka;sfha whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSu
wruqKq lr.;a jD;a;Sh iñ;s jHdmdrh yd wr.,h o 19 ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha j¾Okh ù
;sìK'
• iudcjdoh hk woyi u;= jk wjê folla y÷kd .; yels fõ'
I fï woyi m<uqfjka u u;= jQfha Okjd§ l%uh hgf;a mej;s fm!oa.,sl foam< l%uh
fjkqjg fmdÿfõ iudch ika;l j mj;sk foam< l%uhla ms<sn| úl,amhla bÈßm;a
lsÍfuks' zzfoam< ms<sn| iudcfha fmdÿ whs;shZZ we;s lsÍu uÕska wd¾Ól ksIamdok
l%shj,sh o iudcfha fmdÿ l%shdj,shla njg m;a l< úg fm!oa.,sl foam< l%uh
hgf;a u;= ù ;snqKq b;d ±ä wd¾Ól iy iudc wiudk;d wfydais l< yels h hk
woyi fuys wdrïNl ixl,am.; lsÍfuka wfmalaId flßK'
II ld,a udlaia yd f*âßlaa tax.,aia hk fofokd yjqf,a f.dvkÕd bÈßm;a l< iudcjdoh
ms<n
s | w¿;a u;jdoh zudlaiajdohZ f,i ye¢kafõ' ;ukaf.a w¨;a kHdhh" iudcjdoh
ms<sn| merKs ixl,amfhka fjkia fldg ±laùug zzúoHd;aul iudcjdohZZ hkqfjka
Tjqyq th ye¢kajQy' th udlaiajd§ iudcjdoh hkqfjka o ye¢kaúh yels h'
• 1848 § udlaia yd tax.,aia m< l< zzfldñhqksiaÜ m%ldY hZZ uÕska zziudcjdohZZ ms<sn|
udlaiajd§ kHdhh m<uqfjka l%udkql+, j bÈßm;a lrk ,È' tys jQ m%Odk woyia lsysmhla
idrdxY lr ±laúh yels h'
I Okjd§ iudc-wd¾Ól l%uh lïlre mka;sfha Y%u iQrdlEu u; f.dv keÕS ;sfnk
iy mj;sk tlls'
II fm!oa.,sl foam< l%uh iy ksIamdok ud¾.j, fm!oa.,sl whs;sh u; mokï jQ

Okjd§ l%uh mj;akd ;dla Y%u iQrdlEu iy iudc wiudk;d mj;S'
III fuu Y%u iQrdlEu" oßø;dj yd iudc wiudk;d wfydais lsÍug kï" Okjd§ iudc-
wd¾Ól l%uh wfydais lr ta fjkqjg iudcjd§ iudc-wd¾Ól l%uhla w¨f;ka msysgqúh
hq;= h'
IV tu iudc l%ufha m%Odk u ,laIKh úh hq;f a ;a foam< iy wd¾Ól ksIamdok ud¾.j,

fm!oa.,sl whs;h
s wfydais fldg" tajdfha fmdÿ iudcuh whs;sh f.dv keÕSu h' túg
wd¾Ól iïm;aj, ysñlrejka jkafka uq¿ uy;a iudch hs' jrm%ido ,dNS ál fofkla
81
fkdfõ' túg iudc iïm;aj,ska ksmojk foa iEu flfkl=g u iudkj N=la;s ú¢h
yels h' ksIamdokh" yqjudrej iy mßfNdackh iudk;ajh u; f.dvkefÕkq we;'
fuys § iudch mka;sj,g fn§ hdu o ^mka;s úfNaokh& ;jÿrg;a fkdmj;skq we;'
V fujeks iudc-wd¾Ól mßj¾;khla isÿ jkakg kï th iudc úma,jhla udOH

fldg f.k idlaId;a lr.; hq;= fõ' tys kdhl;ajh bgq lrkafka lïlre mka;sh
hs' lïlre mka;sfha kdhl;ajfhka isÿjk zziudcjd§ úma,jhZZ Okjd§ iudcfha
lïlre mka;sh iy OfkaYajr mka;sh w;r isÿjk mka;s wr.,h l+gm%dma; jk
isÿùï o fjhs'
VI iudcjd§ úma,jh" /äl,a foaYmd,k mßj¾;khls' tys§ isÿjkafka Okjd§ rdcHh

fmr<d oud lïlre mka;sh úiska rdcH n,h w;am;a lr.kq ,eîu hs' tuÕska
OfkaYajr mka;sfha foaYmd,k n,h wfydais fjhs'
VII iudcjd§ rdcHfha m%Odk u ld¾hh jkafka OfkaYajr wd¾Ól l%uh" fjkqjg foam<
ms<sn| fmdÿ whs;h
s u; mokï jQ iudcjd§ wd¾Ól yd iudc l%uhla msysgù
q ug wjYH
/äl,a mßj¾;kj,g kdhl;ajh §u hs'
VIII iudcjd§ iudch wjidkfha § zzfldñhqksiaÜZZ iudc l%uhla njg mßj¾;kh jkq
we;' fldñhqksiaÜ iudc l%uh uq¿ukska u iduQysl;ajh yd iudk;ajh u; mokï
jQ iudcjd§ mßj¾;kfha wjidk m%;sM,h hs'
• fï ,laIK wkqj meyeÈ,s jk lreKla kï th ,snr,ajdoh fuka u iudc-wd¾Ól-foaYmd,k

jHQyhka h<s ilia lsÍu wruqKq lr.;a u;jdohla jQ nj h' tfy;a ,snr,ajdoh Okjdofha
u;jdoh hs' iudcjdoh Okjdoh ksfIaO lsÍfï u;jdoh hs'
• úis jeks ishjfia § iudcjdoh" foaYmd,k oDIaáhla njg m;a úh' ta fj;ska u;= jQ Okjdoh
ms<sn| ±ä úfõpkh;a" úl,amhla-hqfrdamfha o" hg;aúð; f,dalfha o uy;a wdl¾IKhg
,la úh'
kso (- 1917 reishdkq úma,h" 1949 Ök úma,jh" fojeks f,dal hqoaOfhka miq kefÕkysr
hqfrdamfha iudcjd§ wdKAvq msysgù
q u" 1959 lshqndkq úma,jh" hqfrdamfha lïlre mka;s
wr.," iudcjd§ u;jdofhka miq wdNdih ,enQ tajd h'
• 20 ishjfia § zzf,dal iudcjd§ jHdmdrhZZ kï jQ foaYmd,k l%shdud¾. yd m%h;ak j¾Okh

o isÿ úh'
• ful, foaYmd,k u;jdohla yeáhg iudcjdoh ;j;a mßj¾;khlg Ndckh fõ' th kï

udlaij
a dofha b.ekajQ zzúma,jjd§ iudcjdohgZZ ^Revolutionary Socialism& iudka;r j zz;=kj
a eks
f,dalfha iudcjdohZZ ^Third-World Socialism& hk u;jdoh f.dv keÕSu hs'
• bkaÈhdfõ Y%S fkare" Bðma;=fõ wíÿ,a .ud,a kid¾ iy gekaidkshdfõ cq,shia kshf¾f¾ fuys
m%Odk m%ldYlfhda h'
• ;=kj
a eks f,dal iudcjdoh f.dv kefÕkafka udlaiajd§-iudcjd§ kHdhfha ;snQ iudkd;au;dj
h iy iudc idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| woyia u; h' hg;a úð; ld,fha" ,snr,a Okjdofhka ;u
rgj,a Wreu lr.;a wd¾Ól W!k ixj¾Okh yd iudc wiudk;djkag ms<shï fkd,efnk
82
nj ms<s.;a fï kdhlfhda mYapd;a - hg;aúð; iudcj,g jvd;a .e<fmk wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok
úl,am fijQy' Okjdofha;a" iudcjdofha;a uQ,O¾u ñY% lr.;a fï úl,am y÷kajkq ,enqfõ
zziudcjdohZZ kñks'
5'3' iuQydKavqjdoh
• fuh ,snr,a jdoh fuka u foaYmd,k u;jdohla jk w;r u foaYmd,k kHdh iy foaYmd,k
o¾Ykh hk j¾.SlrKhg o wh;a fõ'
• foaYmd,k m%cdj" mqrjeis Ndjh" ksoyi iy foaYmd,kh ms<sn| iuQydKavqjd§ woyia kQ;k
rdcH" tys iajNdjh yd wruqKq ks¾Kh lsÍug jeo.;a odhl;ajhla imhd ;sfí'
• ,snr,a jdoh iy iuQydKavqjdoh tlsfklg fjkia foaYmd,k u;jdo fkdjQj;a" ta fol

w;r mj;sk fjkialï y÷kd.ekSu" tu u;jdo ksYaÑ; j y÷kd.ekSug wdOdr jkq we;'
• iuQydKavqjdoh" foaYmd,k ixl,amhla f,i;a" oDIaájdohla f,i;a È.= b;sydihlg ysñlï

lshhs' tu b;sydih .%Sl" frdau hq.hka olajd Èjhhs'
• iuQydKAvqjd§ woyiaj, j¾Okh wjê 4 la hgf;a fmkajd Èh yels h'
1' iïNdjH iuQydKavqjdoh (- .%Sl yd frdau iuQydKAvqjd§ hq.h - weßiafgdag,a" fmd,sìhia

iy isifrda'
2' hqfrdamfha mqkreo iuh (- uelshdfj,a,s j¾Okh l< iuQydKAvqjd§ Ñka;kh'
3' oy wg jeks ishjfia m%xY iy weußldkq iuQydKAvj q doh - m%xYfha rEfida" fudkafgialh
a q
iy wefußldfõ f;dauia fc*¾ika iy fÊïia ueäika'
4' úis jeks ishjfia iuQydKAvqjdoh (- yekd wefrkaâÜ" lafõkaáka ialsk¾" *s,sma
fmàÜ ^Hannah Arendt, Quentin Skinner and Philip Pettit& úis jeks ishjfia
iuQydKAvqjdofha m%Odk m%ldYlfhda h'
• iuQydKAvqjdofha fmdÿ yrd;aul uQ,O¾u lSmhla u ;sfí'
^w& iuQydKAvqjdoh rdcdKAvqjdohg tlfy<d úreoaO h' fuh 18 yd 19 jeks ishjiaj,

,snr,ajdohg iudka;r j j¾Okh jQjls'
^wd& iuQydKAvqjdohg wkqj mrudêm;H n,fha ysñlrejd rcq$md,lhd fkdj uyck;dj

hs' fuh o iïNdjH ,snr,ajdohg iudka;r j ìys jQ rdcdKAvq úfrdaë ia:djrhls'
^we& rdcH kdhlhd uyck Pkaofhka m;a lr.; hq;= nj wjOdrKh lrk w;r" tlS
woyi 18 ishjfika miq j¾Okh jQ uQ,O¾uhls'
^wE& mqrjeishd foaYmd,k jYfhka il%hs " úmrïldÍ" foaYmd,k i;a;j

a hl= f,i l%shdj,shg
iyNd.s jkafka h' foaYmd,ksl jYfhka ils%hj isg fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka lem ù
jev lsÍu iuQydKAvqjd§ mqrjeis Ndjfha m%Odk ,laIKh hs' fuh weßiafgdag,a f.ka
mgka mej; tk woyils' fuu .;s ,laIK Tjqka y÷kajkafka zzmqrjeis hy.=KhZZ
^Civic virtue& hkqfjks'
83
^b& mqrjeishka foaYmd,k m%cdjla ^Political Community& f,i ixúOdk.; j isà fï
wruqK jkafka iEu mqrjeishl=g u fmdÿ hym; ^Common Good& ie,eiaùu hs'
^B& foaYmd,kfha wruqK ksoyi hs' th mqrjeishkag ils%h j ñil ksIal%sh j isàfuka
,nd .ekSug fyda /l .ekSug fyda yels fohla fkdfõ' myiqfjka ke;s úh yels
iïm;la jk ksoyi /l.; yelafla mqrjeis foaYmd,k iyNd.s;j a h hk l%shdldß;ajh
uÕsks' fuh zzmqrjeis il%sh;ajhZZ ^Civic engagement& hk kHdhsl mofhka ye¢kafõ'
• ,snr,ajdoh yd iuQydKAvqjdoh tlsfklska fjkia jkafka fuu ,laIKj,sks'
^w& mqrjeishd iy foaYmd,kh'
I' iuQydKAvqjdohg wkqj mqrjeis Ndjh hkq yqfola rdcHfha$foaYmd,k m%cdfõ

idudðl;ajh ,nd .ekSu u fkdfõ' foaYmd,k l%shdj,shg il%sh f,i iyNd.S jk"
ta uÕska fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka lem ù jev lrk mqrjeishka i;= hy.=Khls'
zzfoaYmd,kfha fh§uZZ hkq tu fmdÿ hym;;a" ksoyi idlaId;a lr .ekSu;a wruqKq
lr f.k wkH mqrjeishka o iuÕ yjqf,a fyj;a iduQysl j lghq;= lsÍu hs' mqrjeishd
il%sh j foaYmd,kh l< hq;= w;r ksoyi /flkafka tjeks l%shdldß;ajhlsks'
II' tfy;a" fï ms<sn| ,snr,a woyi óg fjkia h' mqrjeis Ndjh hkq rdcHfha$foaYmd,k
m%cdfõ idudðl;ajh ysñ ùu hs' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcHhl mqrjeishd lrkafka
;ukag ,eî ;sfnk ksoyi fm!oa.,sl j" ksy~ j N=la;s ú£u hs' il%sh j foaYmd,k
wr.,fha fh§ug mqrjeishdg isÿjkafka ,snr,a fkdjk iy m%cd;ka;%jd§ fkdjk
foaYmd,k l%uhla ;=< h'
^wd& ksoyi
I' ,snr,ajdoh zzksoyiZZ ixl,am.; lf<a zzfm!oa.,sl ksoyi ^Personal Freedom&ZZ

fjkqfjks' tkï rdcHfh;a" iudcfha;a" wkHhkaf.a;a ndOd lsÍï iy ueÈy;a ùï
wdÈfhka úks¾uqla; j ;ks mqoa.,hkag ;u is;eÕs mßÈ" wkHhkag ndOdjla fkdjk
mßÈ is;Sfï" l%shd lsÍfï yd Ôj;a ùfï ksoyi hs' by; i|yka lr we;s mßÈ fuh
ye¢kafjkafka zzksfIaOkSh ksoyiZZ ^Negative-Freedom& hkqfjks' tkï ndOdj,ska
f;dr j ,efnk ksoyi ^Freedom from constraint& hkak hs'
II' iuQydKavqjdohg wkqj ksoyi hkq mqrjeishka ;u wr., uÕska idlaId;a lr .kakd
iy wdrlaId lr.kakd whs;shls' ksoyi hkq ksi¾.fhka u wfydais ùfï ;¾ckhg
uqyqK mdk fmdÿ whs;shls' th /l.ekSu i|yd ,snr,ajdoh fhdackd lrk ffk;sl"
foaYmd,k rduqj m%udKj;a fkdjk w;r" ta i|yd mqrjeis l%shdldß;ajh ^Civic
engagement& w;HjYH nj fu uÕska lshefõ'
• woH;k iuQydKavqjd§ Ñka;kh'
20 ishjfia iuQydKAvqjd§ iïm%odhfha m%Odk Ñka;lhka jQ yekd wfrkavÜ" lafjkáka

ialsk¾ iy ms,sla fmàÜ hk ;sfokd u;= l< woyiaj, m%Odk f;aud folls'
i' foaYmd,k wdêm;Hjdofhka f;dr j idlaId;a flfrk

ksoyi ^Freedom from domination&
84
ii' ksoyi idlaId;a lr .ekSfï udOHh jYfhka mqrjeis
l%shdldß;ajh'
 20 ishjfia iuQydKAvqjdoh mqrjeishdf.a foaYmd,k l%shdldß;ajhg iy ld¾hNdrhg

úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lrk ksid th zzmqrjeis iuQydKavj
q dohZZ ^Civic Republicanism&
hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ'
5'4' iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoh
• fuh oykj jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha § wdrïN jQ j¾;udkfha;a mj;akd u;jdohls'
• 1860 oYlfha c¾uksfha lïlre mka;s jHdmdrh mokï fldgf.k ìys jQ c¾uka iudc
m%cd;ka;%jd§ mlaIh fuys ,d mqfrda.dó úh'
• jD;a;Sh iñ;sj, ixúOdkh jQ hqfrdamSh rgj, lïlre mka;sh mokï fldgf.k iudc
m%cd;ka;%jd§ mlaI ìys ù we;s wdldrh 20 ishjfia uq,a oYlj, ±lsh yels úh'
• fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq c¾uksfha yd ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§

jHdmdrj,g kj mqk¾Ôjhla ,eìK'
• úis jeks ishjfia hqfrdamh

S iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ Ñka;kfha m%Odk;u ,laIKh kï ,snr,ajdoh
iy udlaiajdoh hk Ñka;k Odrd tlla wfkl iuÕ wkkH fkdù" tajdfha iuyr wx. ñY%
lr f.dvkeÕ=Kq tlla ùu h' Okjdofha iy udlaiajdofha iïñY%Khla f,i o fuh
y÷kajkafka tneúks'
• iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoh hqfrdamfha wdrïN jQfha udlaiajdofha wdNdih ,nñka iy th ;u ks,

u;jdoh f,i i,lñks' tu iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ lïlre mlaI uq,§ udlaiajdofha wdNdih
,enQ tajd h'
• úis jeks ishjfia uq,a oYlfha" iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ jHjydrhg udlaiajdofhka yd úma,ùh
iudcjdofhka fjkia jQ u;jd§ keUqrejla yd foaYmd,k wkkH;djhla ,efnkakg úh'
tys mqfrda.dñhd o fuu Ñka;kh yev.eiajQ m%Odk;u Ñka;lhd o ^1850-1932& c¾uka iudc
m%cd;ka;%jd§ mlaIfha kdhl tâj¾â n¾kaiaghska Êdward Bernstein& h'
• uq, § udlaiajdÈhl= jQ Tyq" wksjd¾h lïlre mka;s úma,jhla ms<n

s | j woyi ms<s.;af;a ke;'
md¾,sfïka;=j udOH fldgf.k" m%;sixialrK uÕska lïlre mka;shg iudcjd§ wruqKq bgq
lr.; yels h" hk kj woyi iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ Ñka;khg tla lsÍu n¾kaiaghska Bg l<
tl;=j úh'
• 1930 oYlfhka miq j rdcH iqNidOkjd§ u;jdoh" iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ Ñka;kh iuÕ
tlaúh' iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoh iudcjdofha u uDÿ Odrdjla f,i ie,lSug miqìï jQfha fuu
Ñka;kuh tl;=j hs'
• foaYmd,k Ñka;khla f,i iudc m%cd;ka;%jdofha m%Odk uQ,O¾u fufia h'

I. Okjd§ iudc wd¾Ól l%uh úiska we;s lrkq ,nk .eUqre wd¾Ól wiudk;d" oßø;dj
iy iudc widOdrKhkag úi÷ï Okjdoh ;=< fkdue;s ksid tu l%uh m%;slafIam
l< hq;= h'
85
II. Okjdohg úl,amh f,i u;= jQ iudcjdoh" Okjdoh úiska we;s lrk ,o .eg¨
j,g m%n, ms<s;=re fhdackd lf<ah' tfy;a úma,ùh mßj¾;khla fj;ska iudcjdoh
ìys lsÍfï udlaiajd§ ms<sfj; m%dfhda.sl;ajfhka ÿria fõ'
III. Okjdofha .eg¨j,g iudcjd§ úi÷ï ,nd Èh hq;af;a Okjd§ l%uh" iudc
iudkd;au;dj yd iudc idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| iudcjd§ uQ,O¾u wkqj m%;sixialrKh
lsÍfuks'
IV. Okjdoh iudcjd§ uQ,O¾u wkqj m%;sixialrKh lsÍfï m%;sm;a;S uh mshjr my;
i|yka mßÈ fõ'
1' wd¾Ól lafIa;%hg rdcHh ueÈy;a ùu (-

 fuh rdcH ks¾ndOjd§ ,snr,a Okjd§ uQ,O¾ufhka meyeÈ,s j fjka ùuls'
 rdcHfha ueÈy;a ùu uÕska wd¾Ólfha .uka uÕ md,kh lsÍug yd yeisrùug
yels fõ'
 tuÕska fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólfhka we;s jk whym;a wd¾Ól-iudc m%;sM,
îudc wiudk;d" oßø;dj" iuc widOdrK;ajh wdÈh& i|yd ms<shï fhÈh
yels h'
2' ñY% wd¾Ólh (-

 fï uÕska fhdackd jQfha Okjd§ yd iudcjd§ wd¾Ól uQ,O¾u yd m%;sm;a;s
ixfhda. lsÍu hs'
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólh mj;akd .uka u tlS wd¾Ólh rdcHh úiska md,kh
lsÍu ñY% wd¾Ólfha ^Mixed Economy& m%Odk ,laIKh hs'
3' iudc iqNidOkh (-

 Okjd§ ,snr,a wd¾Ól l%ufha iudc iqNidOkh hk ixl,amh mj;skafka u
ke;'
 tys úYajdih jQfha fjf<|fmd< n,fõ. úiska iudc iqNidOkh zzn,d.kakjd
we;sZZ nj hs'
 iudc m%c d;ka;% jdoh tu woyi ;rfha u m%;s lafIam lrñka " ksoyia
fjf<|fmd<g l< yelafla wiudk;dj we;s lsÍu ñi" tajdg úi÷ï fh§u
fkdjk nj wjOdrKh lrhs'
 thg ms<shï jYfhka iudc m%cd;ka;j% d§ Ñka;kh fhdackd lf<A wd¾Ól yd
iudc lafIa;%j, rcfha Rcq ueÈy; aùu u; mokï jQ iudc iqNidOkh
^Social Welfarism& hs'
4' wdodhï iy Okh iudcfha h<s fnodyeÍu (-

 Okjd§ fjf<|m< wd¾Ólfha whym;a m%;M s ,hla jk wdodhï yd Okh fn§hdfï
±ä wiudk;d isÿùu iy Okh iq¿;rhla w; flakaø.; ùu hkakg iudc
m%cd;ka;%jdoh fhdackd lf<aa wdodhï iy Okh h<s fnod yeÍfï úl,amh hs'
^Redistribution of income and wealth&
 wdodhï nÿ uÕska Okj;=kaf.ka ,nd .kakd Okh iudc iqNidOk l%h s dud¾.
i|yd jeh lsÍu fï i|yd fhdodf.k we;s m%Odk Wml%uh hs'
86
5' iduQysl flaj,a lsÍu (-
 iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ jHdmdrh" ft;sydisl jYfhka lïlre mka;sh u; mokï
jQjls'
 tneúka lïlre mka;sfha jegqma iy Ôjk uÜgï wdrlaId lr .ekSu wruqKq

lrf.k iajdñ mlaIh iuÕ iduQysl .súiqïj,g t<öu ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh
iudc m%cd;ka;%jdofha uQ,sl ,laIKhla fõ'
5'5' *eisiÜ
a jdoh
• ,snr,ajdoh 17-18 ishjiaj,g;a" iudcjdoh 19 jeks ishjig;a" *eisiaÜjdoh 20 ishjfia

m<uq w¾Ohg;a wh;a jQ u;jdo hs'
• oDIaájdohla fuka u" foaYmd,k jHdmdrhla o jYfhka *eisiaÜjdoh ìys jQfha m<uq yd
fojk f,dal hqoaO w;r ld,fha h'
• fojk f,dal hqoaOfha § b;d,sh yd c¾uksh ,enQ mrdch iuÕ foaYmd,k u;jdohla f,i
*eisiaÜjdoh ;SrKd;aul mrdchlg Ndckh úh'
• zz*eisiaÜ jdohZZ hk jpkh b;d,sfha fnkSfgda uqfida,sksf.a kdhl;ajfhka ìys jQ taldêm;s"

rKjd§ foaYmd,k jHdmdrh ye¢kaùug uq,ska u Ndú; flßK'
• miq j th c¾uksh iy cmdkh ;=< ìys jQ j¾.jd§" rKjd§ iy taldêm;sjd§ foaYmd,k

jHdmdr iy rdcH l%uh ye¢kaùug Ndú; l< fmdÿ foaYmd,k kduhla njg m;a úh'
• c¾uka *eisiaÜjdoh ye¢kajqK c¾uka iïNjhla we;s jpkh zzkÜisjdohZZ ^Nazism& hs' th
zzcd;sl iudc jdohZZ ^National Socialism& hk wre;a we;s c¾uka jpkfha ixlaIsma;h hs'
miqìu (-
• b;d,sfha iy c¾uksfha *eisiaÜjdoh ìys jQfha Okjdoh" ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoh"

iudcjdoh iy fldñhqkis aÜjdoh hk fïjdg iïmQ¾Kfhka u miñ;=re oDIaájdohla
iy foaYmd,k jHdmdrhla f,ig h'
• m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOfha mrdch miqìï fldgf.k b;d,sfha iy c¾uksfha we;s jQ ±ä

foaYmd,k w¾nqoh" 1920 .Kka j, wd¾Ól wjmd;h ksid we;s jQ wd¾Ól yd iudÔu
h lvd jeàu *eisiaÜjdoh yd kÜisjdoh ìys ùfï miqìfuys ;sìK'
u;jdoh (-
• *eisiaÜjdofha uQ,O¾u iy wruqKq b;d meyeÈ,s j m%ldY lr ;sfnkafka c¾uka kÜis

md,lhd jQ wefvd,a*a ysÜ,¾ Âdolph Hitler& 1925-26 § ,shQ zzuf.a igkZZ ^Mein
Kampf& kï lD;sfhks' th foaYmd,k isrlrejl= j isáh § ysÜ,¾ úiska ,shk
,oaols'
• ysÜ,¾ iy b;d,s *eisiaÜjd§ kdhl fnksfgda uqfid,skS ^Benitto Mussolini& m%ldY

l< woyia yd Ndú; wdY%fhka *eisiaÜjd§ Ñka;kfha iy foaYmd,kfha m%Odk
,laIK y÷kd .; yels h'
87
^w& foaYmd,k taln,jdoh ^Totalitarianism& (-
 *eisiaÜjdoh tla;rd wdldrhl taldêm;s md,k ;ka;%hla f.dv keÕSu b,lal l<
w;r" th ye¢kaùug foaYmd,k kHdhfha fhdod .;a ixl,amh taln,jdoh hs'
 tys w¾:h kï rdcHh w;Hka;fhka u taldêm;s ùu iy taldêm;s md,k ;ka;%hla

úiska iuia; iudch u;a" foaYmd,k l%uh;a ;u mßmQ¾K .%yKhg yd wdêm;Hhg
yiqlr .ekSu hs'
^wd& rdcH jkaokh ^Cult of the state& (-
 uqfida,k
s Sf.a *eisiÜ
a jd§ woyia ixl,am.; lsÍfuka werUqKq fuhska lshejqfKa rdcHfha
wdêm;Hh uq¿ iudch;a" iEu mqrjeisfhl=;a" fldkafoais iy m%Yak lsÍulska f;dr j
ms<s.ekSu;a" rdcHfha n,dêldrhg ish leue;af;ka u hg;a ùu;a h'
 l=ula ksid o h;a" rdcHfhka m%ldY jkafka uq¿ cd;sfha u fY%aIaG;ajh" f.!rjh iy
brKu ksid h'
 *eisiaÜ foaYmd,k l%ufhys rdcHfhka fjka jQ yd iajdëk jQ fm!oa.,sl ksoyila

ke;'
 ksoyi idlaId;a jkafka n,hg" wêldßhg iy kdhlhdg hg;a ùu uÕsks'
^we& fm!oa.,sl ksoyila ke; (-
 ,snr,a jdofha" uQ,sl yrh jQfha rdcHfha wdêm;Hfhka wdrlaId jk fm!oa.,sl

ksoyi kï" *eisiaÜjdoh hgf;a zzfm!oa.,sl ksoyiZZ hk ixl,amh m%;wslafIam úh'
 mqoa.,hl=f.a ksoyi mj;skafka rdcHhg" cd;shg iy kdhlhdg fldkafoais úrys;

j wjk; ùfï mßudj u; h'
^wE& kdhl jkaokh ^Cult of the leader& (-
 kdhlhdf.a n,h iy wdêm;Hhg iEu mqrjeisfhl=u;a" uq¿ uy;a cd;sh;a" fldkafoais

úrys; j iy iafõÉPdfjka wjk; ùu' *eisiaÜjdofha úfYaI ,laIKhls'
 c¾uksfha kÜisjdoh hgf;a bÈßfhka jQ *Qr¾ ^Fuhrer& hk ixl,amh fuu kdhl

jkaokh m%ldY l< *eisiaÜjd§ ks¾udKhls'
^b& w;Hka; j¾.jdoh$cd;sjdoh (-
 c¾uka kÜisjdofhys j¾Okh jQ fuu ,laIKh fj;ska m%ldY jQfha c¾uka cd;sh
f,dalfha W;=ï u jQ cd;sh nj;a" f,dalfha brKu r|d mej;sfha c¾uka cd;sfha
brKu u; nj;a" tneúka uq¿ f,dalh u; u ;u wdêm;Hh msysgqùug cd;shg Y=oaO
jQ whs;shla ;sfnk nj;a h'
88
 zzc¾uka cd;sh wd¾h cd;shlsZZ hk woyi fï fj;ska mek keÕ=Kls' ,laI ixLHd;
hqfojq cd;slhka >d;kh lsÍu c¾uka kÜisjd§ka idOdrKh lf<a fï úYajdih
mokï lr.ksñks'
^B& w;Hka; rKjdoh êxtreme militarism& (-
w;Hka; rKjdoh uQ,hka folla fj;ska mek keÕS we;'

I c¾uka cd;sh f,dalfha zzW;=ïu cd;shZZ ksid uq¿ f,dalh u ;ukaf.a hg;g .ekSfï
f,dal jHdma;jd§ woyi'
II c¾uka iudch zzwd¾hZZ c¾uka cd;sfha n,hg ;¾ckhla f,i ie,l+ wkH jd¾.sl
lKavdhïj,ska zzksoyiaZZ lsÍu' fojk f,dal hqoaOh wdrïN lsÍug c¾uka kÜisjd§ka
fm,UqfKa fuu Ñka;kh mokï lrf.k h'
^W& m%pKav;ajh iy NSIKh ^Terror& foaYmd,k n, udOHhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu (-
 *eisiaÜ rdcHfha;a" *eisiaÜ n, jHdma;sfha;a úfYaI ,laIKh jQfha uq¿ iudch u

;ukaf.a wdêm;Hh hg;g n,y;aldrfhka w;alr .ekSu hs'
 ;u n,hg tlÕ fkdjk iEu iudc$jd¾.sl fldgila u hg;a lr .ekSug yd

YdÍßl j úkdY lsÍug *eisiaÜjd§yq ixúOdkd;aul j bÈßm;a jQy'
 ta u; zzck ixydrhZZ ^Genocide& *eisiaÜ rdcHfha ld¾hhla njg m;a úh'
 *eisiaÜjdoh iuÕ tlÕ fkdjQ ckhdg ;snqfKa úl,am folls' tlaflda rgyer hdu
hs' ke;akï ckixydrhl >d;khg ,la ùu hs'
 m<uq f,dal hqoaOfhka miq j b;d,sfha iy c¾uksfha mek keÕ=Kq *eisiaÜjdoh"

fojk f,dal hqoaOfha § tu rgj,a ,o mrdch;aa iuÕ ks, jYfhka wjika úh'
 *eisiaÜ jdoh ukqIH YsIagdpdrfha we;s jQ uelsh fkdyels l¿ me,a,ula f,i

ie,fla'
 *eisiaÜ Ñka;kh wo jk úg mrdch ù we;;a" Bg we§ .sh ^wdl¾IKh jQ& l=vd

lKAvdhï hqfrdamfha;a" weußldfõ;a ;j u;a isá;s'
5'6' cd;sljdoh
• 19 iy 20 jeks ishjiaj, j¾Okh jQ m%Odk;u foaYmd,k u;jdohls" cd;sljdoh' ^Nationalism&'
• th foaYmd,k u;jdohla fuka u" foaYmd,k yd iudc jHdmdrhla o jk w;r kQ;k

f,dalfha rdcHh" foaYmd,k .egqï iy wka;¾ rdcH iïnkaO;d hk fïjd ks¾Kh lsÍug
n,mE m%Odk;u idOlhla o fõ'
• cd;sljdofha ld¾hNdrh wu;l l<fyd;a" kQ;k f,dalh f;areï .ekSug fkdyels ;rug"
kQ;k b;sydifha .uka uÕ;a" ukqIHhkaf.a foamd,k brKu;a yev .eiaiSug cd;sljdoh
odhl ù ;sfí'
89
• cd;sljdoh hkak fláfhka olajkafka kï" zzcd;shlaZZ hkqfjka ;uka .ek u iajhx-
wjfndaOhla we;s m%cdjla ksYaph foaYmd,k wruqKla i|yd fufyhjk zzcd;shZZ ms<sn|
woyi hs'
• u;jdohla" Ñka;k Odrdjla yeáhg cd;sjdofha úfYaI;aj folla mj;S'
Î& cd;sljdoh hkqfjka l%udkl+, tald.% Ñka;khla ke;'
 th ksYÑ
a ; Ñka;lhl= fyda od¾Ykslhl= fyda iuÕ wkkH ù ke;' Bg ukd Ñka;lfhla
o ke;' fï .ek fnkälaÜ wekav¾ika kï foaYmd,k kHdhfõÈhd 1983 § m< l<
Imagined Communities ^mßl,ams; m%cdj& kï lD;sfha ukd j fmkajd § ;sfí'
 cd;sljdoh foaYmd,ksl jYfhka fld;rï n,.;= jqj;a" th od¾Yksl jYfhka È<s÷

h' od¾Yksl talu;sl;ajhla tys ke;' wfkl=;a foaYmd,k u;jdo fuka ;ukaf.a u
uyd Ñka;lhka fyda kHdhfõ§ka fyda cd;sljdoh úiska ìys lrkq ,en ke;'
zzcd;sljdohg fydíia flfkl=" o fldlaú,a flfkl=" udlaia flfkl= ;nd fõn¾
flfkla o ke;ZZ-^wekav¾ika" 1983'14&
ÎI& uyd od¾Ykslhka" Ñka;lhka úiska ks¾udKh fkdl<;a" úúO iudcj,ska ìys ù
we;s cd;sljd§ u;jdoj, jHQyd;aul iduH;d ;sîu hs'
kso(- isxy, cd;sljdoh" cmdk cd;sljdoh" bx.%Sis cd;sljdoh" reishdkq cd;sljoh"

wdÈ jYfhka tlsfklg Rcq j lsisÿ iïnkaOhla mjd ke;s cd;sljdoj,
jHQyd;aul ixhq;sh tl iudk h'
• cd;sl jdoh m%Odk m%fõY ;=kla hgf;a y÷kd.; yels h'

1' kQ;kjd§ m%fõYh' ^Modernist&
 fuh 18 jeks ishjfika miq j hqfrdamfha ld¾ñl Okjdoh;a cd;sl rdcHhla
j¾Okh ùfï l%shdj,ska iuÕ iïnkaO j f.dvke.=Kq u;jdohls'
2' Ñrkaa;kjd§ m%fõYh - ^Primordialist&

 cd;sljdoh wjqreÿ oyia .Kkl b;sydihla we;s" ukqIH b;sydih ;rï u
merKs ixisoaêhla nj ñka m%ldY flf¾'
3' fuj<ïjd§ m%fõYh - Înstrumentalist&

 cd;sh hk woyi foaYmd,k{hka iy foaYmd,k m%N+ka n,h ,nd .ekSu
i|yd mdúÉÑ lrk fuj,ula nj fuhska lshefõ'
• zzcd;shZZ ms<sn| yeÕSfï mokï iy cd;sljdoh'
1' cd;sljdofha m%Odk;u ld¾hh kï zzhïlsis m%cdjlg ;uka ish¨ fokd iduQyslj
.;a l, zzcd;shZZ hk úYd, m%cdjg wh;a fj;s hs hk yeÕSu f.dv keÕSu h' tkï
cd;sh hk m%cdjg wh;a ùu ^Bdonging to the community called nation& hk yeÕSu hs'
2' zzcd;shlaZZ hk ;ks tallhla f,i is;kakg Tjqka w;r fmdÿ njla ms<sn| Yla;su;a
njla o ;sìh hq;= h' cd;sljd§ka fuh olajkafka zcd;sl wkkH;djZ ^National
90
Identity& hkqfjks' cd;sl wkkH;d ldrl kï NdIdj" wd.u" ixialD;sh" fmdÿ
b;sydih iy iuyr úg fmdÿ fN!ñl m%foaYhlg wh;a ùu hs'
3' fmdÿ nj ms<sn| yeÕSfuka wdrïN jk cd;sljdoh miq j foaYmd,k iajrEmhla

w;am;a lr .kshs' tuÕska zcd;shZ hkakg foaYmd,k wkkH;djla ,efnk w;r"
ck;djg foaYmd,k b,lal ,nd§ cd;sh foaYmd,k jYfhka fufyhjhs' foaYmd,k
ksoyi" m%foaYSh iajhx md,kh" iy m%cd lKavdhï whs;sjdislï fuu foaYmd,k
wruqKq w;r m%Odk fõ'
4' iajhx ;SrK whs;sh ^Right of self-determination& cd;sljdoh yd iïnkaO m%Odk

ixl,amhls' bka woyia jkafka ;ukaf.a foaYmd,k brKu ;SrKh lsÍfï whs;sh
iEu cd;shlg u ysñ h hk woyi hs' foaYmd,k jYfhka fjk u rdcHhla msysgqjd
.ksñka fjka ùu" m%foaYh
S iajhx md,kh - cd;sl iajhx ;SrK whs;sh uÕska idlaId;a
lr.kakd wruqKq h'
5' foaYmd,k jYfhka cd;sljd§ u;jdofha ld¾hhla jkafka zcd;shlaZ f,i y÷kajk
tla m%cdjla" wfkl=;a m%cdjlf.ka fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSu hs' fmr o lshQ mßÈ tys
ks¾Kdhlhla jkafka NdIdj" wd.u" ixialD;sh wdÈ jQ cd;sl wkkH;d ldrl h'
fufia fjkia fldg y÷kd .ekSu wka;hlg .sh úg zzwm iy i;=rd$i;=rkaZZ hk
oaú;aj úfNaokh Tiafia f,dalh foi ne,Sug cd;sljd§yq fm,fU;s'
• cd;sljdoh u;jdohla fuka u foaYmd,k jHdmdrhla f,i ^18 ishji isg j¾;udkh
f;la& m%Odk iajrEm folls'
1' cd;sl - rdcH cd;sljdoh
2' ckjd¾.sl cd;sljdoh
1' cd;sl - rdcH cd;sljdoh
 fuh cd;sljdofha iïNdjH iajrEmh hs' fuys m%Odk ,laIKh jkafka cd;sl-
rdcH wkkH;dj mokï lr.ekSu hs'
 hqfrdamfha 18 ishjfia we;s jQ cd;sl rdcH udÈ,sfha yrh zztla cd;shla-tla

rdcHhlaZZ hk iólrKh wkqj tla cd;shlg wh;a jeisfhda tu rdcHhhg
wh;a fj;s'
 cd;shg we;s wh;a ùu" ne£u iy wdorh hkq tu cd;sfha rdcHh iuÕ o
wkkH ùfuka ,efnk ne£u yd rdcHhg wdorh lsÍu hs'
kso(- Y%S ,dxlsl cd;sh" bkaÈhdkq cd;sh" ;dhs,ka; cd;sh jYfhka m%ldY
jkafka fuu cd;sl-rdcHjd§ cd;sljd§ mßl,amkh hs'
2' ckjd¾.sl cd;sljdoh
 cd;sl rdcHhla ;=< Ôj;a jk jd¾.sl m%cdjka w;r we;sjk iduQysl m%cd
lKavdhula ms<sn| foaYmd,k ú{dkh zzjd¾.sl cd;sljdohZZ Êthnic
Nationalism& hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
 Bg o mokï jkafka NdIdj" wd.u" ixialD;sh fmdÿ wkkH;d idOl h'
91
 jd¾.sl cd;sljd§ ú{dkh mek kÕskafka ;ud o idudðl;ajh ork cd;sl
rdcH mj;akd cd;sl-rdcH cd;sljdofhka o ;udg iudk;ajh yd whs;sjdislï
fkd,efnk nj yd ;ud fjkialïj,g Ndckh jk nj mjik ÿla .ekú,s
o iuÕ h'
 tjeks jd¾.sl cd;sljdoj, foaYmd,k b,a,Sïj, iudk whs;j

s dislï" m%foaYSh
iajhx-md,kh iy fjka ùu hk b,lal o we;=<;a fõ'
• 18 ishjfia isg cd;sjdofha ft;sydisl w;a±lSu ñY% tlls' th idOkSh fuka u

ksfIaOkSh m%;sM, o w;alr § ;sfí'
1' f,dalfha kQ;k rdcH moaO;sh" uQ,sl jYfhka u cd;sl-rdcHjd§ cd;sljdoh

úiska ;SrKh flf¾'
2' foaYmd,k ksoyi" úuqla;sh ms<sn| woyi cd;sljdoh b;d m%n, ck iduQysl
ú{dkhg tlalr ;sfí'
3' w;Hka; cd;s ljdoh" rdcH fuka u cd;sljd§ jHdmdrh o hq oaO" ck
>d;k$ixydr" m%pKav;ajh i|yd fufyhjd ;sfí'
5'6' ksrd.dñljdoh ^Secularism&
• ksrd.dñljdoh hkq wd.u iy foaYmd,kh ñY% fkdlsÍu hs'
• rdcH lafIa;%hg wd.fï n,mEula o" wd.ñl lafIa;%hg rdcHfha n,mEula o fkdue;sj" ta
fol tlsfklg fjkia iy iajdëk j lafIa;% folla fldg ie,lsh hq;= h hk woyi m%ldY
lrk u;jdohls'
• wd.u foaYmd,khg meñKSu;a" foaYmd,kh i|yd wd.u udOHhla lr .ekSu;a ms<sn|

miqìfuys,d" wd.ñl .egqï m%Odk foaYmd,k f;audjla j mj;sk j¾;udkfha ksrd.ñljdoh
ms<sn| Wkkaÿj jeä ù ;sfí'
• fï iïnkaO j ;shqKq idlÉPdjla bkaÈhdfõ isÿfjñka mj;sk w;r" rdcHh ksrd.ñl úh

hq;= nj 1975 § wdKavql%u jHjia:djg tla l< ixfYdaê;fhka o lshfõ' th m%cd;ka;%jdoh
;rug jeo.;alula ,efnk" bkaÈhdkq jHjia:dfõ iy foaYmd,k l%ufha mokï uQ,O¾uhla
o fõ'
iïNjh (-
• 18-19 ishjiaj, hqfrdamfha fuys iïNjh we;s úh'
• th hqfrdamSh m%nqoaOjd§ Ênlightenment& Ñka;kfha u fldgila fõ'
• ta ksid u iïNdjH ,snr,ajdoh yd iudcjd§ Ñka;k Odrd ksrd.ñljdoh iïnkaO

úh'
92
• hqfrdamSh ksrd.dñljdoh" uOHld,Sk hq.fha wjidkh olajd ld,fha m%Odk u;jdohla
jQ w;r rdcHh iy m,a,sh w;r mej;s wdh;ksl nkaOkh u; rdcdKavqfõ wdrlaIlhd
f,i m,a,sh fmkS isàug tfrys j j¾Okh úh'
• rdcKavq l%uhg úreoaO jQ n,fõ. rdcHh yd m,a,sh w;r mej;s fï zzwY=oaO ikaOdkhg
oZZ tfrys ùfuka ksrd.ñljdoh u;= jkafka tu wr.,fha oDIaájd§h m%;sM,hla
f,isks'
• ksrd.dñl jdoh u;= ùug ;j;a fya;=jla f,i hqfrdamSh m%nqoaO hq.fha u;= jQ ;¾l
nqoê
a hg uq,;
a ek §u fmkajd Èh yels h' th m,a,h
s mj;ajdf.k .sh nqoê
a uh wdêm;Hhg
tfrys úh'
• m%nqoaO hq.fha u;= jQ ksrd.ñljdoh" iïNdjH ,snr,a jdofha;a" iudcjdofha;a"

Ñka;kuh uQ,dY%hhla úh'
• ,snr,a jdoh úiska mqoa., ksoyi" is;Sfï yd" yDohidlaIHfha ksoyi hk uQ,O¾u
ksrd.ñljdofhka Wlyd .kakd ,o w;r iudcjdoh" iudc mSvkfha wdh;khla
yeáhg wd.fï wdêm;Hhg wr., lsÍu" thska Wlyd .;af;ah'
• fï wkqj zzm,a,sh iy rdcHh tlsfklska fjka lsÍuZZ ^Scparation of church and the
state& hqfrdamSh ,snr,ajd§ iy iudcjd§ iïm%odhj, u;= jQ m%Odk igka mdGhla úh'
,snr,a ksrd.ñljdofha uQ,O¾u (-
I rdcHh iy m,a,s wdh;ksl jYfhka fjka lsÍu(-

rdcHfha iajNdjh iy rdcH m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh lsÍu hkdÈhg wd.u ueÈy;a fkd úh
hq;=jdla fuka u wd.ñl lghq;= i|yd rdcHh ueÈy;a fkdúh hq;=h hkak ñka woyia
fõ'
II rdcHh wd.u iuÕ wkkH fkdùu iy wd.ñl wOHhkhg yd m%pdrKhg rdcHh

iïnkaO fkdùu'
III rdcH lsis u wd.ulg mlaImd;s;ajhla fkdue;s úh hq;= h' wd.u ukqIHhkaf.a
fm!oa.,sl fohla jk w;r th foaYmd,khg f.k wd hq;= ke;'
IV wd.u wfydais l< hq;= hhs ,snr,a ksrd.ñljdoh m%ldY fkdlrhs' wd.ñl ksoyi
mqrjeis uQ,sl whs;sjdislula jk w;r wd.ñl;ajh u; lsis ÿ mqrjeishl=g fjkia
lula fkdl< hq;= nj th wjOdrKh lrhs'
iudcjd§ ksrd.ñljdoh (-
• udlaiajd§yq wd.u iudc mSvkfha wdh;khla f,i;a" f,dalh ms<sn| j idjoH

wjfndaOhla mSä; ckhdg ,ndfok u;jdÈ moaO;shla f,i;a ye¢kajQy'
• iudcjd§ ksrd.ñljdofha uQ,O¾u (-
93
I iudcjd§ rdcHh iïmQ¾Kfhka u wd.fuka fjka úh hq;= h' wd.ug mej;sh
yelafla rdcHfha wjirh u; muKs'
II iudcjd§ l%uhl § wd.ñl" foaYmd,k wdh;kj,g ksoyi ke;'
III iudcjd§ l%uhl § wd.ñl wdh;kj,g mej;Sug bv ,efnkafka iudcjd§

rdcH g tajdhska wk;=rla fkdjk ;dla ÿrg;a rdcHfha ±ä iqmßlaIdldÍ;ajh
hgf;a;a h'
IV wd.ñl wkkH;dj u; foaYmd,k fyda isú,a iudc ixúOdk msysgqùug

wjldY ke;'
bkaÈhdkq ksrd.ñljdoh (-
• ,snr,a iïNjhla we;s j bkaÈhdkq ksrd.ñljdoh f.dv keÕS we;'
• bkaÈhdkq ksrd.ñljdofha m%Odk ,laIK (-

I fuys w¾: folla ;sfí'
^w&' ,snr,a ksrd.ñljdofha kHdhd;aul uQ,O¾uh iEu wd.ulg u
wmlaImd; j Împartial& ie,lSu hs' yskaÈ NdIdfjka th zzO¾u
ksrfmalaI;dZZ hkqfjka lshfõ'
^wd&' iEu wd.ulg u tl fia ie,lSu' tkï iEu wd.ula u tl iudk nj
ms<s.ekSu hs' th zzi¾j O¾u iïNdjZZ hk ixl,amfhka m%ldY fõ'
II mqoa.,hkaf.a wd.ñl wkkH;dj fkd;ld rdcHh iEu mqoa.,hl=g u tl

iudk j ie,ish hq;= h'
III mqrjeis whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSfï § lsis ÿ mqrjeishl=g ;u wd.ñl wkkH;dj

ndOdjla fkdfõ'
ksrd.ñljdoh iy foaYmd,kh (-
• ksrd.ñljdofhka flfrkafka rdcHh iy wd.u w;r iïnkaOh" rdcH m%;sm;a;s yd

mqrjeis whs;sjdislï wd.ñl mokulska f;dr j ks¾Kh lsÍu hs'
• tfy;a foaYmd,khg wd.u iïnkaO fkdúh hq;= nj bka woyia fkdfõ'
• ksrd.ñl moku we;s rdcHj, wd.u mokï lr.;a foaYmd,k mlaI iy jHdmdr
;sfnk w;r bkaÈhdj Bg ksoiqka fõ'
ksrd.ñljdofha j¾;udk jeo.;alu (-
• ksrd.ñljdoh f,dal foaYmd,khg wod< ùug lreKq folla n,mdhs'
I wd.ñl uQ,O¾ujdoh mokï fldg.;a wd.ñl rdcHh ^Theocratic& ìys ùfï

yelshdj'
94
II nyq ixialD;sl jdoh mokï fldg f.k" wd.ñl wkkH;dj we;s iq¿ ck
m%cdjkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu'
5'7' ia;%j
S doh (-
• foaYmd,k u;jdohla f,i ia;%Sjdofha ueÈy;aùu 1970 oYlfha § wdrïN jQjls'
• kHdhsl yd l%shdldÍ iudc Odrdjla f,i hqfrdamfha iy weußldfõ wdrïN jQ fuu u;jdoh
miqj hqfrdamSh fkdjk iudcj,g me;sßKs'
• ia;%Sjd§ jHdmdrfha;a" Ñka;kfha;a m%Odk Odrd 5 la y÷kd.; yels h'

,snr,a ia;%Sjdoh
iudcjd§ ia;%Sjdoh
/äl,a ia;%Sjdoh
mYapd;a kQ;k ia;%Sjdoh
mYapd;a-hg;aúð; ia;%Sjdoh
 ,snr,a ia;%Sjdoh (- wOHdmkh" /lshd wjldY iy iudk jegqma Èkd .ekSu uÕska ia;%Skag
foaYmd,k iy ffk;sl whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSu'
• ;u YÍrh ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSug ia;%Skag whs;shla we;'
• iudk /lshd" iudk jegqma iy iudk whs;sjdislï ,snr,a ia;%Sjdofha m%Odk igka
mdG fõ'
 iudcjd§ ia;%Sjdoh (- iudk;ajh Èkd.ekSfï uQf,damdh iïnkaOfhka fuh ,snr,a ia;%S

jdofhka fjkia fõ'
• ia;%S úuqla;sh i|yd jQ wr.,h iudcjdoh i|yd jQ wr.,h iuÕ iïnkaO l< hq;=
nj;a" wfkl=;a iudc fldgia ;u whs;sjdislï i|yd lrk wr., iuÕ ia;%Skaf.a
wr.,h o noaO l< hq;= nj;a wjOdrKh flf<a h'
 /äl,a ia;%Sjdoh (- ms;D uQ,sl;ajh iïmQ¾Kfhka wfydais lsÍu ia;%S úuqla;sh i|yd
w;HjYH nj ms<s.kS'
• mqreIhd iy ia;%sh jYfhka iudch mSvl iy mSä; jYfhka oDIAá.; lr ;sfnkafka
ms;D uQ,l;ajh úisks'
 mYapd;a kQ;k ia;%Sjdoh (-

• ia;%Ska iy ia;%S mSvkh tl iudk fkdjk w;r mSvkh ia;%Ska w;a ú¢kafka
úúOdldrfhks' tneúka ia;%Skaf.a b,a,Sï o taldldr úh hq;= ke;' tajd úúO fõ'
• úúO iudc mßirj, ia;%S mSvkh tu mßirhg yd ia;%Skaf.a mka;s wiudk;dj" j¾K
fNaoh" /lshdj jeks ldrK wkqj iudk fkdjk neúka tu fjkialï iy úfYaI;d
mokï lr.;a ia;%Sjdohl wjYH;dj fuuÕska wjOdrKh flfrhs'
 mYapd;a-hg;aúð; ia;%Sjdoh (-
• fuuÕska hg;a úð;j, mej;s ksoyi ,enQ iudcj, ia;%S mSvkfha úfYaI;dj,g
wjOdkh fhduq lrñka" ia;%S whs;sjdislï h<s ixl,am.; lrhs'
95
• j¾.jdohg yd hg;a úð;jdohg ,lajQ fujeks iudcj, ia;%Skaf.a w;a±lSu ngysr
iudcj, ia;%Skaf.a w;a±lSug fjkia neúka tajdg wjOdkh fhduq lrñka ia;%Sjd§
foaYmd,k ú{dkhla f.dvkeÕSug fudjqyq fhdackd lr;s'
1' flaj, jHdmD;shla ilia lsÍu'
úúO foaYmd,k u;jdo hk ud;Dldj Tiaafia mejreula ilia lrkak'

fuys § my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
• zu;jdohZ ks¾jpkh lsÍu'

• zu;jdohZ ye¢kaùu'
• tajd iïnkaO m%Odk Ñka;lhka yd Tjqkaf.a woyia bÈßm;a lsÍu'
• foaYmd,k úoHd úIh lafIa;%h flfrys tajdhska isÿ jQ n,mEu'
• tajdfha m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alu$j¾;udk m%jK;d
hk lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ ks¾udKYS,S mejreula bÈßm;a lrkak'
01' Whkaf.dv" chfoaj ^2011&" Tlafldu rcjre Tlafldu jeisfhda@" rdcH ms<sn|
foaYmd,k kHdh iy Ndú;h" fld<U" iudc úoHd{hskaf.a ix.uh'
02' j¾Kmd," úYajd ^1996&" foaYmd,k u;dka;r" Wiia Ñka;kh ms<sn| ú.%yh"
03' úf¾l¾" pd¾,aia ^2001&" foaYmd,k isoaOdka;fha úldYh" fld<U" wOHdmk

m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
04' Bryson, Valorie, (2003), Feminist Political Theory: An Introduction, New York:
Palgrave Macmillan.
05' Graham, Paul and John Hoffman (2006), Introduction to Political Ideologies, New
York: Pearson Longman.
06' Heyhood, Andrew (2012), Political Ideologies: An Introduction, Basingstoke:

Palgrave Macmillan.
07' Pettit, Phillp, (2002), Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government,

Oxford: Oxford University Press.
96
06' .egqï yd .egqï iu:kh
ksmqK;dj 06 (- .egqïj, iajNdjh wjfndaO fldgf.k .egqï ksrdlrKh iy iduh

f.dv keÕSu ms<sn| wjYH;dj m%ldY lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 40 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
6'1' .egqï iy .egqï ksrdlrKh ms<sn| kHdhsl iy m%dfhda.sl wxY meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
6'2' iduh f.dvkeÕSfï iy m%;sixOdk.; ùfï jeo.;alu ms<sn| j
úpdrd;aul j woyia olajhs'
bf.kqï M, (-
 .egqï ks¾jpkh lr j¾.SlrKh o lrhs'
 .egqï ksrdlrKh l< yels l%u w¾: olajhs'
 .egqï y÷kd .ekSug l,a ;nd wk;=re weÕùfï we;s jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 .egqï j<lajd .ekSug ueÈy;a fjhs'
 .egqï l<ukdlrKh i|yd iu;a whl= f,i l%shd lrhs'
 .egqï mßj¾;kh úpdrd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrhs'
 .egqï iu:k udOH meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 iduh f.dv keÕSu hkak y÷kajhs'
 .egqï iu:kh iy iduh f.dvkeÕSu j¾;udk f,dalhg wod< jk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 ;u Ôú;fha § w;aolsk .egqï" idOkSh m%;sM, we;s lrk mßÈ mßj¾;kh
lsÍug W;aidy .ekSug lem fjhs'
ye¢kaùu (-
• j¾;udkfha § .egqï yd .egqï iu:k wOHhkh mq¿,a nyq úIhl wOHhk Odrdjla
njg m;a j we;' foaYmd,k úoHdj" iudc úoHdj" kS;sh" l<ukdlrK wOHhkh"
cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d hk lafIa;%j, th jeo.;a wOHhk YdLdjla ù we;' .egqu
iy .egqï iu:kh ms<sn| wOHhkh foaYmd,k úoHd lafIa;%fha § wjOdkhg fhduq
jQfha 1980 ;rï uE; ld,fha § h'
• fuu mdvfï § f;aud ;=klg wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,efí' tkï
i' .egqï ks¾jpkh lr f;areï .ekSu'

ii' .egqï iu:kh ks¾jpkh lr f;areï lsÍu'
iii' iduh f.dv keÕSu iy m%;sikaOdk.; ùu hk ixl,am ks¾jpkh lr
f;areï .ekSu'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu i|yd w;aje,la
6'1' .egqï ks¾jpkh (-
.egqï hkq ukqIHhka" iudc lKavdhï" ke;fyd;a rdcH folla fyda jeä .Kkla w;r
mj;akd iqúfYaI iunkaO;djls' uydpd¾h l%siafgda*¾ ñfp,a bÈßm;a lr we;s my; i|yka
ks¾jpkfhka fuh ;j ÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h'
97
zz.egqula hkq ;uka w;r tlsfklg fkdmEfyk wruqKq we;s" ke;fyd;a we;ehs is;k"
md¾Yaj folla ke;fyd;a mqoa.,hka fyda iudc lKAvdhula fyda jeä .Kkla fyda w;r
mj;akd iïnkaO;djlsZZ
uydpd¾h l%siafgdam¾ ñfp,af.a cd;Hka;r .egqïj, jHQyh ^The Structure of International

Conflict& ^1981& kï lD;sfha w¾: ú.%yhg wkqj .egqula hkak tÈßjdÈlu" ;r.h" wdrdjq,"
hk fïjdg fjkia h' foaYmd,k yd iudc kHdhfha fmkajd § we;s mßÈ tÈßjdÈlu" ;r.h
iy wdrjq, hk fïjd .egqu lrd mßj¾;kh úh yels ;;a;aj h' .egqula tÈßjdÈlu yd
wdrdjq, hk fïjdhska fjkia jkafka th m%pKav;ajhg iy thg iïnkaO md¾Yajj,g
úkdYldÍ yd ydksodhl m%;sm, w;alr §ug we;s úNj;dj ksid h'
;r.ldÍ;ajh" tÈßjdÈlu yd wdrdjq, hk fïjd ukqIH iïnkaO;d w;r ksrka;rfhka

mj;sk tajd h' tajd je<elaúh fkdyels wka;¾ mqoa., yd wka;¾ lKAvdhï iïnkaO;d h'
tfy;a .egqï ksrdlrKh m%fõYfhka lshkafka" je<elaúh hq;= jkafka tajd md¾Yajj,g
wfkHdakH jYfhka ydks we;s lrk .egqï njg j¾Okh ùu hs'
m%d:ñl uÜgñka n,k úg mqoa.,hka w;r o .egqï yg .kS' tajd yg .kafka ukqIHhd
tlsfkld iuÕ .efgk wruqKq fidhd hk úg h'
WodyrK (- tl wU f.ähla iïmQ¾Kfhka ysñ lr .ekSfï wruqKska l%shd lrk <uhska

fofofkl= w;r .egqula we;s úh yels h' wU f.äh ;kshu iïmQ¾Kfhka ysñ lr.ekSu hkq
tlsfklg iukh l< fkdyels wruqKla ân incompatible goal& jk ksid h'
tu WodyrKh iudc yd cd;sl uÜgug o f.k hd yels h' iudc lKavdhï" ckjd¾.sl m%cd
lKavdhï" iudc mka;s" cd;Ska yd rdcH w;r wdÈ jYfhka we;s jk iïnkaO;d j, § .egqï
we;s jkafka n,h" iïm;a" Okh" ;;a;ajh hkdÈ wruqKq w;am;a lr .ekSfï § Tjqka w;r
;sfnk iukh l< fkdyels j .efgk wruqKq yd wNs,dI ksid h'
.egqïj, ld¾hh y÷kd.ekSu o fuys § jeo.;a fõ'
.egqïj, ld¾hh (-
fï ms<sn| j m%Odk m%fõY folls'
1' .egqïj, idOkSh me;slv'
2' .egqïj, ksfIaOkSh me;slv'
1904 § fcdaÊ isfu,a kï iudc úoHd{hd ,shQ .egqfï iudc úoHdj ^Sociology of Conflict&
kï lD;shg wkqj .egqfï idOkSh ld¾h .Kkdjls' tkï"
 iudch j¾Okh fkdù tl ;ek m,a ùu je<elaùu'

 iudc m%YAkj,g wjOdkh fhduq lrñka tajd úi£fï wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lsÍu'
 mqoa.,hka yd iudc fjkia ùug odhl ùu'
 iudc lKavdhïj, tald.%;dj Yla;su;a ùu'
1956 § ¨úia fldai¾ hk iudc úoHd{hd ,shQ iudc .egqfï ld¾hh ^The Function of Social
Conflict& kï lD;shg wkqj .egqfï idOkSh m%;sM, my; i|yka mßÈ fõ'
98
 .egqï ukd f,i tald.% fkdjQ iudc lKavdhï w;r mj;akd wd;;sh iukh lsÍug
;=vq fok neúka tajd iudc lKavdhï w;r tald.%;dj ;yjqre lsÍug ;=vq fohs'
 udlaiajdohg wkqj iudc b;sydifha bÈß .ufka .dul n,fõ.h jkafka mka;s
.egqu hs' ^Class conflict&
 tlsfklg miñ;=re iudc mka;s w;r b;sydih mqrd u we;s ù ;sfnk m%;súfrdaO;d
yd .egqï ksid iudc ft;sydisl mßj¾;khlg Ndckh ù we;'
2' .egqïj, ksfIaOkSh me;slv
.egqïj,ska ks¾udKh flfrk m%pKav;ajh" ukqIH >d;k" ck >d;k" wd¾aÓl yd

iudc úkdYldÍ;ajh'
WodyrK - • m<uq jk yd fojk f,dal hqoaOh'

• wka;¾ rdcH hqoaO iy wú .egqï'
• rgj, wNHka;rfha isÿ jk isú,a hqoaO'
• m%pKAv ck jd¾.sl .egqï'
• f,dalfha uy n,j;=ka w;r w;sYhska úkdYldÍ mrudKq
wú igklg uE;la jk ;=re ;snQ wjldYh'
• f,dal uÜgfuka me;sÍ hk ;%ia;jd§ iy ;%ia; úfrdaë
hqoaOh
.egqï ksrdlrKh iy iu:kh ms<sn| j foaYmd,k iy Ydia;%Sh Wkkaÿj u;= jQfha

úfYaIfhka 20 jk ishjfia § ukqIH j¾.hd w;aÿgq .egqï ms<sn| fuu ksfIaOkSh
w;a±lSï miqìfï h'
6'1' .egqï j¾.SlrKh (-
.egqï ;=ka wdldrhlska j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'

1' ir, j¾.SlrKh'
2' lD;Hjd§ j¾.SlrKh'
3' foaYmd,k j¾.SlrKh'
1' ir, j¾.SlrKh
fuu .egqï wdldr y;rls'
i' mqoa.,dNHka;r .egqï'

ii' wka;¾ mqoa., .egqï'
iii' lKavdhï we;=<; .egqï'
iv' wka;¾ lKavdhï .egqï'
i' mqoa.,dNHka;r .egqï'
tla tla mqoa.,hkaf.a is;a wNHka;rfha we;s jk .egqï fuhg wh;a fõ' Ôú;fha
úúO wjia:dj, § úúO wruqKq" wNs,dI mokï fldgf.k Ñ;a; wNHka;r .egqï
99
we;s ùu iajdNdúl ukqIH w;a±lSuls'
ii' wka;¾ mqoa., .egqï'
mqoa.,hka w;r we;sjk wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajfha § mqoa.,hka fofofkl= fyda jeä

m%udKhla fyda w;r we;s jk ;r.h" fjkialï yd tÈßjdÈlï mokï fldg f.k
we;sjk .egqï h'
iii' lKavdhï we;=<; .egqï'
iudc lKavdhï w;r úúO wruqKq yd wNs,dI uQ,dY%h fldg we;sjk .egqï fï
m%fNaohg wh;a fõ'
iv' wka;¾ lKavdhï .egqï'
fï j¾.hg wh;a jkafka lKavdhï folla fyda .Kkdjla fyda w;r we;s jk .egqï
h'
2' lD;Hjd§ j¾.SlrKh

fuys moku jkafka .egqïj,ska iudcfha bgq flfrk ld¾h Ndrh yd M, úmdlj,
iajNdjh hs' fï moku u; weußldkq iudc ufkda úoHd{hl= jk fuda¾Üka fvdhsIa
.egqï ldKAv follg fn§ h'
^w& idOkSh .egqï ^Constructive Conflict&

^wd& ksfIaOkSh .egqï ^Destructive Conflict&
^w& idOkSh .egqï

idOkSh ld¾hhka bgq lrk yd m%;sM, ,nd fok .egqï fï hg;g .efka'
fuu .egqïj,g iyNd.s jk md¾Yajlrejka is;kafka .egqu fj;ska ;ukag
idOkSh m%;sM, ,enqKq nj h' tneúka .egqfï m%;sM, .ek Tjqyq ;Dma;shg m;a
fj;s' th .egqfï idOkSh wjidkhla we;s lrhs' th úkdYldÍ fkdj
ks¾udKd;aul h' tjeks .egqul we;s uQ,sl u ks¾udKd;aul ld¾h Ndrh kï"
.egqug ;=vq ÿka fya;= úi|d .ekSug iduQysl j iy ks¾udKd;aul l%shd lsÍug
md¾Yajlrejkag wjldYh" yels hdj iy lemùu ,eîu hs'
^wd& ksfIaOkSh iy úkdYldÍ .egqï

ksfIaOkSh .egqul § md¾Yajlrejka is;kafka .egqu ksid ;ukag ,enqfKa
wjdisodhl m%;sM, nj h' túg Tjqyq .egqu .ek w;Dma;shg m;a fj;s' tys
m%;SM,hla jYfhka isÿ jkafka idOkSh .egqul § fuka .egqu wjidkhg
m;a ùu fkdfõ' th jvd;a me;sfrñka W;aikak ùu hs' uydpd¾h fvdhsIag
wkqj ksfIaOkSh .egqula ;j ÿrg;a jHdma; ùfï l%shdj,sh ;=< § isÿjkafka
.egqfuka yd thg ;=vq ÿka uQ, fya;=j,ska iajdëk ù W;aikak ùfï w¨;a
cjhla iy .;sl;ajhla w;am;a lr .ekSu hs'
Wod (- Y%S ,xldfõ ckjd¾.sl .egqu'
100
3' foaYmd,kuh j¾.SlrKh
f,dalfha mj;akd fndfyda .egqï foaYmd,k .egqï h' tajd fm!oa.,sl .egqï fkdfõ'
úYd, ck iuQy" rdcH tajdg iïnkaO fj;s' tajd fndfyda úg m%pKav ù we;'
fndfyda úg tajd ld,hla mqrd È.a.eiaiS" úi£ug ÿIalr tajd fõ' fuu .egqïj,
iajNdjh mokï lrf.k uydpd¾h mSg¾ fjd,kaiaáka ^Peter Wallensteen& ;=ka wdldr
j¾.SlrKhla bÈßm;a lr we;'
^w& wka;¾ rdcH .egqï

^wd& rdcH wNHka;r .egqï
^we& rdcH ks¾udK .egqï
^w& wka;¾ rdcH .egqï
wka;¾cd;sl foaYmd,kh ;=< wka;¾ rdcH .egqï úúO iajNdjfhka iy idOl

mokï fldgf.k isÿfõ'
Wod(- rdcH w;r foaY iSud fyda iïm;a fyda fnod .ekSu wdÈh mokï
fldgf.k we;s jk .egqï' iuyr úg fïjd wka;¾ rdcH hqoaO njg
o m;afõ' wi,ajeis rgj,a fuka u f,dal n,j;=ka o tjeks wka;¾
cd;sl .egqïj,g iïnkaO ùu 20 jk ishjfia isÿjQjls' ksrú hqoaO
^Cold War& hq.fha § isÿ jQ mßÈ f,dal n,j;=ka fujeks hqoaOj,g
jl%j iïnkaO úh yels h'
^wd& rdcH wNHka;r .egqï
rdcH wNHka;r .egqïj,g fndfyda úg ksñ;a; jkafka foaYmd,k n,h hs'

Wod (- È.a.eiajQ ikakoaO .egqï" tkï" isú,a hqoaO'
fujeks .egqïj, § rdcH fndfyda úg l%shd lrkafka tajd kS;shg yd iduhg;a" rdcH
wdrlaIdjg;a ;¾ck f,i i,ldf.k h' wNHka;r .egqï W;aikak ùu ksid tajd
isú,a hqoaO njg m;aùu f,dalfha miq.sh oYl lsysmfha olakg ,enqKq m%jK;djls'
túg isÿjkafka rdcH n,h ms<sn| .egqï È.a.eiaiqKq isú,a hqoaO njg m;aùuhs'
rdcH wNHka;r .egqï ks¾udKh ùfï idOl

î& jHQyd;aul idOl
îi& wd¾Ól yd iudc idOl
îii& foaYmd,k idOl
îv& ixialD;sl idOl
î& jHQyd;aul idOl(
jd¾.sl yd iudÔh jYfhka nyqúO iudcj," foaYmd,k tald.%;dj we;s lrf.k

mj;ajdf.k hdug iu;a rdcHhla ks¾udKh ù fkdue;s ùu" tu iudcj, .egqï
we;sùfï m%Odk jHQyd;aul idOlhls' iuyr ckjd¾.sl lKavdhïj, ÿla.ekú,sj,g
idOkSh m%;spdr ±laùug wdKAvq wiu;a jk úg" ke;fyd;a m%;slafIam lrk úg"
rdcH ÿ¾j, fõ' rdcH úfrdaë yeÕSï tu lKavdhï w;r uq,a nei .kS' rdcHfhka
;ukaf.a whs;sjdislï b,a,Sïj,g idOkSh m%;spdr fkd,efn;ehs is;k tjeks ck
101
fldgia iy rdcH tlsfkldf.ka wE;a ùu ÿla .ekú,s úfrdaO;d njg;a úfrdaO;d
.egqï njg;a mßj¾;kh ùug ;=vq fohs'
îi& wd¾Ól$iudc idOl(
±ä iudc" wd¾Ól" wiudk;d mej;Su" iudÔh jYfhka fjkialï lrkq ,eîï iy

iudÔh jYfhka isÿjk wdka;sllrKh hk fïjd w;aú¢k iudc fldgia w;r ÿla
.ekú,s j¾Okh ùu idudkHfhka isÿjkakls' tfy;a wdKavq úiska tu ÿla .ekú,s
fkdlvjd fkdi,ld yßkq ,nk úg" iudc wika;=Iaáh f.dvkeÕS" th mj;akd
l%uhg tfrys j úfrdaO;djla njg m;afõ' úfYaIfhka wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,s
ksid wd¾Ól úIu;d ;shqKq jk úg foaYmd,k úhjq,a we;sùu fndfyda rgj, iq,n
w;a±lSula ù ;sfí' jD;a;Sh iñ;s iy YsIH yd ;reK jHdmdr wdKAvqj iuÕ újD;
.egqïj,g t<öu fuu miqìfuys isÿjkakls' rfÜ m%Odk wd¾Ól iudc ixj¾Ok
l%shdj,sfhka iq¿ ckjd¾.sl fldgiaj,g m%;s,dN fkd,efnk úg Tjqkaf.a ÿla
.ekú,s ck jd¾.sl .egqï njg o m;afõ' YS>% wd¾Ól mßj¾;k isÿ jk úg iudcfha
we;sjk YS>% ld¾ñllrKh iy kd.ßllrKh o ksid fndfyda iudc fldgia w;r
we;súh yels wkdrlaIs; yeÕSï o iudc wiykhg;a foaYmd,k /äl,alrKhg;a ;=vq
fok nj .egqï ms<sn| Ydia;%Sh idys;Hfha ±lafõ'
îii& foaYmd,k idOl(
rdcH wNHka;r .egqï we;sùfï m%Odk foaYmd,k idOl lsysmhla u .egqï wOHhk
idys;Hfhka y÷kdf.k ;sfí' tajdhska wjOdrKh flfrk lreKq y;rla ;sfí'
• iuyr m%cd lKavdhïj,g wiudk j yd fjkialï fldg i,lk foaYmd,k

wdh;k mej;Su'
• iEu jd¾.sl ixialD;sl m%cd lKAvdhula u we;=<;a lr .kafka ke;s nysIl

a drl
cd;sjd§ u;jdo'
• iudcfha jd¾.sl yd iudc lKAvdhï w;r we;s ;shqKq foaYmd,k ;rÕh iy

m%;súfrdaO;d'
• wd¾Ól" iudc iy foaYmd,k w¾nqo wjia:dj, § .egqï ;shqKq jk mßÈ tajd

mdúÉÑ lrk m%N+ foaYmd,kh'
îv& ixialD;sl yd u;jd§ idOl(
f,dalfha cd;sl rdcHj, b;d iq,N .egqï úfYaIh ù ;sfnk ckjd¾.sl .egqïj,g
;=vq § we;s m%Odk fya;+j jkafka ixialD;sl idOlh hs' nyq jd¾.sl iudcj, iq¿;r
jd¾.sl lKavdhïj, NdIduh" wd.ñl" wOHdmk iy fjk;a ixialD;sl ysñlïj,g
yd wkkH;dj,g ms<s.ekSula fkd,eîu;a" tajd fjkialï lrkq ,eîug Ndckh
ùu;a ksid tu m%cdjka w;r ÿla.ekú,s" wiykh iy wika;=Iaáh we;s fõ' tajd
foaYmd,kSlrKh ùu ckjd¾.sl .egqï we;sùfï wdrïN hhs' ckjd¾.sl;ajh u;
mokï jQ wkkH;d u;jdo ckjd¾.sl .egqï ;shqKq lsÍug odhl;ajh imhhs' nyq;r
fuka u iq¿;r jd¾.sl lKavdhï w;r we;s jk tjeks cd;sljd§ u;jdoj, iq,N
,laIKhla ù ;sfnkafka" tajd wfkHdakH jYfhka nysIaldrl jQ u;jdo ùu hs'
102
tkï" ;uka yer wka jd¾.sl fldgiaj,g wdrdOkd fkdlrk iy tu m%cd fldgia
;u meje;aug ;¾ck njg m;a ù we;s i;=rka f,i i,lk u;jdo hs' fujeks
cd;sljd§ u;jdo nyqjd¾.sl iudcj, cd;sl wkql,khg ndOdjls'
rdcH ks¾udK .egqï
mSg¾ fjd,kaiaàkaf.a w¾: ksrEmKh wkqj" rdcH ks¾udK .egqï hkq rdcHh we;=<;
Ôj;a jk hï lsis m%cdjlf.a wdrlaIdj hkak m%Odk u ksñ;a; lrf.k" wdKavqjla
iy ;u wkkH;djka hï lsis N+ñ m%foaYhlg we;s whs;sjdislu;a lshd mdk úreoaO
lKavdhï w;r we;s .egqï h'
fuu w¾: ú.%yh wkqj" j¾;udk f,dalfha fndfyda nyqjd¾.sl rgj, mj;akd
m%foaYSh wkkH;dj" n,h fnod .ekSu fuka u fjka ùu o wruqKq lrf.k l%shd
lrk ckjd¾.sl foaYmd,k jHdmdrh yd tu rgj, wdKavq w;r we;s .egqï rdcH
ks¾udK .egqï h'
.egqï iy .egqï iu:kh ms<sn| uE; ld,Sk Ydia;%Sh wOHhkj,ska fmkajd § we;s
jeo.;a lreKla kï" mqoa.,sl .egqïj, isg wka;¾ rdcH .egqï f;la fndfyda .egqï
j," tla;rd Ôjk jl%hla mj;sk nj hs'
.egqï wOHhkfha mqfrda.dó weußldkq úoaj;l= jk ¨úia l%sian¾.a ^Louis Krisberg&

fuu woyi bÈßm;a l< m¾fhaIlfhls'
.egqïj, Ôjk jl%h ^Conflict Life Cycle&
wfkHdkH jYfhka ßfok

ysr ùu
W;aikak;dj
W;aikak ùu my< neiSu
;Sj%;dj
idu idlÉPd
.egqu mek keÕSu .egqu fl<jr ùu
mdol fldkafoais mYapd;a .egqï

iy wm%ldYs; iduh f.dv
.egqï keÕSu
ld, mrdih
103
uydpd¾h l%sian¾.a lshk mßÈ" .egqï hkq tl ;ek fjkia fkdù mj;sk tajd fkdfõ' .egqu
we;s ù fkdfmkS hhs' uq,ska u iduldó fkdjk .egqï miqj tajd úúO wjêka w;ßka .uka
lroa§ jvd;a iduldó fõ' .egqï wjê .Kkdjla Tiafia .uka lrk w;r tla .egqul
m%;sM,h kj .egqul wdrïNhla jkakg o mq¿jk' fï wkqj uydpd¾h ls%ian¾.a y÷kdf.k
we;s .egqul úúO wjê .egqfï Ôjk pl%h hk woyig mokï ù we;s nj fmfka'
tu wjê my; i|yka mßÈ fõ'
.egqï mdol jk fya;=$fldkafoais mej;Su ^Pre-Conditions&
fuh mQ¾j .egqï wjêh hs' tys m%Odk ,laIKh kï" .egqula cks; lsÍug m%udKj;a
fldkafoais mej;Su iy tajd fndfyda úg y÷kdf.k fkd;sîu hs' y÷kd.;a;;a tajd
.egqulg ;=vq fok nj fkdms<s.ekSu hs' tajd ms<sf.k uq, § u úi÷ï §u" .egqula u;=
ùu je<elaùug iu;a fõ'
.egqï mek keÕSu Êmergence&
fï wjêfha § isÿjkafka" uq,a wjêfha § mej;s ÿla.ekú,s yd tajdg ,efnk ksfIaOkSh

m%;spdr mokï fldg f.k iukh l< fkdyels wNs,dI iy wruqKq ks¾udKh ùu
hs'
.egqu W;aikak ùu Êscalation&
fuhska woyia jkafka .egqfï mßudj iy ;Sj%;dj hk fowdldrfhka u .egqu

.=Kd;aul jYfhka kj wjêhlg iïm%dma; ùu hs' .egqu m%pKav fuka u hqoaOuh
wjêhlg wj;S¾K ùu" .egqu ksid isÿjk urK ixLHdj yd foam< ydksh by< hdu
.egqu W;aikak ùfï § isÿfõ' wNHka;r .egqula isú,a hqoaOhla njg mßj¾;kh
ùu;a" .egqfï md¾Yaj tal md¾Yaúl hqoaOuh úi÷ï i|yd ±ä f,i lemùu;a fï
wjêfha § isÿfõ' idudkHfhka rgj, wNHka;r .egqïj, § fuu wjêh idfmalaI
jYfhka §¾> ld,Skh' .egqu foaYmd,k yd idlÉPduh jYfhka úi£ug we;s
wjldY fuu wjêfha § ÿ¾j, h'
.egqfï W;aikak;dj wvq ùu' ^De-Escalation&
.egqula W;aikak wjêhlg m;a jqj o" tu W;aikak;dj wvq ùfï .;sl;ajh .egqïj,g
;sfí' .egqul W;aikak nj wvq ùu wdrïN jkafka tys W;aikak;dj wvq lsÍfï
ix{d md¾Yajlrejka tlsfklg yqjudre lr.ekSfuka miq j h' tjeks ;;a;ajhlg
m;a ùu fkdfhla idOlj, m%;sM,hla úh yels h' md¾Yjj,g .egqï ;shqKq f,i
mj;ajd .ekSfï iïm;a yd yels hdj wvq ùu" wka;¾cd;sl n,mEï" .egqu mj;ajd.ekSug
wjYH uyck iyfhda.h ÿ¾j, ùu" .efgk md¾Yaj .egqu ksid u y;s jeàu iy ta
ksid u tal md¾Yaúl úi÷ï fiùfï wêIAGdkh ÿ¾j, ùu hk fïjd fndfyda úg
olakg we;s idOl hs'
ú,shï ta' id¾Üuka bÈßm;a lr we;s wfkHdakH jYfhka ßfok ysrùu ^Mutually
hurting stalemate& hk ixl,amh .egqula W;aikak ùu yd W;aikak;dj wvqùu f;la
isÿjk .egqfï mßj¾;kh meyeÈ,s lrk kHdhsl iQ;h % ls' fï uÕska id¾Üuka fmkajd
104
fokafka" .egqul W;aikak;dj ;Sj% uÜgulska È.= ld,hla mj;sk úg" hqoaOuh
jYfhka tal md¾Yaúl úi÷ï ,nd .ekSug we;s yels hdj wfydais ù hdfï yelshdj
wod< md¾Yajj,g wjfndaO jk nj hs' lsis ÿ md¾Yajhlg tal md¾Yaúl chla ,nd.;
fkdyels" bÈßhg j;a wdmiaig j;a hd fkdyels ysrùul .egqfï md¾Yaj lrefjda
yiqù isá;s' th wjdis f.k fok" fomd¾Yjhg u nrm;< mdvq f.k fokakls'
talmd¾Yaúl úi÷ï fkdj md¾Yaj fol u yjqf,a fiúh hq;= oaúmd¾Yaúl idlÉPduh
úi÷ï fiùug md¾Yaj iQodkï jkafka túg h' fuh .egqfï W;aikak;dj wvqùfï
w;suQ,sl mQ¾j fldkafoaish nj id¾Üuka lshhs' .egqu idlÉPduh jYfhka úi£u
i|yd ;=ka jeks md¾Yajhlg ueÈy;a lrejka jYfhka iyNd.s ùug bv ,efnkafka
fuu miqìfuys h'
.egqu fl<jr lsÍu ^Termination&
rgla wNHka;rfha isÿjk .egqula isú,a hqoaOhla njg m;a ù" ta ksid u È.a.eiaiS
^Protracted& we;s .egqula fl<jr lsÍu §¾> ld,Sk l%shdoduhl m%;sM,hls' tjeks
iuyr .egqï tla mlaIhlg hqoaOuh ch.%yKhla w;a ùfuka fl<jr úh yels h'
túg idudkHfhka isÿjkafka mrdð; md¾Yajh" Tjqka ler,s lrejka kï" úkdYhg
m;aùu;a" Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k b,a,Sï bgqlrkafka o keoao hkak ms<sn| j ;SrKh
lsÍfï iïmQ¾K whs;sh" tkï ksfIaO n,h" ch.%dys mlaIh jk wdKavqjg ysñ ùu;a
h'
È.a.eiaiqKq" isú,a hqo .egqula fl<jr lsÍfï wksla uÕ fomd¾Yajh u tlÕ jk

idlÉPduh úi÷ulg t<ö uhs' th idudkHfhka zzidu .súiqulaZZ ^Peace Agreement&
ud¾.fhka isÿfõ' ;=kajeks md¾Yajhl ueÈy;alrKh ^Mediation& ta i|yd jeo.;a
fufyhla bgq lrhs' idu .súiqfï § fndfyda úg isÿjkafka" .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yaj
uq, § ch.%yKh lsÍug wfmalI a d l< tal mdlaIl
s Ûnilateral& iy Wmßujd§ ^Maximalist&
b,lal w;yer oud" fomd¾Yjhg u tlÕ úh yels b,lal f;dard .ekSu hs' fï wkqj"
idlÉPduh idu .súiqula uÕska .egqula fl<jr ùu" .egqfï md¾Yaj iy b,a,Sï
w;r isÿjk wfkHdakH bv §ula ^Mutual accommodation& iy w;ruÕ iudodkhla
^compromise& o fjhs'
 .egqïj,g l< hq;af;a l=ula o@
.egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍfï oDIaáfldaKfhka n,k úg" .egqïj,g m%fõY úh hq;af;a

tajd idOkSh yd ks¾udKd;aul f,i úi£fï wruqK we;s j h' .egqï iu:kh ms<sn|
Ydia;%Sh idys;Hfha fï i|yd bÈßm;a lr we;s WmfoaYh kï ta i|yd we;s fyd| u
m%fõYh jkafka .egqïj,g ;=vq ÿka mdol fya;= Ûnderlying causes& y÷kdf.k" tajdg
wduka;%Kh lsÍu hkak hs'
ihsuka *sI¾ ^Simon Fisher& iy lKAvdhu 2000 § m< l< Working with Conflict
^.egqu iuÕ jev lsÍu( l%shdldrlï i|yd ksmqK;d yd Wmdh ud¾.& kï fmdf;a"
.egqu iïnkaOfhka l%shd lsÍfï § m%fhdackj;a jk m%fõY .Kkdjla u úia;r lr
;sfí' fï m%fõY .egqï iu:k idys;Hfha úúO m¾fhaIlhka yd l%shdldÍka úiska
fhdackd lrkq ,enQ tajd hs' fïjd .egqï iu:k mqyqKq lrejka yd l%shdldrlhka w;r
mq¿,a f,i Ndú; lrkq ,enQ tajd o fõ'
105
^w& m%cd iïnkaO;d m%fõYh( ^Community Relations Approach&
fï m%fõYfha uQ,sl woyi kï" .egqula isÿ ù ;sfnkafka m%cdjka w;r iïnkaO;d
ì|jeàu ksid nj h' m%cd lKAvdhï w;r we;sjk wúYajdih" miñ;=re;dj iy
O%eùlrKh tys ,laIK hs' tneúka" .egqï iu:kfha wruqKq úh hq;af;a"
• .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yaj w;r ikaksfõokh iy wjfndaOh m%j¾Okh lsÍu'

• jd¾.sl" ixialD;sl" iudÔh wdÈ úúO;ajh ms<s.ekSug yd bjiSug m%cdjka
w;r we;s yels hdj m%j¾Okh lsÍu'
^wd& udkj wjYH;d m%fõYh ^Human Needs Approach&
.egqï ms<sn| udkj wjYH;d kHdhfhka lshefjkafka" .egqï we;s jkafka uQ,sl
fN!;sl" udkisl yd iudÔh ukqIH wjYH;d bgq fkdùu ksid nj h' fujeks
.egqïj,ska wjOdrKh lrk wruqKq jkafka wdrlaIdj" wkkH;dj" ms<s.kq ,eîu"
lKavdhï f.!rjh" foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh" ksoyi hk fïjd h' ukqIH wjYH;d
u; mokï jk tjeks .egqï iu:kfha § my; ±lafjk wruqKq wkqj lghq;= lsÍu
m%fhdackj;a h'
• ;ukaf.a bgq fkdù we;s udkqISh wjYH;d y÷kdf.k" tajd bgq lr.ekSug
iqÿiq úl,am ud¾. fiùug .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yaj Wkkaÿ lrùu'
• iEu md¾Yajhl u uQ,sl udkqIsl wjYH;d idlaId;a lr.; yels tlÕ;dj,g
t<öug md¾Yajj,g Wojq §u'
^we& wkkH;d wjYH;d m%fõYh( Îdentity Needs Approach&
wkkH;d kHdh wjOdrKh lrkafka" .egqï we;s jkafka m%cd lKavdhïj, wkkH;dj
;¾ckhg m;a ù we; hk yeÕSu fj;ska h hk woyihs' w;S;fha È isÿ jQ mrdchka"
ÿla ú£ï iy miqnEï tajdfha yrfha u ;sfí' tjeks .egqï iu:kh i|yd my; i|yka
foa l< hq;= fõ'
• ;uka tlsfkldg yefÕk ;¾ck iy ìh ljf¾ ±hs y÷kd .ekSug md¾Yajj,g

Wojq lrñka" Tjqka w;r iyfõokh êmpathy& iy ixys¢hdj ^reconciliation&
f.dvkÕd .ekSug wdOdr ùu'
• ish¨ md¾Yajj, uQ,sl wkkH;d wjYH;d ms<s.efkk iduQysl tlÕ;d we;s
lr.ekSu'
^wE& ixialD;sl ikaksfõok m%fõYh( ^cultural communication Approach&
wka;¾-ixialD;sl ikaksfõok kHdhfhka wjOdrKh lrk lreKla kï" .egqï

we;sjkafka" tlsfkl ixialD;sl ikaksfõok ffY,s w;r we;s wix.; Ndjh" tkï
fkdmEySu" ksid hkak hs' .egqï iu:kfha wruqKq f,i fuu m%fõYh fhdackd
lrkafka'
• .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yajj, ixialD;s ms<sn| j Tjqka w;r we;s wjfndaOh

jeä lsÍu'
106
• tu lKavdhï w;r tlsfkld .ek we;s ksfIaOkSh taldldÍ jgyd .ekSï
^Negative stereotypes& bj;a lr .ekSu'
• wka;¾-ixialD;sl ikaksfõokh Yla;su;a lsÍu'
^b& .egqï mßj¾;kh m%fõYh( ^Conflict Transformation Approach&
.egqï mßj¾;k kHdhfhys lshk tla uQ,sl woyila kï" .egqï we;s fjkafka
wiudk;d yd widOdrKh .eíù we;s iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl
jHQyhkag m%;spdr jYfhka h hkak hs' tjeks .egqïj, § .egqï mßj¾;k ld¾hh
w;HjYH fõ' ta i|yd l< hq;= foa fufia h'
• wiudk;dj, yd widOdrKj, uQ, fya;=j jk jHQy yd m%;sm;a;s rduq fjkia

lsÍu'
• .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yaj w;r we;s wjfndaOh idOkSh f,i mßj¾;khlg
Ndckh lsÍu'
• m%cdjka iún, .ekaùu iy iduh" idOdrK;ajh" iudj §u" ms<s.ekSu yd
m%;sikaOdk.; ùu ^Reconciliation& m%j¾Okh lrk l%shdj,s yd Ndú; wdrïN
lsÍu'
^B& .eg¨ úi£fï m%fõYh( ^Problem Solving Approach&
fuu m%fõYfha kHdhsl moku kï .egqu we;s ù ;sfnkafka tys md¾Yaj w;r we;s î&
tlsfklg fkd.e<fmk iy wix.; wruqKq ksid" iy îi& .egqu iïnkaO j Y+kH
ftlHuh ^Zero-sum& ia:djr ^;uka muKla ksjerÈ h" ;ukag muKla ish¨ ch
,eìh hq;= h" m%;sjdÈhd imqrd mrdch úh hq;= h" úkdY úh hq;=h hk úYajdih&
mj;ajdf.k hdu ksid h' hk ú.%yh hs' tneúka tajd fj;ska mek kef.k .eg¨
úi£u ^Problem Solving& .egqï iu:kfha wruqKhs' ta i|yd l< hq;af;a
• .egqug mdol jQ fya;= yd .eg¨ iy ;u fm!oa.,sl;ajh tlsfklska fjka lr

.ksñka" ;ukaf.a oDV ia:djr u; fkdj uQ,Od¾ñl lreKq mokï lr f.k
.egqï iu:kh i|yd iyuka;%Kfha ^Negotiation& fh§ug md¾Yajj,g wdOdr
lsÍu'
• tla md¾Yajhla fkdj iEu md¾Yajhla u ch.kakd tlÕ;d we;s lr .ekSug
md¾Yajj,g myiqlï iemhSu'
6'2' .egqï iu:k l%shdj,sh (-
 .egqï iu:kh idudkHfhka §¾> l%shdj,shls'
 fm!oa.,sl fuka u iudc foaYmd,k .egqïj, o ksÍlaIKh l< yels lreKla kï" .egqula
iïmQ¾K f,i úi£ug ÿIalr jqj;a .egqug idOkSh f,i m%fõY ùfï udOH mj;sk nj h'
 ta wkqj
• .egqï .ek l,a;nd wk;=re weÕùu'
• .egqï je<elaùu'
• .egqï l<ukdlrKh'
• .egqï mßj¾;kh'
107
• mYapd;a .egqï - iduh f.dv keÕSu'
• .egqï iu:kh'
 .egqï .ek l,a;nd wk;=re weÕùu Êarly Warning&
• fuh 1980 iy 1990 oYlj, j¾Okh jQ ixl,amhls'

• fuys uQ,l
s woyi kï iudcfha we;s ùug bv ;sfnk .egqï ms<sn| l,a;nd y÷kdf.k
tajd we;s ùu je<elaùug mshjr .ekSu hs'
• tfia lsÍfï § .egqï we;súh yels ia:dk" iudc fldgia wdÈh y÷kdf.k tajd
fj;ska .egqï we;s ùug ;=vq Èh yels fya;= wOHhkh lr tajd úi£ug fhdackd ilia
l< yels h'
 .egqï je<elaùu (- ^Conflict Prevention&
• by;ska ±lajQ zzl,a;nd wk;=re weÕùuZZ .egqï je<elaùfï wdrïNl mshjrls'

• .egqï we;s ùug we;s idOl" bvlv yd ia:dk y÷kd.;a miq tajd .egqï njg W;aikak
ùu je<elaùu fuys wruqK fõ'
• .egqï je<elaùfï wdldr folla ;sfí'
I ir, je<elaùu (- ^Light prevention&

• fuhska lrkqfha .egqula m%pKav wjêhg meñKSu je<elaùug mshjr .ekSu
hs'
• rdcH ;dka;%sl ueÈy;aùï" ixjdo" iyuka;%Kh" idu idlÉPd" .eg¨ úi£fï
jevuq¿ wdÈ udOH fï i|yd fhdod .; yels h'
II .eUqre je<elaùu (- ^Deep prevention&

• fuhska lrkqfha .egqug mdol jk uQ,fya;= fidhd tajdg úi÷ï ,nd §" .egqu
we;sùfï bvlv je<elaùu hs'
• wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k m%;sixialrK" ixj¾Ok l%shdud¾." wdodhï h<s fnod
hEfï l%shdud¾." Y=NidOk m%;sm;a;s" foaYmd,k wdh;k f.dv keÕSu wdÈh
fï i|yd fhdod.; yels l%shdud¾. hs'
 .egqï l<ukdlrKh (- ^Conflict Management&
.egqï l<ukdlrKh hkakg w¾: folla ;sfí'
I .egqula iïmQ¾Kfhka úi£u ÿIalr" l,a .kakd l%shdj,shla ù we;s úg" .egqfï
m%pKav;ajh yd úkdYldÍ m%;sM, md,kh lr" tys jHdma;sfha mßudj iy ;Sj%;dj
iSud lsÍu" .egqï l<ukdlrKh hs' th .egqfï mdol uQ,fya;=j,g úi÷u fiùug
W;aidy .kafka ke;' fï m%fõYh uÕska .egqï ie,eflkafka ksfIaOkSh m%;sM, we;s
lrkakla f,ih'
II fuu fojk m%fõYh .egqï ie,eflkafka ksfIaOkSh n,fõ.hla f,i fkdj iudcfha
tlsfklg fjkia wfmalaId iy wruqKq w;r .egqula f,i h' tneúka l< hq;=
jkafka .egqï m%cd;ka;%jd§ iy iduldó rduqjla ;=<" ixjdo iy idlÉPd udOHfhka
m%ldYhg m;ajk l%shdj,shla njg m;a lsÍu hs'
108
fuu udOH foflka u wfmalaId lrkafka .egqula w¾nqohla njg m;aùu je<elaùu
hs'
 .egqï mßj¾;kh ^Conflict Transformation&
fuu ixl,amh ;j ÿrg;a úuid n,uq"
• fuhska lshefjkafka .egqula idOkSh f,i iu:kh lsÍu" yqfola idu .súiqulska
fyda tla md¾Yajhla ch .ekSfuka fyda w;am;a lr yels wruqKla fkdj" mßj¾;kSh
l%shdj,s .egqu we;=<;ska u isÿjkakla o jk nj hs' tkï .egqu úiska u .egqfï
.;sl;ajh" wruqKq wNs,dI o mßj¾;khg ,lafõ'
• mSg¾ fjd,kaiaàka ^1991& g olajkafka" .egqï mßj¾;kh hkq .egqfï ft;sydisl

l%shdj,sfha § ,efnk b.ekqï iïNdrfha m%;sM,h nj hs' ta wkqj id¾:l f,i
isÿjk .egqï mßj¾;khla hkq hqoO a fha wk;=r kej; we;s fkdjk wdldrhg .egqfï
md¾Yajlrejka" .egqug ;=vq § we;s ksñ;s iy .egqfuka wfmalaIs; wruqKq fjkia ùu
hs' ta wkqj .egqula idOkSh f,i iu:kh lsÍfï w¨;a wjldY újD; fõ'
• .egqfï mßj¾;kh wdldr lsysmhlska isÿ úh yels h' bka lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'
md¾Yajlrejka mßj¾;khg m;aùu Âctor Transformation&

• .egqfï md¾Yajlrejka" wdKavq" kdhlhka fjkiaùu iy Tjqka .egqu foi
olajk wdl,am fjkiaùfuka .egqulg we;s jk n,mEu'
ksñ;s iy kHdh m;%j, mßj¾;kh Îssue and Agenda Transformation&

• fuys§ isÿjkafka .egqug flakaø ù we;s ksñ;s iy kHdh m;% fjkia ùu hs'
• Wmßujd§ wruqKq fjkqjg" w;ruÕ iudodkhlg bv imhk wruqKq u;= ùu"
tal mdlaIsl ch.%yK fjkqjg yjq,a iudodk i|yd bvlv u;= ùu fï uÕska
isÿfõ'
.egqfï kS;sÍ;s mßj¾;kh ^Rule Transformation&

• .egqfï md¾Yajlrejkaf.a p¾hdfõ fjkialï isÿùu fuhska woyia flf¾'
jHQyuh mßj¾;kh ^Structural Transformation&

• .egqfï iuia; jHQyh" ksñ;s" wruqK"q p¾hdj" md¾Yaj hkdÈ ish,a, mßj¾;kh
ùu hs'
 mYapd;a - .egqï iduh f.dv keÕSu ^Post Conflict - Peace Building&
• fuhska yeÕfjk lreK kï" idu .súiqula wiaaika lsÍu fyda hqoaOh wjika lsÍu
fyda .egqï iu:kh i|yd imhkafka w;YjYH mQ¾j fldkafoaishla muKla nj hs'
ñka miq u;=jk wNsfhda.h jkafka .egqu h<s we;s fkdjk mßÈ .egqfï mdol
fya;=j,g idOkSh f,i wduka;%Kh lrñka" wd¾Ól-foaYmd,k wdÈ m%;sixialrKh
isÿ lsÍu h'
• .egqfï § úkdY jQ m%foaY iy iudc h<s f.dv keÕSu" mqkre;a:dmkh" m%;s ixj¾Okh"
m%cdjkag iyk ie,iSu hqla;sh yd idOdrK;ajh bgq lsÍu" m%cdjka yd rdcHh w;r
109
ixys¢hdj f.dv keÕSu hk fïjd mYapd;a .egqï iduh f.dv keÕSfï ld¾hhg wh;a
fõ'
 .egqï iu:kh ^Conflict Resolution&
• .egqï iu:kh hkq .egqula h<s we;s fkdjk mßÈ tys uQ, fya;=j,g fuka u .egqï
isÿfjoa§ u;= jQ ÿla .ekú,sj,g o wduka;%Kh lrñka isÿ lrk iduh f.dv keÕSfï
l%shdj,shla fj;ska w;am;a lr .; hq;= wruqKls'
6'3' .egqï iu:k udOH (-
.egqï iu:k l%shdj,sfha § m%fhdackhg .kakd uQ,sl udOH 4 ls'

1' iyuka;%Kh
2' ueÈy;alrKh
3' idu .súiqï
4' iduh f.dvkeÕSu
 iyuka;K
% h ^Negotiation&
• Getting to Say 'yes' kï iyuka;%Kh ms<sn| j iqm%isoaO w;afmd; ,shQ frdac¾ *sI¾
^Roger Fisher& f.a iy ú,shï hQß ^William Ury& f.a ks¾jpk wkqj" iyuka;%Kh hkq
zzwmg wkHhkaf.ka ,nd .ekSug jqjukd foa ,nd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd
udOHhls' Tn iy wfkla md¾Yajh w;r fnod .; yels fmdÿ wNs,dI fuka u
mgyeKs wNs,dI o mj;sk úg" fomd¾Yajh w;r tlÕ;djla we;slr .ekSu wruqKq
fldg f.k isÿjk ikaksfõok yqjudrej iyuka;%Kh hsZZ
• zziyuka;%KhZZ hkq .egqul fh§ isák md¾Yaj ;u .egqu úi|d .ekSu i|yd fhdod
.kakd idlÉPduh l%shdj,shls'
• zziyuka;%KhZZ hkq tlsfklg .efgk fmdÿ ia:djrhla njg m;a lr .ekSu i|yd
.egqug iïnkaO md¾Yaj w;r we;sjk l%shdj,sh hs'
• iyuka;%Kh isÿ lrk wdldr ;=kla .egqï iu:lrK idys;Hfha ±lafõ'
^w& .egqï úi|d .ekSï iyuka;%Kh ^Problem Solving Negotiation&

fuys § isÿjkafka .egqfï md¾Yajj,g fmdÿfõ ms<s.; yels úi÷ula fidhd
hEu hs' th md¾Yaj folg u i;=gq úh yels" w;rueo iudodkldÍ úi÷ula
yjqf,a fidhd .ekSfï l%shdj,shls' th isÿ jkafka .egqug mdol jQ .eg¨
úi£ug tlÕ ùfuks'
^wd& wdrdjq,aldÍ iyuka;%Kh ^Contending Negotiation&

fuys § isÿjkafka .egqug iïnkaO tl md¾Yajhla" wfkla md¾Yajh u; ;u
ia:djrh megùu i|yd idlÉPdfõ fh§u hs' ;u ia:djrh kuHYS, fkdlr
±ä f,i mj;ajd .ksñka" miñ;=re md¾Yajfha ia:djrh ;ukag jdis f,i
fjkia lsÍug n, lsÍu fuys § flf¾'
110
^we& kuHYS,S iyuka;%Kh ^Yielding Negotiation&
fï l%ufha § isÿjkafka" .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yaj" úi÷ula fidhd .ekSu
i|yd ;u wruqKq yd wfmalaId ms<sn| j kuHYS,S ùu hs'
 ueÈy;alrKh ^Mediation&
• ueÈy;alrKh hkq .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yaj w;r újdohg ;=vq § we;s ksñ;s
iïnkaOfhka fomd¾Yajhg u ms<s.; yels ksrdlrKhla ^Settlement& we;s lsÍfï
wruqKska ;=kajeks md¾Yajhla Ndrf.k ;sfnk w;rueÈ l%shdldrluls' ueÈy;alrKh
tl wjia:djl isÿjk tl l%shdldrlula fkdj l%shdj,shls' th wjê lSmhlska
hqla; fõ'
I uq, § .egqï md¾Y j w;r mKsúvlrejl= f,i l%shd lsÍu'

II Tjqka w;r idOkSh woyia yqjudrejlg wjYH ikaksfõok udOHh ùu yd ta
i|yd wdOdr iemhSu'
III .egqug úl,am úi÷ï .ek is;Sug wdOdr ùu'
IV .egqfï md¾Yaj idlÉPd fïihg f.k tau iy idlÉPdj, iNdm;s ld¾h
bgq lsÍu'
V iyuka;%Kfha § we;s jk .eg¨ldÍ lreKq úi£ug md¾Yajlrejkag wdOdr
lsÍu'
VI iyuka;%Kfha fhfok md¾Yajj, m%ldYlhd f,i lghq;= lsÍu'
VII idu .súiqu flgqïm; lsÍug wdOdr lsÍu'
VIII idu .súiqu l%shd;aul lsÍug" md¾Yaj lrejka b,a,d isák Wojq ,nd §u'
6'3'3' idu .súiqï
• rdcH wNHka;r fyda wka;¾ rdcH fyda .egqula mj;sk úg" iyuka;%Kfha;a"
ueÈy;alrKfha;a wfmalI a dj jkafka .egqfï md¾Yaj lrejka idu .súiqulg ke;fyd;a
ksrdlrK .súiqulg ^Peace Agreement/Settlement Agreement& wiaika lrkq we; hkak
hs' idu .súiqu ^Peace Accord& hk moh o fï i|yd fhdod .efka'
• ;=kajeks md¾Yajhl ueÈy;alrKh isÿjk wjia:djl idu .súiqug .egqï md¾Yajlrejka

wiaika lrkafka" tu ;=kajeks md¾Yajfha iyNd.s;ajh iy wkqYdikd mßÈ h' .súiqu
flgqïm;a lsÍug o ;=kja eks md¾Yajh iyNd.S fjhs' ueÈy;alrKh fkdue;s wjia:dj,
md¾Yaj fofla úfYaI{fhda .súiqu flgqïm;a lr;s'
• .egqula tal md¾Yaúl j wjika jQ wjia:djl" idu .súiqu wiaika lrkafka ke;'
tjeks wjia:djl fndfyda úg isÿjkafka mrdð; md¾Yajh hg;a ùfï .súiqula
wiaika lsÍu hs' th idu .súiqula fkdfõ'
 idu .súiqul ,laIK
i .egqfï md¾Yaj fol u" .egqu w;aysgqùug fyda wjika lsÍug fyda tlÕ ùu'
ii ;ks j u;a yjqf,a;a l%shd;aul lsÍug tlÕ jk fmdfrdkaÿ idu .súiqfï fldkafoais
njg m;a lsÍu'
111
iii .egqï isú,a hqoO
a hla kï hqoO
a h wjika lsÍu" ksrdhqOlrKh" igkalrejka mqkre;a:dmkh
lsÍu" hqoaOfhka irKd.;hka jQ isú,a ckhd h<s mÈxÑ lrùu" udkj whs;sjdislï
lvùïj,g ms<s;=re fiùu wdÈ ld¾hhkag yjqf,a tlÕ ùu'
iv ler,sldr md¾Yajh foaYmd,k m%Odk m%jdyhg tl;= lr .ekSu iy tu md¾Yajfha

foaYmd,k b,a,Sïj,g m%;spdr jYfhka foaYmd,k m%;sixialrKj,g tlÕ ùu'
v .súiqï fldkafoais ksis mßÈ l%shd;aul lrk njg Ym: ùu iy ta i|yd iajdëk
ksÍlaIK úêúOdkj,g tlÕ ùu'
 iduh f.dv keÕSu
idu .súiqulg md¾Yajlrejka t<öu" iduh f.dv keÕSfï §¾> l%hs dj,shl wdrïNh
muKs' úfYaIfhka u m%pKav iy È.a.eiaiqKq isú,a hqoaO mej;s iudcj, iduh
f.dvkeÕSu o §¾> ld,Sk iy mßj¾;kSh l%shdj,shla fõ' iduh f.dvkeÕSfï
l%shdj,sfha m%Odk wNsfhda. folls'
i idu .súiqfï md¾Yj tlÕ jQ fldkafoais ksis mßÈ yd fmdfrdkaÿ jQ mßÈ

l%shd;aul lsÍu'
ii .súiqu wiïmQ¾K f,i l%shd;aul ùfï § we;súh yels .egqug wdmiq hdfï
yels hdj md,kh lsÍu'
6'4' iduh f.dv keÕSu ^Peace - Building&
6'4'1 iduh f.dvkeÕSu" ks¾jpk iy m%fõY

.egqï iy idu wOHdmk idys;Hfha iduh hkak fohdldrhlg ixl,am .; lr
we;' uydpd¾h fhdydka .e,agqx ^Johan Glatung& 1964 § y÷kajd ÿka tu fohdldr l%uh
kï
i ksfIaOkSh iduh ^Negative Peace&

m%pKav;ajh yd hqoaOh fkdue;s ùfuka we;s jk iduh'
ii idOkSh iduh ^Positive Peace&

fuh m%pKav;ajh iy hqoaOh fkdue;s ùfuka ,nk iduhg jvd wE;g hhs'
ukqIH m%cdj w;r wfkHdakH wjfndaOh jHdma; ùu" idu wOHdmkh"
wka ; ¾cd;s l iyfhda . s ;dj" wdrjq , a úi|d.ekS u id¾:l f,i .egq ï
l<ukdlrKh lsÍu" iudc widOdrKlu yd wiudk;d wfydais lsÍfuka
iudcfha jHQyd;aul m%pKav;ajhg we;s wjldY wfydais lsÍu hk fïjd
mokï fldgf.k f.dv kÕk ,o iduh fuhska woyia fõ'
• óg wu;rj 1970 oYlfha § ìys jQ zzOrKSh iduhZZ ^Sustainable Peace& hk w¨;a

ixl,amfha ks¾ud;Djrhd jkafka o uydpd¾h .,a;=x h' fuys jdÑl w¾:h kï zz;u
NjH;d laIh jkafka ke;sj ;uka u fmdaIKh lr .ksñka bÈßhg hd yels iy
mej;sh yels iduhZZ hkak hs'
• tlai;a cd;Skfa .a ixúOdkfha uyf,alï j isá nQf;%daia n%f;daia-.d,s ^Boutros Boutros-

Ghali& 1992 § bÈßm;a l< zziduh Wfoid kHdh m;%hZZ Ân Agenda for Peace& hk
112
f,aLkfha i|yka lrk ,o iduh f.dvkeÕSu ms<sn| ks¾jpkh my; i|yka h'
zzrgla kej; jrla .egqug wdmiq hdfï wjodku wvq lsÍfï b,lalh we;s j" .egqï
l<ukdlrKh i|yd cd;sl uÜgfï we;s yels hdjka iEu uÜgñka u Yla;su;a
lsÍu;a" OrKSh iduh iy OrKSh ixj¾Okh i|yd moku ±óu;a wruqKq lr.;a
mshjr .Kkdjla u iduh f.dvkeÕSu hkakg wvx.= h' iduh f.dvkeÕSfï Wmdh
ud¾. ukd f,i ixhqla; jQ iy rfÜ iqúfYaI wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk tajd úh hq;=h'
tajd cd;sl ysñldß;ajhla u; mokï úh hq;= hZZ
• uydpd¾h fcdaka fmda,a f,vrdla ^John Paul Lederach& zziduh f.dvkeÕSuZZ hk

ixl,amfhka wjOdrKh lrkafka §¾> ld,hla m%pKav .egqï meje;s iudchl
OrKSh iduhla f.dvkeÕSug kï iudc ìï uÜgfuka" tkï idudkH ckhdf.a
uÜgfuka" iduh f.dvkeÕSfï l¾;jH isÿ úh hq;= nj h' mqrjeishkag;a" isú,a
iudc n,fõ.j,g;a" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk j,g;a iduh f.dv keÕSu i|yd we;s
YlH;dj uydpd¾h f,vrdla wjOdrKh lrhs' thg fya;=j iduh f.dv keÕSfï
moku hkq m%cdjka w;r we;s jk zzwfkHdakH úYajdihZZ muKs'
6'4'2 m%;sikaOdk.; ùu ^Reconcilition&
iduh f.dvkeÕSfï kHdh m;%fha m%Odk wjia:djla f,i zm%;sikaOdk.; ùuZ hk

l%shdj,sh ie,fla' ixys¢hdj we;s lsÍu hk fhÿu o ta i|yd fhdod.; yels h'
úfYaIfhka u §¾>ld,Sk m%pKav .egqï mej;s iudcj, idOkSh iduh f.dvkeÕSug
w;HjYH hehs ie,flk m%;sikaOdk.; ùu hkafkys ir, w¾:h kï w;S;fha
.egqug iïnkaO ish¨ md¾Yaj fuka u .egqu ;=< fn§ isá ck;dj o iduh f.dvkeÕSu
i|yd o tl;= ùu hs' tu tl;= ùfï l%shdj,sfha w;S;fha mej;s miñ;=relu" ffjrh
iy wfkHdakH ielh w;yer oud ñ;%;ajh" úYajdih iy wfkHdakH f.!rjh ms<sn|
j yeÕSï u; mokï jQ idOkSh iïnkaO;d f.dv keÕSu o thska wfmalaId flf¾'
m%;sikaOdk.; ùu uÜgula ;=klska isÿùu wjYH fõ'

i ufkda úoHd;aul l%shdud¾. -
m%pKav;ajfha f.dÿre njg m;a jQ ck;djg tu fõokdldÍ w;a±lSï iuÕ idOkSh
f,i .kqfokq lsÍug we;s yels hdj iy iQodku f.dv keÕSu'
ii iudÔh l%shdud¾. -
iudÔh uÜgfuka tu ld¾hh i|yd iudch iQodkï lsÍu" m<s.ekSu fjkqjg ñ;%;j
a h
yd iudj §u" fjka ù isàu fjkqjg tl;= ùu" iy ffjrh fjkqjg wfkHdakH
iylïmkh f.dvkeÕSu fuu iudc l%shdldrlïj, wruqKq h'
iii foaYmd,k l%shdud¾. -

fm!oa.,sl uÜgñka isÿ jk ufkdaúoHd;aul fuka u iudcuh ziqj lsÍfïZ ^Healing&
l%shdj,shg iudka;r j zfoaYmd,k iqj lsÍfïZ l%shdj,shla ^Political Healing&
m%;sikaOdk.; ùug we;=<;a h' .egqug uQ, fya;= jQ" wd¾Ól foaYmd,k yd iudÔh
idOlj,g foaYmd,k jYfhka wduka;K % h lsÍfï m%;i
s xialrK l%hs dj,shl wjYH;dj
fuhska wjOdrKh flf¾'
113
• iduh f.dv keÕSu ms<sn| ol=Kq wm%sldkq w;a±lSï uÕska wjOdrKh l< lreKla kï
m%;sikaOdk.; ùfï l%shdj,sh" i;Hh fiùu" hqla;sh ,nd §u iy iduh hk fïjd
tlsfklg iïnkaO foa úh hq;= nj hs'
zzi;Hh fiùuZZ ^Truth Seeking& hkafkka woyia jkqfha .egqu mej;s iufha isÿ jQ
m%pKav l%shdj,sfha § we;a; jYfhka isÿ jQfha l=ula±hs iEu fokd u újD; j
±kf.k ta u; zziqj lsÍfï l%shdj,shZZ f.dvkeÕSu hs'
zzhqla;shZZ ^Justice& wjYH jkafka .egqu iufha iEu md¾Yjhla úiska u lrk ,o
udkj whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kj, úkaÈ;hka jQ jeishkag hqla;sh yd idOdrKlajh
bgq lsÍu hs'
ol=Kq wm%sldfõ 1995 § msysgqjkq ,enQ i;H fiùfï yd m%;sikaOdk.; ùfï fldñiu
^Truth and Reconciliation Commission& fï iïnkaO j f,dalfha mj;akd iqm%lg
WodyrKh hs' tkï jerÈ lrejka fidhd o~qjï lsÍfï idïm%odhsl ffk;sl m%fõYh
fjkqjg;a" zzm<s.ekSfï hqla;sZZ ^Retributive Justice& m%fõYh fjkqjg;a zziqj lsÍfï
hql;
a Zs Z ^Restorative Justice& m%fõYh wdfoaY flf¾' hql;
a h
s ms<n
s | j fuu m%;i
s kaOdk.;
ùfï m%fõYfha yrh kï" jerÈ lrejkag o~qjï §u fjkqjg udkj whs;sjdislï
lvùï isÿ l< mqoa.,hka iy úkaÈ;hka o" Tjqka wh;a m%cdfõ idudðlhka o" tl u
fmdÿ l%shdj,shla fj;g f.kajd" iudj b,a,Su yd iudj §u udOHfhka hqla;sh bgq
lsÍu hs' l%shdj l< mqoa.,hka iy úkaÈ;hska w;r yuq ùu" idlÉPdj iy iylïms;
ixjdoh fï l%shdj,sfha udOHh hs'
1' mka;sh lKavdhïj,g fnokak'
N+ñld rx.k i|yd ud;Dld fnod fokak'
• .egqï l,a;nd wk;=re weÕùu'

• .egqï je<elaùu'
• .egqï l<ukdlrKh'
• .egqï mßj¾;kh'
• mYapd;a .egqï iduh f.dv kexùu'
• iyuka;K % h'
• ueÈy;alrKh'
• idu .súiqï'
kshñ; Èkhl § N+ñld rx.k bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
114
wdY%s; .%ka:
01. Coser, L., (1975), The Function of Social Conflict, Glencoe, Ili, Free Press.
02. Fisher, Simonetal, (2000), Working with Conflict; Constructive and Destructive Pro-
cesses, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
03. Fisher, Roger and William Ury, (1991), Getting to Yes, Negotiating Agreoment without
Giving In, USA: Penguin Books.
04. Ghail, Boutros-Boutros, (1992), An Agenda for Peace, New York: United Nations.
05. Galtung, Johan, (1964), "An Editorial" Journal of Peace Research, 1:1, 1-4.
06. Kriesbers, Louis, (1998), Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution, Lanham,
Maryland; Rowman an Littlefield.
06. Mitchel, Christopher, (1981), The Stuccture of International Conflict, London:

Macmillan.
07. Lederach, John Paul, (1997), Building Peace, Washington, D.C: US Institute of peace.
08. Simmel, George, (1955), Conflict, NewYork: Free Press.
09. Zartman, William I, (1995), Ripe For Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa,
New York: Oxfrd University Press.
10. Wallensteen, Peter, (2002), Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and the
Global System, London: SAGE.
115
07' Y%S ,xldfõ hg;a úð; mßj¾;kh
ksmqK;dj 07 (- Y%S ,xldfõ hg;a úð; mßj¾;kfha iudc" wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,k me;slv
y÷kd .kshs'
^ld,Éfþo 50 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
7'1' hg;a úð;jdoh iy hg;a úð; md,k l%uh ,xldfõ iudc" wd¾Ól iy
foaYmd,k mßj¾;khg ;=vq ÿka wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'
7'2' Y%S ,xldfõ hg;a úð; mßj¾;kfha m%;súmdl wjfndaO lr .ksñka woyia
olajhs'
bf.kqï M, (-
 hg;a úð; mßj¾;kfha iudc" wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,k .uka ufÕa m%jK;d
iy m%;sM, úia;r lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ kQ;k rdcHhg moku jegqKq wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 Y%S ,xldfõ ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdofha wdrïNh iy úldYh isÿ jQ wdldrh
fmkajd fohs'
 fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%ufha ,laIK úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ye¢kaùu (-
fuu mdvfï wruqK hg;a úð;hla njg m;a jQ Y%S ,xldj flfrys hg;a úð; l%uh
flfia n,mEfõ ±hs .fõIKh lsÍu hs' tys§ zzhg;a úð; rdcHhZZ hk ixl,amh
y÷kajd §" hg;a úð; l%uh yd tys foaYmd,kh ,xldfõ wd¾Ól" iudc yd foaYmd,k
hk lafIa;%j,g n,mE wdldrh .ek meyeÈ,s lrkq ,efí' fuys § u;l ;nd .; hq;=
jeo.;a lreK kï" fuu wOHhkh ,xldfõ ì%;dkH hg;a úð; iuhg iSud jk nj
h'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSu i|yd w;aje,la (-
by; 3 jeks mdvfï zzhg;a úð; rdcHhZZ hk wkqud;Dldj hgf;a we;s igyk fï
mdvug iïnkaO l< yelsh'
hg;a úð; yd hg;a úð; rdcHh (
f,dal b;sydih .fõIKh lroa§ hg;a úð; ìys jQ wdldr folla y÷kd.; yels h' tkï"
^1& lsishï rdcHhl ck;dj kj foaYhla fidhdf.k th ckdjdi lr" uõ rdcHfha

iudc" foaYmd,k iy wd¾Ól l%uj,g wkqrEm jQ ixia:d f.dv kÕd f.k" ujq
rdcHfha wdêm;Hhg hg;a j tu kj foaYh mj;ajd .ekSu'
^2& fmr ckdjdi jQ m%foaYhla n,.;= rdcHhla úiska .súiqulska fyda hqo n,fhka fyda
wE|df.k" ;u wdêm;Hh hgf;a md,kh lsÍu'
fuu fojeks l%ufhka hg;a úð;hla jk iudch úð;ldrl rdcHfha wdêm;Hhg hg;a fõ'
Y%S ,xldj hg;a úð;hla njg m;a jQfha o fuu fofjks l%uhg h'
116
 ';=ksjk ysllghs 3'2 rdcHh udÈ,s iy j¾.SlrKh hk úIh wka;¾.;fha hg;a
úð; rdcHh hk f;audj hgf;a ±lajQ úIh lreKq o óg wod< lr.kak'
hg;a úð; rdcHh -
hg;a úð;ldrl rdcH yd hg;a úð;h w;r mj;sk in|;dj h ú.%y lsÍu i|yd foaYmd,k
yd iudc úoHd{hka úiska Ndú;hg .kakd ixl,amhla f,i hg;a úð; rdcHh ^Colonial
State& y÷kajd Èh yels h' fuys § hg;a úð; rdcH h hkqfjka woyia lrkafka úð;ldrl
rdcHfha ksfhdað;hd jYfhka l%shd;aul jk hg;a úð; iudch iy tys foaYmd,k" mßmd,k
yd hqoaO uh jHQyh hs' wdKAvqj ksfhdackh lrkafka hg;a úð; iudcfha uyck wNs,dI
fkdj úð;ldrl rdcHfha wNs,dI hs' th ujq rdcHfha wd¾Ól" iudc" ixialD;sl yd
foaYmd,k wjYH;dj,g wkqj fufyhùu tys m%uqL ld¾h Ndrh fõ' th hg;a úð;fha
iduh yd ms<sfj< mj;ajdf.k hdug m%uqL;ajh fohs' hg;a lr.;a ck;djf.ka t,a, jk
n,mEï u¾okh" u;jd§ wdëm;Hh" ta iudch flfrys msysgj q d,Sug m%uqL;ajh ,nd foa' hg;a
úð; rdcHfha úfYaI ,laIKh jkafka hg;a úð;ldrl rdcHfha wjYH;d fjkqfjka
n,y;aldÍ f,i r|d mej;Su hs' tneúka hg;a úð; rdcHhg we;af;a wju iqcd; Ndjhls'
hg lS wruqKq i|yd hg;a úð; rdcHfha wd¾Ól" iudc" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k ixia:d
fjkia lsÍug yd mßj¾;kh lsÍug th W;aiql fjhs'
hg;a úð; mßj¾;k iy tys m%;sM, (
Y%S ,xldj 1505 isg 1948 olajd ngysr úð;jd§ .%yKhg yiq úh' m<uq j mD;=.%SiSyq;a fojkqj
,kafoaiSkq;a ;=kajkqj bx.%SiSyq ,xldj .%yKhg .;ay' fï cd;Ska w;ßka ,xldj flfrys oDV
n,mEula t,a, lf<da bx.%SiSyqh' Tjqyq 1796 isg 1815 f;la ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;a md,kh
l<y" 1815 isg uq¿ ,xldj u ;u md,kfha wKilg k;= lr.;ay' t;eka mgka ì%;dkH
keu;s hg;a úð; ldrlhka ^Colonizer& úiska y÷kajd fok ,o m%;sm;a;s ,xldj kue;s
úð;lrKh jQ iudch flfrys È.=ld,Sk n,mEula lr ;sfí'
úð;ldrl rdcH hg;a úð;j, úð; rdcHhla f.dv kÕkafka yd hï hï iudc wd¾Ól"
foaYmd,k yd mßmd,k m%;sixialrK y÷kajd ÿkafka
^1& ;u úð;h mj;ajdf.k hdfï wdrlaIl yd mßmd,k úhoï wêl ùu iy Rcq j

úð;h md,kh lsÍu wmyiq ùu'
^2& ;ukag wìuqj we;s kj iudcfha we;s Ôjk rgd yd wNs,dI úð;ldrlhdf.a ixialD;sh
iuÕ fkdmEySu tajd th fjkia lr .ekSu'
^3& ;ukag hg;a jeis iudc ;u ujq rdcHfha Wmßu hym; i|yd Ndú;hg .ekSu" hk
uQ,sl wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug h'
 mQ¾j hg;a úð; Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfha m%Odk ksIm

a dok uQ,dY%hh jQ bvï rcqg wh;a úh'
rdcldÍ l%uh tys m%Odk ,laIKh úh' idudkH ck;dj ;u w;Hdikak iajdñhd
uÕska ,nd.;a bvï hï fiajdjla iemhSug hg;a j j.d l<y' fï Oqrdj,sfha my<
;eke;a;d by< ;eke;a;dg fiajh lsÍfï l%uh ksid;a ;u l=gqïnfha wjYH;d
i|yd;a Tjqyq bvï j.d l<y'
 ksYaÑ; fiajdjla iemhSu hk fldkafoaish ksid fm!oa.,sl jHjidfha j¾Okh

wekysá w;r ksIamdokh uQ,sl jYfhka hemqï uÜgfï mej;Sug fya;= úKs'
117
,dN bmhSfï Okjd§ wNsfm%arKfhka uvkd ,o ì%;dkH hg;a úð;jd§kag" meje;s
fï l%uh ndOdjla úh' Tjqka úiska wdrïN lrk ,o j;= wdY%;
s jdKsc lDIs l¾udka;hg
wjYH Y%uh ,nd .ekSug Y%ñlhka$f.dúhka bvug ne| oud ;snQ iudc l%uh ^rdcldß
l%uh& ndOd úh'
ld¾hlaIu j nÿ wh lr .ekSu iy úð; ldrl rdcHfha wd¾Ól wNs,dI bgqa lr

.ekSu i|yd bvï ms<sn| fm!oa.,sl whs;sh y÷kajd fok ,È' flda,anDla-leurka
flduidßiajrekaf.a m%Odk fhdackdj,ska lemS fmfkk tlla jQfha fuh hs'
WodyrK (- uqvq ìï mk;'
 rdcldÍ l%uh wfydais lr bvï ms<sn| ;r.ldÍ fjf<|m<la y÷kajd §u'
bx.%SiSka úiska we;s lrk ,o ;r.ldÍ bvï fjf<|fmdf,ys wdfhdackh isÿ flrefKa
fldams" iskafldakd" f;a" rn¾ iy fmd,a hk jdKsc fNda.hka flfrys h' fïjdg
ld¾ñl ;dlaIKh fhdod.;a w;r wfmalaId l< mßÈ j;= jeú,s l¾udka;hg furg
idïm%odhsl ck;dj t;rï wdl¾IKh jQfha ke;' Tjqyq ;u yqre mqreÿ hemqï lDIsl¾ufha
u kshqla; jQy' úð; rdcHh o úoHd;aul mßfNdackh" hdka;%SlrKh yd há;,
myiqlï j¾Okh uÕska j;= jeú,s Èß.ekaù h' tys m%;sM,h jQfha ,xldfõ oaú;aj
wd¾Ólhla ìys ùu hs' tlla hemqï wd¾Ólh hs' wksl fjf<| wd¾Ólh hs'
 jdKsc lDIsl¾udka;h ksid furg ck iudch iuÕ ukd j wkql,kh fkdjQ

bka§h øúv ck fldÜGdihla o ìys úh' uq, § my;rg isxy,hka tajdg wjYH
Y%ñlhka f,i lghq;= l< o" j¾Okh jk Y%u b,aü yuqfõ úfoaYsl Y%ñlhka
f.kajd .ekSug isÿ jQ nj úoaj;ayq fmkajd fo;s'
 Okjdohg m<uq j ksrdjrKh jQ my; rg isxy,fhda j;= wdY%s; l¾udka;j,g wjYH

fiajd iemhSfuka o" wrlal= f¾kao jeks kj wd¾Ól wjldY m%fhdackhg .ekSfuka
o ie,lsh hq;= uQ,sl m%d.aOkhla Wmhd .;ay' miqj Tjqyq foaYSh jHjidhl mka;shla
njg m;a jQy' tys ,d m%uqL;ajh .;af;da my;rg isxy, ck iudcfha wêm;s fkdjk
l=,j,g wh;a jQfjda h' Tjqyq furg foaYSh OfkaYajr mka;sfha iudrïNlfhda fj;s'
 fuys § úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= lreK kï furg Okjdoh §¾>ld,Sk ft;sydisl
úldYkhl m%;sM,hla fkdjQ nj h' th hg;a úð; rdcHh úiska ish m%;sm;a;s uÕska
wdfrdamKh lrk ,o tlls' tys m%;sM,h jQfha mqoa., m%drïNkh w.h lrk" iudc
ip,;dj m%sh lrk ck fldgila iy wdÖ¾K l,amsl we.hqïj, .e,S isák
ckfldgila hk fomsßila tlg Ôj;a jk iudc l%uhla ìys ùu h'
hqfrdamSh hg;a úð;jd§kaf.a m%dÿ¾N+;h

s ksid yr moaO;s folla tlsfkl uqK .eisKs'
hqfrdamSh iudch fm!oa.,sl;ajh w.h l< iudc ip,;djg .re l< idrO¾u
iys; tlls' Tjqkg yuq jQ ,dxlsl iudch wdfrdams; Âscribed& idrO¾u u; mokï
jQ iudc ip,;dj weysrE tlls' tneúka fï kqyqre iudch fjkia lsÍug wod<
we;eï mshjr Tjqka úiska .kakd ,È'
• wksjd¾h rdcldß fiajh wfydais lsÍu'

• újD; fjf<|fmd<la y÷kajd §u'
• fjf<| NdKav i|yd ;Sre nÿ wvq lsÍu'
118
• wdKavl q drhd i;= j mej;s wiSñ; n,;, mqo.
a , ksoyi iSud lrk neúka jHjidhl
iudchlg .e<fmk mßÈ Tyqf.a n,;, iSud lsÍu'
• bvï nÿ l%uh taldlD;sl fldg nÿ tl;= lsÍfï whs;sh fjkafoaisfha úlsKSu
k;r lsÍu'
• øjHj,ska nÿ f.ùu fjkqjg uqo,ska nÿ f.ùu y÷kajd §u'
• oyihla j mej;s m<d;a ixLHdj my olajd wvq lsÍu'
• Rcq nÿ fjkqjg jl% nÿ l%uhla y÷kajd §u'
• rdcH fjf<| taldêldrh wfydais lsÍu'
• hqfrdamSh cd;Skag ,xldfõ mÈxÑ ùug ;snQ ndOd bj;a lsÍu'
• isú,a fiajh m%;sixúOdkh lsÍu'
• jHjia:d iïmdokh i|yd wdKAvqldrhdg iyh ùug jHjia:dodhl iNdjla we;s
lsÍu'
• úOdhl lghq;= i|yd úOdhl iNdjla we;s lsÍu'
• bx.%Sis wOHdmkh m%p,s; lsÍu'
• wêlrK l%uh l%udkql+, f,i ixúOdkh lsÍu'
7'1 wd¾Ól yd iudc mßj¾;k (
hg;a úð; rdcHh ,xldfõ y÷kajd ÿka m%;sm;a;Skaf.a n,mEu fohdldr fõ' tkï
i wfmalaIs; m%;sM,
ii wkfmalaIs; m%;sM," fïjd idOkSh ùug fyda fkdùug fyda bv we;'
wd¾Ól yd iudc mßj¾;kh ;, folla hgf;a isÿ úh'
I hg;a úð; Okjdofha wdrïNh iy jHdma;sh'

II hg;a úð; iudc mßj¾;kh'
wd¾Ól ;,fha isÿ jQ fjkialïj, moku f,i ,xldfõ hg;a úð; Okjd§ wd¾Ólhla
iïNj ùu fmkajd Èh yels h' hg;a úð; ldrl rdcH hg;a úð;h ;uka hg;g k;= lr
.ekSfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ujq rfÜ l¾udka;j,g wjYH lrk wuq øjH yd mßfNdackh
i|yd wjYH lrk oaú;Shl lDIsld¾ñl øjH iïmdolhl= f,i ;nd .ekSu yd ujq rdcHfha
ld¾ñl jHjidhlhka i|yd fjf<|m<la f,i ;nd .ekSuhs' fï l%shdj,sh i|yd újD; Y%u
fjf<|fmd<la yd bvï fj<|fmd,la we;s lsÍu i|yd rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu;a uqvq ìï
yd lsÍgfha bvï jeks wd{dmk;a yryd m<uq j fldams fojkqj f;a" rn¾" fmd,a jeks jdKsc
fnda. i|yd bvï fjf<|m<la rdcHfha ueÈy;a ùfuka we;s lsÍu;a fmkajd Èh yels h'
 fï wkqj ,xldj m%d:ñl lDIsld¾ñl øjH ksIamdolhl= f,i f,dal Okjd§ wd¾Ól
l%uh iuÕ iïnkaO fõ' rcfha wjOdkh fhduq jkafka jdKsc j;= j.djka i|yd
wjYH lrk há;, myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu ^WoHdk" uydud¾." ÿïßh& yd wod<
úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK lsÍu flfrys muKs'
 fjf<|fmdf<ys úlsKSu i|yd flfrk uyd mßudK jdKsc lDIs wd¾Ólhlska

iukaú; fjf<|fmd<la ìys úh'
 hg;a úð; m%;sm;a;sh uÕska wruqKq fkdl< idOkSh m%;sM, o ;sfí' tajd kï m<uq
j wrlal= f¾kaoh ñ,g .;a yd miq j j;= lïlrejkag yd jHjidhlhkag wjYH
uQ,sl fiajdjka iemhQ ^lr;a; lrejka f,i" l=vd lv ysñhka f,i& hï m%d.aOk
iuqÉÑ;lrKhla w;a lr.;a foaYSh Okm;s mka;shl iïNjh h'
119
 by; lS fiajdj, kshqla; jQfjda idïm%odhsl isxy, ck iudcfha wêm;s fkdjk
l=,j,g wh;a ;eke;af;da h' ta uÕska iudc lKavdhïj, Wvql=re iudc ip,;djla
we;s úh' th Y%S ,xldfõ iudkd;aujd§ iudc idrO¾u fmruqKq lr.;a m%cd;ka;j
% d§
iudchla ìys ùug wjYH lrk miqìu lrd fufyhúula úh'
tfia Okh Wmhd.;a ;eke;af;da by< iudc ;;a;ajdNs,dIfhka iudc fiajd wdY%S;
lghq;=j, fhfoñka wOHdmk" ixialD;sl iy iudc ;,fha wNsj¾Okh i|yd l%shd
l<y'
 iudcfha mßj¾;khla f,i rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu" ksoyia Y%u fjf<|fmd<la
we;s lsÍu" lKavdhï jdoh fjkqjg mqoa., jdoh rchk ffk;sl iïnkaO;d ^jeo.;a
ñkqï oKavla f,i& bÈßhg meñKSu" bx.%Sis wOHdmkh hk fïjd iudc ixialD;sl
;,j, ie,lsh hq;= m%;sixialrK ìys ùug mdol úh' fï fjkialï uÕska kj
iudc mka;s l%uhla ks¾udKh úh' ,xldfõ Okm;s iudc mka;shla ìys jkafka
flda,anDla-leurka fhdackd l< OfkaYajr wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sj, m%;sM,hla jYfhks'
 bx.%Sis wOHdmkh iy hg;a úð; hq.fha y÷kajd ÿka wfkl=;a iudc ixialD;sl
m%;sixialrK iuÕ w;sk; f.k ;jÿrg;a mej;s jevjiï l%uh fjkqjg kQ;k
iudc l%uhlg moku jeàu isÿúh' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka tla w;lska kQ;k isú,a
iudch ìys jQ w;r hg;a úð;jd§ m%;sixialrKj,ska fyda Rcq j u ngysr wOHdmkh
jeks m%;sixialrKj,ska fyda m%;s,dN fkd ,enQ foaYSh wOHdmkhg iSud jQ mka;shla
o ìys úh'
 ngysr iudc l%uh uÕska b,a,d isáfhda ngysr iudc mkakhg nr jQ tys foaYmd,k
idrO¾u wkq.ukh lrk ;eke;af;da h' fuhg myiqfjka yev .eiqfKa bx.%Sis
wOHdmkh ,enQ m%udKj;a Okhla Wmhd.;a lKavdhï muKs' foaYSh wOHdmkh ,enQ
whg tfia yev .eiSug fkdyels úh' Tjqyq wdÖ¾K l,amsl rgdjka wkq.ukh
lrñka kj wdrhl isú,a iudchla f.dv kÕd .;ay' th ye¢kaúh yelaflaa uQ,dlD;sl
isú,a iudch ^Prototype of a Civil Society& hkqfjks' tys ,laIKh jkafka m%foaYSh
jdoh" ckj¾.h" wd.u jeks oE mokï fldg.;a iudc ixúOdk ìys ùu h'
7'2 foaYmd,k m%;sM, (
mQ¾j hg;a úð; rdcHfha foaYmd,kh ieliS ;snqfKa rcq fyj;a N+m;s flakaøSh j h' rcq
idïm%odhsl kS;shg wkqj md,kh f.k hd hq;= hhs m%;sudKhla mej;sh;a" tu m%;sudK
j,x.= jQfha N+m;sf.a wNsu;hg hg;a j h' tneúka mQ¾j hg;a úð; rdcHfha md,kh
w;a;fkdau;sl úh' ì%;dkH md,k hq.fha y÷kajd ÿka flda,anDla-leurka fhdackd j,ska
fï ;;a;ajh mßj¾;khg ,la jQ w;r" ;okqnoaO m%;sixialrKj,ska tu fjkiaùï ;j ;j;a
bÈßhg f.k hk ,È'
 flda,anDla m%;sixialrK uÕska ,xldfõ mej;s oaú;aj md,kh wfydais fldg uq¿ rg
u tl fmdÿ kS;s l%uhla hg;g f.kú;a m<d;a mylg fnod" rfÜ mßmd,k lghq;=
uOH.; lrk ,È' fï l%shdj,sh jQl,s wkd.;fha tal n, flakaøSh uOH.; talSh
rdcHhlg wjYH jk moku ±óula o úh'
120
 wfkla w;g ,xldj jHjia:dkql+, md,khlg fhduq lrñka hg;a úð; mßmd,k
m%;sixialrK uÕska wdKAvqldrjrhdf.a w;a;fkdau;sl md,k n,;, iSud fldg"
mqoa.,dNs,dI idOkh <Õdlr .; yels jHQyhla ks¾udKh lsÍfuys ,d wjYH jk
ffk;sl yd foaYmd,k w;a;sjdru o flda,anDla-leurka m%;sixialrK uÕska oukq
,eìKs' tuÕska wdKAvqldrjrhd lsÍghg j.lsj hq;= h hk isoaOdka;h biau;= lsÍug
o W;aidy flßK'
 tfuka u wdKavqldrhd ;u wNsu;h wkqj f.k hk md,kh fjkqjg úOdhl

iNdfõ wkqu;sh we;s j whjeh ilia l< hq;= h hk fldkafoaish uÕska j.lSï
iy.; md,khlg k;= lsÍug .kq ,enQ W;aidyh bÈßfha § foaYmd,k úOdhlhla
f.dv keÕSfuys,d uQ, îch njg m;a úh'
 wdKAvqldrhdg kS;s iïmdokh lsÍug ;snQ n,h iSud lrñka jHjia:dodhl iNdj
we;s lsÍfuka wkd.; md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhlg wjYH moku ±ñKs' bka miq
we;sjQ jHjia:dodhl m%;sixialrKj,g uÕ fmkajQfha fï moku hs' ;j o ,xldjg
m%:u jrg ksfhdackh ms<sn| isoaOdka;h fï uÕska y÷kajd fokq ,eìKs'
 kS;s iïmdokh iïnkaO j jHjia:dodhl iNdj we;s jQ w;r" wdKavqldrhd iNdfõ

jev lghq;=j,g iïnkaO fkdù h' fuhska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha j.lSï iys; md,k
l%uhla ìys ùuh'
 hg;a úð; mßj¾;kfha ;j;a jeo.;a wx.hla f,i ,xldfõ kS;s l%uh ixfYdaOkh
lsÍu yd mßmd,kh uOH.;lrKh y÷kajd Èh yels h' uq¿ ,xldj u tl u wmrdO
kS;s l%uhlg f.kd w;r m%dfoaYsl kS;shla jQ Wvrg kS;sh mqoa., kS;shla njg m;a
lrk ,È' ta isú,a lghq;= wrNhd h'
 ,xldj mßmd,k tall mylg fnod lÉfÉß mßmd,k l%uh y÷kajd fok ,È' fï
wkqj ,xldj talSh mßmd,k jHQyhlg f.k wdfjda ì%;dkH hg;a úð; md,lfhda
h' jHjia:dkql+, md,kh ms<sn| j moku jeàu uÕska ksfhdað; m%cd;ka;%jdofha
îch frdamKh úh'
 1910 uel,ï wdKAvl

q u
% fhka m%:u jrg iSñ; Pkao n,h y÷kajd§u fya;f
= jka W.;alu
yd foam< ysñlu wkqj iSñ; lKAvdhulg Pkao n,h ,eìKs'
 fuh 1920 jk úg ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh lrñka m<d;ano ksfhdackhg uÕ mdod fokq

,eìKs'
 1924 m%;sixialrK uÕska iSñ; iy m<d;ano Pkao n,h ;j ÿrg;a mq¿,a lrk ,È'
ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh bÈßhg f.k hdug fuh fya;= úh'
 1931 fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK uÕska j.lSï iys; wdKAvql%uhla y÷kajd§fï moku

jeáK' ta wkqj wjqreÿ 21 g jeä ia;%S mqreI fomd¾Yajhg u i¾j ck Pkao n,h
m%odkh flßK'
 mej;s jHjia:d odhl iNdj wfydais lrñka kj jHjia:dodhlhla we;s lrk ,È'
rdcH uka;K
% iNdj kñka ye¢ka jQ" th ksfhdað;hka 61 fofkl=f.ka iukaú; úh'
121
 mej;s jd¾.sl ksfhdackh wfydais lrñka m<d;ano ksfhdackh we;s lrk ,È' fï
hgf;a rdcH uka;%K iNdjg i¾jck Pkao n,h uÕska ksfhdað;fhda 50 fofkla o
wdKavqldrhdf.a kdulrKfhka ksfhdað;fhda wg fofkla o rdcH ks,OdÍyq ;sfofkla
o m;a lrk ,oy' fï wh w;ßka l:dkdhl jrhl= o m;a lr .ekSug wjldYh ,nd
ÈKs'
 iajfoaYslhka b,a,d isá leìkÜ l%uh fjkqjg úOdhl ldrl iNd l%uh we;s lrk
,È' rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ ksfhdað;hka 61 w;=ßka rdcH ks,OdÍka iy l:dkdhl
jrhd yer b;sß ksfhdað;fhda 57 fokd úOdhl ldrl iNd y;lg fnok ,oy' ldrl
iNd yf;a iNdm;sjreka y;afokd iy rdcH ks,OdÍka ;sfokdf.a tl;=fjka wud;H
uKav,h ilia úKs'
 1931 m%;sixialrKh uÕska we;s jQ i¾jck Pkao n,h ksid ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdohg
ck;dj yqre mqreÿ úh' fï ksid ue;sjrKh uÕska ;u md,lhka f;dard .ekSug yd
fjkia lsÍug ,dxlsl ck;dj yqre mqreÿ jQy'
 foaYmd,k n,h yiqrejk wh ck;djg j.lSug yqre mqreÿ jQfha i¾jck Pkao n,h
fya;= fldgf.k h' foaYmd,k{hka ck;djg j.lSug keUqre jQfha ck;djg ;uka
fok fmdfrdkaÿ j.lSulska bgq fkdl<fyd;a ck;d iyh ;ukag fkd,efí h hk
woyisks' ta wkqj Tjqyq j.lSfï wdKavql%uhlg yqre mqreÿ úh'
 fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh l%shdjg kexùug foaYmd,k mlaI wjYH fkdù h' tfuka u
tu wdKvql%uh úiska foaYmd,k mlaI ìys ùu wffO¾hj;a lrk ,§' tfy;a i¾jck
Pkao n,h fya;= fldgf.k Pkao odhlhka ixúOdkh lsÍug we;s jk wjYH;dj
ksid foaYmd,k mlaI wdrïN úh'
 fï wdKavq l%uj,ska foaYmd,k jYfhka ck;dj iún, .ekajqK y'
 fvdkfuda¾ l%uh uÕska iudc iÔjlrKh fõ.j;a úh' iudcfha mSä; ck fldgia
i¾jck Pkao n,h uÕska w;a lr.;a Yla;sh hgf;a ysi tiùug mgka .;ay'
 foaYmd,k{hkaf.a meje;au ck;dj u; r|d mj;sk fohla njg m;a jQ ksid ck;d
iyh jeä jeäfhka ,nd .ekSu i|yd foaYmd,k{hka tlsfkld mrhñka ;r.ldÍ
f,i Y=NidOk jev lghq;= lsÍug mgka .ekSu fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a ±lsh
yels h'
 fuu wdKAvql%uh hgf;a j.lSï fufyhùug wud;H uKav,h msysgqùu o jeo.;a h'
ta wkqj wdKAvqldrhd" bÈß ld,fha § kdñl úOdhl njg m;a úh' fuu uKav,hg
;u ks, fuka u fm!oa.,sl u; o m%ldY lsÍfï whs;h s ;sìKs' fuu wud;H uKav,h
fvdkfuda¾ uq,a hq.fha § l%shd lf<a lKavdhï folla jYfhks' fuys § rdcH ks,OdÍka
jQ rdcH f,alï" kS;s f,alï iy uqo,a f,alï fj; úYd, n,;, m%udKhla ysñ jQ
w;r iajfoaYSh wud;Hjrekag ysñ jQ n,;, mjd md,kh lsÍfï yels hdj ;sìKs'
wdrïNfha § fuu uKav,h iduQysl j.lSulska l%shd fkdl< o fvdkfuda¾ hq.h
wjidkfha § tlai;a lKavdhula f,i l%shd;aul úh'
 úOdhl ldrl iNd l%uh uÕska iq¿ ckfldgiaj,g o md,k ld¾hhg iyNd.S ùug
bv m%ia;dj ie,isKs' wfkla w;g md,k ld¾hhkays § fm!oa.,sl uka;%Sjrhdg
122
ie,lsh hq;= ia:dkhla ysñ úh' fmdÿfõ ish¨ u uka;%Sjrekag jHjia:dodhl lghq;=
fuka u úOdhl lghq;= o úIhfhys mqyqKqjla iy w;a±lSï ,eìKs'
 fvdkfuda¾ wdKAvql%uh l%shd;aul jQ ld,fha we;s jQ m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k

mßj¾;kfha ;j;a jeo.;a wx.hla jQfha isú,a iudc l%shdldß;ajh jHdma; ùu hs'
jfï jHdmdrh" cd;sl jHdmdr" jD;a;Sh iñ;s jHdmdr" wd.ñl ixúOdk" ia;%S jHdmdr
hk fïjdfha jHdma;sh fuu ld,fha isÿùu iudc mßj¾;khg jeo.;a odhl;ajhla
,nd Èks'
fï wkqj fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k lafIa;%hkays

mßj¾;kSh ikaêia:dkhla úh' th ksoyiska miq ld,fha fõ.j;a jQ foaYmd,k mßj¾;kh
ienE f,i wdrïN jQ wjêh hs'
fhdað; bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï (-
1' m%Yak úpdrd;aul jev igykla l%shd;aul lsÍu'
• mka;sh A iy B f,i lKavdhï follg fnokak'

• tla lKAvdhulg 1833 isg 1924 ^we;=¿ j& olajd o wfkla lKavdhug 1931 isg
1948 ^we;=¿j& olajd hg;a úð; mßj¾;kfha wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" iudc m%;sM,
hk f;aud ,nd fokak'
• ;u lKavdhug ,enqKq ud;Dldj Tiafia m%Yak úpdrd;aul jev igykla
l%shd;aul lsÍu'
• ,l=Kq m%odkh lrñka jev igyk bÈßhg f.k hkak'
01' chj¾Ok" l=udß ^2004&" fidlalka f,dlalka jQ j.hs" fld<U" iudc

úoHd{hskaf.a ix.uh'
02' kjr;ak nKavdr ^2007&" ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hq.fha Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl jHdmdrh"
fld<U" mdiaÜ mí,sIska ^m%hsjÜ& ,sñgâ'
03' m%kdkaÿ" ,laisß ^1974&" cd;sl jHdmdrh" jHjia:d j¾Okh yd jdudxYsl jHdmdrh"
§mdks m%ldYlfhda" kqf.af.dv'
04' nKavdrf.a" wfidald ^2005&" Y%S ,xldfõ hg;a úð; jdoh" fld<U" iag%eÜ*¾â
f,ala'
05' ú;dkjiï" w;=< ^2007&" Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%uh iy foaYmd,kh" uyr.u" ;rxð
m%skag¾ia'
123
06' Ceylon Government Press, (1969), Ceylon, Report of the Commission on
Costitutional Reform, Colombo, Ceylon Government Press.
07' Jennings, Ivor and H.W. Tambiah, (1952), The Dominion of Ceylon: The Develop-
ment of It's Laws and Constitution, London: Stevens and Sons Limited.
08' Kannangara, A.P. (2011), A Survey of Social Change in an Imperial Regime,

Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications.
124
08' fjiaÜñkaiag¾ wdKAvql%u wdlD;sh iy tys fjkialï
ksmqK;dj 08 (- ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ wdKAvql%u jHjia:d ixj¾Okh ms<sn| wjfndaO
m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
^ld,Éfþo 50 hs&
ksmqK;d uÜgu (-
8'1' ksoyiska miq jHjia:d iïmdokhg miqìï jQ idOl úia;r lrhs'
8'2' ta wdKAvq l%uhkays ,laIK fjka fjka j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
8'3' tu wdKAvql%uj, m%jK;d yd .eg¨ fmkajd fohs'
bf.kqï M, (-
 1947 iy 1972 jHjia:d hgf;a isÿ jQ jHjia:d j¾Okh iy m%jK;d ú.%y
lrhs'
 1947 iy 1972 olajd jHjia:d hgf;a mej;s jHjia:dodhlhkays ixhq;sh
iy iajdêm;Hh ;=<kd;aul j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 1947 iy 1972 jHjia:d hgf;a úOdhlfha iajNdjh iy n,;,
;=<kd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'
 iq¿ ck whs;sjdislïj, iajNdjh iy iSudjka fmkajd fohs'
 wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajfha iSud fmkajd fohs'
 wêlrKfha iy rdcH fiajh hk lafIa;%j, isÿ jQ fjkialï úpdrd;aul j
ú.%y lrhs'
ye¢kaùu (-
fida,anß jHjia:dj fjiaÜñkaiag¾ wdlD;shg wkqj ilia lrk ,oaols' fjiaÜñkaiag¾
wdlD;sfha wdKAvql%uhla hkq ì%;dkH wdKavql%ufha ,laIK iys; wdKAvql%uhls' tajd kï(-
• wdKavql%u jHQyh ;=< flakaøSh ia:dkh md¾,sfïka;=jg ysñ ùu'

• md¾,sfïka;=jg j. lshk leìkÜ uKav,hla mej;Su'
• md¾,sfïka;=j ffk;sl jYfhka W;a;Í;r ùu'
• wdKAvqj md¾,sfïka;=j uÕska md,kh lsÍu'
• md¾,sfïka;=fjka m;a jQ uka;%Skaf.ka wdKavqj ilia ùu'
• wdKavqj md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lSu ^md¾,sfïka;=jg weu;sjreka ;ks ;ks j fyda iuQyhla
jYfhka fyda bj;a l< yels h&
• md¾,sfïka;f= õ wêldß;ajhg ksiel jYfhka wNsfhda. l< fkdyels f,i wêlrKfha
N+ñldj iSud iys; ùu'
• flaj, uka;%S Pkao fldÜGdi l%uh u; mokï jQ oaú mlaI l%uh'
fida,anß jHjia:dj 1944 weu;s uKav, flgqïmf;a we;=<;a fhdackd iy fida,anß fldñiu
úiska bÈßm;a l< fhdackd u; mokï j ilia lrk ,o leìkÜ wdKAvq l%u wdlD;shls'
leìkÜ uKav, msysgqùfï § o" md¾,sfïka;=fõ jHQyh ilia lsÍfï § o" kdñl úOdhlh
msysgqùfï § o" fjiaÜñkaiag¾ wdKavq l%u wdlD;shg wkqj ilia jqj o we;eï wx.j,ska
fida,anß wdKavq l%uh ì%;dkH wdKavql%ufhka fjkia úh' tajd kï"
125
• fida,anß jHjia:dj ,sÅ; jHjia:djla ùu'
• idfmalaI jYfhka wkuH jHjia:djla ùu'
• jHjia:d újrK n,h iSñ; iy wm%ldYs; f,i wêlrKhg ysñ ùu'
fida,anß jHjia:dfjka ,xldj nyq jd¾.sl yd nyq wd.ñl iudchla nj ms<s.eksKs'

iajdëk wêlrKhla iy iajdëk rdcH fiajhla we;s lsÍug jHjia:dfjka mshjr
f.k ;sìKs' tu jHjia:dj l%shd;aul jQ ld,h ^1947-1972& ;=< tu jHjia:djg
ixfYdaOk wgla isÿ lrk ,È'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSu i|yd w;aje,la (-
8'1' fida,anß jHjia:dj fjkqjg kj jHjia:djla iïmdokh lsÍug

miqìu jQ m%Odk idOl (
• fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a ,xldj ;j ÿrg;a ì%;dkH lsÍgfha rdcHhla jYfhka

fkdmej;sh hq;= hehs m%n, u;hla f.dvkeÕSu'
• ,xldj iuQydKAvqjla njg m;a lsÍfï wjYH;dj'
• rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdj iy wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj iïnkaOfhka
mej;s .eg¨'
^fuu .eg¨ fudkjd ±hs .=rejrhd úiska fláfhka oelaúh hq;= h&
fï iïnkaOfhka i,ld n,d jHjia:dj m%;sixialrKhla lsÍu i|yd wjia:d foll §

mshjr .;a; o tajd id¾:l jQfha ke;'
I' uyck tlai;a fmruqK wdKAvqfõ w.ue;s tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã' nKAvdrkdhl uy;d
1957 fkdjeïn¾ 2 jHjia:d ixfYdaOk lsÍu i|yd taldnoaO md¾,sfïka;= f;aÍï
ldrl iNdjla m;a lf<a h' 1959 fmnrjdß 6 Èk fuu lñgqj fmdÿ tlÕ;djlg
meñK ;sìKs' úfYaIfhka ,xldj iuQydKavqjla l< hq;= njg yd kj jHjia:djg
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï we;=<;a lsÍfï wjYH;dj h ms<sn| j fuu lñgqjg ksfhdackh
l< ish¨ foaYmd,k mlaI w;r fmdÿ tlÕ;djla ;sìKs' tfy;a 1959 iema;eïn¾
udifha § nKavdrkdhl >d;kh fya;=fjka jHjia:d m%;sixialrK jev ms<sfj<
wvd< úh'
II' 1965 ud¾;= ui m;a jQ tlai;a cd;sl mlaI wdKAvqj ,xldj iuQydKavqjla njg m;a
lsÍu i|yd jHjia:djg ixfYdaOk f.k tafï woyiska md¾,sfïka;= taldnoaO ldrl
iNdjla m;a l< o úmlaIh kj jHjia:djla ilia l< hq;= h hk u;fha ±ä j
/£ isàu ksid fida,anß jHjia:dj fjkia lsÍug tlai;a cd;sl mlaI wdKAvqjg yels
hdjla fkdù h'
tneúka kj jHjia:djla iïmdokh lsÍug ksh; mshjr .kakd ,oafoa 1970 ka miq iuÕs
fmruqK wdKavqj h' kj jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,hla uÕska flgqïm;a lr mkjk ,o
m%:u ckrc jHjia:dj 1972 uehs udifha isg 1978 jir olajd l%shd;aul úh' tys m%Odk
,laIK fufia h'
• leìkÜ wdKAvq l%uhla ùu'

• fjiaÜñkaiag¾ rdcdKavq l%uh wfydais fldg m%:u jrg iuQydKavq l%uhla we;s lsÍu'
• ck;d mrudêm;H ixl,amhg flakaøSh jeo.;alula ,nd §u'
126
• cd;sl rdcH iNdj ck;djf.a mrudêm;H n,h l%shdjg kxjk tl u ksfhdað;hd
njg m;a lsÍu'
• ck;d mrudêm;Hh n,fhka m;a jQ w.ue;s úiska kdu ud;% úOdhlhd m;a lsÍu'
îuQydKavqj i;= jQ ,laIKhls&
• fida,anß jHjia:dfõ ;snqK we;eï ixjrK iy ;=<k úêúOdk bj;a lsÍu'
WodyrK (- wêlrKh i;= iSñ; jHjia:d újrK n,h wfydais lsÍu'
jHjia:dodhlh tal uKav,jdoh u; msysgqùu'
rdcH fiajdj" leìkÜ uKav,fha md,kh hg;g .ekSu'
• Y%S ,xldj talSh rdcHhla f,i jHjia:d.; lsÍu'
• rdcH iy fn!oaOd.u w;r iïnkaO;djg jHjia:dj ;=< mokula ,nd §u'
• isxy, muKla rdcH NdIdj lsÍu'
• rdcH fiajh iy wêlrK fiajh jvd ióm f,iska foaYmd,k úOdhlh iuÕ
iïnkaO lsÍu'
• fida,anß jHjia:dfjka fkdi,ld yer ;snqKq rdcHh m%;sm;a;s uQ,O¾u iy udkj
whs;sjdislï ms<sn| úêúOdk 1972 jHjia:djg we;=<;a flßKs' tfia jqj o fïjd
wêlrKh uÕska l%shd;aul lrjd .; fkdyels úh'
8'2' jHjia:dodhlfha ixhq;sh iy iajdêm;Hh(
fida,anß l%uh hgf;a md¾,sfïka;=j ilia jQfha wdh;k 3 l tl;=fjks'

I' /ck ^w.%dKavqldrhd&
II' ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h
III' fifkÜ iNdj
md¾,sfïka;=fõ m%Odk wdh;kh jQfha ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h hs' fuu uKav,h iukaú;
úh hq;= idudðl ixLHdj jHjia:dfõ olajd ;snqfKa ke;' iEu ck ix.Kkhlg u miqj
Pkao fldÜGdi iSud ks¾Kh fldñika iNdj úiska Pkao fldÜGdi fnod fjka lsÍu uÕska
ixLHdj ;SrKh l< hq;= hehs jHjia:dfõ i|yka úh' fida,anß jHjia:dj l%shd;aul jQ
ld,h ;=< ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,fha idudðl ixLHdj tl u wdldrfhka mej;=fKa ke;'
• 1947-1959 ld,h f;la uka;%S ixLHdj 101 la úh' ñka 95 fofkl= Pkao fldÜGdi
mokñka ck;d Rcq Pkaofhka o b;sß 6 fokd iq¿ ck fldgia ksfhdackh lsÍu
i|yd o m;a lrk ,È'
• 1960 fida,anß wdKavql%uh l%shd;aul jQ b;sß ld,h ;=< uka;S% ixLHdj 157 la úh' bka
151 la Pkao fldÜGdi mokñka ck;djf.a Rcq Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a jQ w;r b;sß 6
fokd iq¿ ck fldgia ksfhdackh lsÍug m;a jQy'
• fojk uKav,h jQ fifkÜ iNdj ;sia fofkl=f.ka iukaú; úh' ñka 15 fofkl=
w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia u; w.%dKavqldrhd úiska m;a lrk ,o w;r b;sß 15 fokd
md¾,sfïka;=fõ ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h ;=< ksfhdackh jQ foaYmd,k mlaI úiska
f;dard m;a lr .kakd ,È'
wm fmr o ÿgq mßÈ" cd;sl rdcH iNdj iukaú; úh hq;= idudðl ixLHdj wdKavql%u
jHjia:dfõ ksYaÑ; f,i i|yka fldg fkd;sìKs' th ks¾Kh lrk ,oafoa jHjia:dfõ 77
j.ka;sh hgf;a iSud ks¾Kh lsÍfï fldñiu úisks'
127
fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a md¾,sfïka;=jg mru jHjia:dodhl n,hla ysñ fkdù h' tkï"
• 29^2& jk j.ka;sh ixfYdaOkh lsÍug fyda wfydais lsÍug fyda n,h md¾,sfïka;j
= g
fkd;sìKs'
• hï mk;la jHjia:djg wkql+, fkdfõ kï ta kS;s n, rys; lsÍfï n,h wm%ldYs;
j wêlrKhg ;sîu' ^fY%aIaGdêlrKh&
• 1947 ,xld iajdëk;d mk; wkqj ,xldfõ b,a,Su yd leue;a; u; ,xldj fjkqfjka
kS;s mekùfï n,h ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=j i;= ùu'
1972 jHjia:dj hgf;a cd;sl rdcH iNdj kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfï n,;, iys; tl u
wdh;kh úh' tkï"
• jHjia:dfõ mia jk j.ka;shg wkqj Y%S ,xld iuQydKavqfõ rdcH n,h l%shdjg
kxjkq ,nk W;a;Í;r WmlrKh jQfha cd;sl rdcH iNdj hs'
• 44 jk j.ka;shg wkqj cd;sl rdcH iNdfõ jHjia:dodhl n,;, W;a;Í;r úh'
• cd;sl rdcH iNdfõ jHjia:dodhl n,hg wdKavql%u jHjia:dj fyda jHjia:dfjka
fldgila fyda mßÉýkak lsÍfï n,h o" ixfYdaOkh lsÍfï n,h o kj wdKavql%u
jHjia:djla mekùfï n,h o we;=<;a úh'
• 45 jk j.ka;shg wkqj cd;sl rdcH iNdjg ysñ jk jHjia:dodhl n,h w;ayeÍug"
mejÍug fyda lsis u wdldrhlska wka i;= lsÍug yels hdjla fkd;sìKs'
• 39 jk j.ka;shg wkqj rdcH iNdj úiska mkjk ,o lsis u kS;shl j,x.= Ndjh
m%Yak lsÍug fyda ta ms<sn| u;hla m%ldY lsÍug fyda wêlrKhg fyda fjk;a
wdh;khlg fyda n,h ysñ fkdù h'
fï lreKq wkqj fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a mej;s jHjia:dodhlh fuka fkdj" 1972
jHjia:dodhlh mQ¾K iajdêm;H n,h iys; wdh;khla úh'
8'3' úOdhlfha iajNdjh iy n,;, (
fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a msysgqjk ,o úOdhlh leìkÜ úOdhlhla úh' rfÜ m%Odk
md,k ixia:dj jQfha leìkÜ uKav,h hs' leìkÜ uKav,fha kdhlhd jQfha w.ue;sjrhd
h' w.ue;sjrhd f,i m;a l< hq;= jQfha ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,fha nyq;rhlf.a úYajdih
Èkd.;a uka;%Sjrhd h' fndfyda wjia:dj, ,xldfõ lsisÿ foaYmd,k mlaIhlg ksYaÑ;
nyq;rh ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h ;=< ,nd.; fkdyels wjia:dj, w.ue;sjrhd f;aÍfï §
w.%dKavqldrjrhdg ;u wNsu;h wkqj l%shd lsÍug wjldYh ;sìKs'
m;a l< hq;= weu;sjrekaf.a ixLHdj fldmuK o hkak jHjia:dfõ i|yka fkdjQ neúka th
ksYaph lsÍu uq¿ukska u isÿ jQfha w.ue;sjrhdf.a wNsu; mßÈ h' w.ue;s i;= fiiq
rdcldßj,g wu;r j wdrlaIl iy úfoaY lghq;= Ndr m%Odkhd f,i o l%shd l< hq;= hehs
jHjia:dfõ i|yka úh' wêlrK weu;s Oqrh i|yd fifkÜ uKav,fha idudðlhl= ùu
wjYH úh' wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK leìkÜ uKav,h úiska .kakd ,o w;r bka miq ta
;SrK ks,OdÍka uÕska l%shdjg kxjkq ,eìK' 46 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a rfÜ md,kh iy
úOdhlh fufyhùu Ndr jQfha leìkÜ uKav,h fj; h' md¾,sfïka;j = le|ùu iy úiqrejd
yeÍu iïnkaOfhka w.%dKavqldrjrhdg Wmfoia §fï n,h w.ue;s i;= úh' leìkÜ uKav,h
iduQysl j md¾,sfïka;=jg j. lsj hq;= h'
128
1972 jHjia:dj hgf;a foaYmd,k úOdhlh jQfha w.ue;s m%uqL leìkÜ uKav,h hs' w.ue;s
cd;sl rdcH iNdfõ nyq;r úYajdih Èkd.;a uka;%Sjrhd h' w.ue;sjreka iy wud;HdxYh
;SrKh lsÍu" wud;Hjrekaf.a úIh iy ld¾h Ndrh ;SrKh lsÍu w.ue;s i;= ld¾hh úh'
wud;Hjreka mjrk ,o úIh iy ld¾h fjkia lsÍug fuka u wud;H Oqrj,ska bj;a lsÍug
o" w.ue;sjrhdg n,h ;sìKs' by< wêlrKj, úksYaphlrejka ;%súO yuqod m%Odkhka
leìkÜ f,alï" wud;HxY f,alïjreka" m;a lsÍu w.ue;s i; =h'
tf;la mej;s iajdëk rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdj wfydais fldg" rdcH fiajdjg wod<
j.lSï weu;s uKav,h fj; mejßKs'
8'4' iq¿ ck whs;j

s dislï (
fida,anß jHjia:dfjys iq¿ ck lKavdhïj, whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍfï wruqKska úê

úOdk .Kkdjla we;=<;a úh' tajd kï"
29^2& j.ka;sh -
iq¿ ck lKavdhïj, whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd we;=<;a lrk ,o m%n, úê
úOdkhla jQfha fuu j.ka;sh hs' ta wkqj'''
^w& wd.ñl ksoyi ;ykï lsÍu fyda iSud lsÍu fyda fkdl< hq;= úh'
^wd& tla jd¾.sl fyda wd.ñl fyda ck lKavdhula fjk;a ck lKavdhulg n,
fkdmdk wjysrlïj,g fyda iSud lsÍï j,g fyda ,la fkdl< hq;= úh'
^b& jd¾.sl fyda wd.ñl fyda ck lKavdhulg fjk;a tjeks lKavdhulg ysñ
ke;s jrm%ido ,nd fkdÈh hq;= úh'
^B& lsishï wd.ñl uKav,hla ixia:dmkh tys md,l jrhdf.a wkqu;sh fkdf.k
fjkia fkdl< hq;= úh' lsishï wd.ñl uKav,hla kS;sh uÕska ixia:dmkh
lr wef;d;a tys md,l uKav,fha b,a,Sï u; yer wka lsis ÿ whqrlska fjkia
lsÍula fkdl< hq;= úh'
• nyq uka;%S wdik l%uh (-
iq¿ ck lKavdhïj, whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu iïnkaOfhka mej;s ;j;a úêúOdkhla

jQfha nyq uka;%S wdik l%uh hs' fï uÕska wfmalaId lf<a Èjhsfka we;eï m%foaYj, m%Odk
ckj¾.h iuÕ ñY% j Ôj;a jk iq¿ ck lKavdhïj,g ksfhdackhla iemhSu h' 1946
jif¾ § msysgqjk ,o Pkao fldÜGdi iSud ks¾Kh lsÍfï fldñIka iNdj úiska nÿ,a,"
n,xf.dv" lvq.kakdj" wïn,kaf.dv" n,msáh iy ueo fld<U hk nyq uka;%S Pkao
fldÜGdi msysgqjk ,È' flfia jqj o fida,anß fldñiu úiska nyq uka;%S fldÜGdi
msysgqùu uÕska wfmalaId lrk ,o wruqKq" ta wdldrfhka u bgq jQfha ke;'
• kdu lrKfhka uka;%Sjre ih fofkl= ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,hg m;a lsÍu (
fuu úêúOdkfhka úfYaIfhka wfmalI a d flrefKa hqfrdamSh" n¾.¾ iy uqia,ï

s ckfldgia
fjkqfjka uka;%Sjreka i fofkl= ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,hg m;a lsÍu h' jHjia:dfõ
4^2& jk j.ka;shg wkqj w.%dKavqldrhd úiska fuu uka;%Sjreka m;a l< hq;= jQfha
w.ue;sjrhdf.a Wmfoiaj,g wkql+, j h' tneúka iq¿ cd;Skaf.a whs;sjdislï m;a l<
uka;%Sjrekaf.ka ienE f,iska u wdrlaId jQfha ke;'
129
• fifkÜ uKav,h (
iq¿ ck fldgia i|yd hï wdldrhl /ljrKhla ie,iSfï úê l%uhla f,iska fofjks

uKav,hla msysgqùug úê úOdk we;=<;a lrk ,È' fifkÜ uKav,fha idudðlhkaf.ka
wvla w.%dKavl
q drhdf.a wNsu;h mßÈ m;A lsÍug úêúOdk ie,iSu uÕska iq¿ ck fldgiaj,
idudðlhkag Tjqka ksfhdackh lrk iq¿ ck fldgiaj, whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka l%shd
lsÍug bv ie,iSu wfmalaIdj úh' w.ue;sjrhd iq¿ cd;sl fifkÜ iNslhka m;a lsÍfï
§ ta iïnkaOfhka iq¿ ck moku ie,ls,a,g .;a; o" ta iuÕ u w.ue;sjrhd iy Tyqf.a
foaYmd,k mlaI flfrys we;s foaYmd,k moku úfYaIfhka ie,ls,a,g .;a nj meyeÈ,s
j u fmfkkakg ;sìKs' fuys m%;sM,h jQfha w.ue;sjrhd úiska m;a lrk ,o iq¿ ck
fldgiaj, fifkÜ iNslhka" w.ue;sjrhd ksfhdackh l< foaYmd,k mlaIj,g <eÈ
msßila ùuh' fuu ;;a;j a h ksid ,xldfõ fifkÜ uKav,h iq¿;r whs;j s dislï wdrlaId
lsÍfï m%udKj;a hdka;%Khla f,iska ie,lsh fkdyels úh'
fï yer iajdëk rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdjla msysgqùfuka rdcH fiajh ms<sn| úYajdihla
we;s lsÍu jHjia:d iïmdolhkaf.a wfmalaIdj úh' tfuka u wêlrK fiajfha iajdëk;ajh
i|yd we;s l< úêúOdk o iq¿ cd;Skaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍug iyh úh'
8'5' rdcH fiajh iy wêlrKh (
fida,anß jHjia:dj uÕska rdcH fiajh ms<sn| j.lSu weu;s uKav,h fj; mjrk ,È' tla
tla weu;sjrhd hgf;a mej;s ish¨ fomd¾;fïka;j= , lghq;= ms<sn| j.lSu wod< weu;sjrhdg
uq¿ukska u Ndr úh' fomd¾;fïka;=fõ lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh fldg mßmd,kh lsÍfï §
weu;sjrhdg iyh ùug iaÓr f,alïjrfhla w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia u; w.%dKavqldrhd úiska
m;a lrk ,È' Tyq wod< weu;sjrhdf.a md,kh hgf;a ish lghq;= fufyhúh' weu;sjrhd
iy wud;HxY w;r;a weu;sjrhd yd fomd¾;fïka;= w;r;a iïnkaëlrKh f.dv keÕ=fKa
iaÓr f,alïjrhd uÕska h'
fuu jHjia:dfõ úfYaI ,laIKhla jQfha rdcH fiajfha iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd
ksYaÑ; úê úOdk tuÕska ilia lr ;sîu hs'
rdcH fiajlhka m;a lsÍu" udre lsÍu" wia lsÍu iy úkh md,kh lsÍu iajdëk rdcH fiajd
fldñiug mjrk ,§'
fuf,i rdcH fiajd fldñiu m;a lsÍug fya;= folls'
I' foaYmd,k w; fmùïj,ska rdcH fiajh wdrlaId .ekSu'

II' rdcH fiajh ms<sn| iq¿;r lKavdhï w;r úYajdih f.dv keÕSu'
jir myl ld,hlg w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia u; w.%dKavqldrhd úiska rdcH fiajd fldñiug
idudðlfhda ;sfofkla m;a lrk ,È' foaYmd,k w; fmùïj,ska rdcH fiajd fldñiu
wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd jHjia:dkql=, úêúOdk lsysmhla úh' tajd kï"
1' md¾,sfïka;=fõ lsis ÿ idudðlfhl= rdcH fiajd fldñiug m;a fkdl< hq;= ùu'
2' lsishï idudðlhl= m;a lrk wjia:dj jk úg wdKavqfõ fiajlhka jYfhka lsis
ÿ f.ùula yd lsis ÿ OQrhla ork ,oafoa kï th wjika l< hq;= ùu'
3' fiajd ld,h wjika lsÍfuka miq kej; fiajhg m;a fkdùu'
130
4' fiajfhka bj;a lsÍu kshñ; fya;= ±laùfuka miq w.%dKavqldrhd úiska muKla l<
hq;= ùu'
5' fldñiu ;SrKhlg n,mEï lrkakl= remsh,a 1000 lg jeä fkdjk ovhlg fyda
jirlg fyda jeä fkdjk isr o~qjulg fyda ta o~qjï folg u fyda hg;a l< yels
ùu'
fufia úêúOdk fh§ug mshjr .;a; o fldñifï iajdëk;ajh uq¿ukska u wdrlaId lsÍug
fkdyels úh' weu;sjrekaf.a n,mEïj,g fldñiu k;= jQ wjia:d ;sìKs' fï ksid fldñiu
ksrka;rfhka úfõpkhg ,la úh'
1972 iuQydKAvq m<uq ckrc jHjia:dj uÕska iajdëk rdcH fiajd ixl,amh wfydais fldg
rdcH fiajh b;d meyeÈ,s f,i wud;H uKav,fha md,kh hg;g m;a lrk ,È' ta wkqj"
• rdcH ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu" udre lsÍu" fiajfhka my lsÍu iy úkh md,kh wud;H
uKav,hg Ndr úh'
• w.ue;sjrhdf.a Wmfoia u; ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nk by< rdcH ks,OdÍka
yer fiiq rdcH ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍfï j.lSu uq¿ukska u wud;H uKav,h i;= úh'
fï iïnkaOfhka rdcH fiajd WmfoaYl uKav,fhka woyia úuish hq;= úh' ^fuys
§ rdcH fiajd WmfoaYl uKav,h iy rdcH fiajd úkh uKav,fha ld¾hhka iy
wud;H uKav,fha rdcH fiajh iunkaO we;s n,h ms<sn| úia;rd;aul j .=rejrhd
idlÉPd l< hq;= h&
• fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a w.%úksYaphldrjrhd iy fY%aIaGdêlrKfha fiiq

úksYp
a hldrjreka" wmrdO úksYaph flduidßiajreka m;a lrk ,oafoa w.ue;sjrhdf.a
Wmfoia u; w.%dKavqldrhd úisks' fY%aIaGdêlrK úksYaphlrejl=g jhi wjqreÿ 62
jk f;la fiajh l< yels h' jirlska fiajh §¾> lsÍfï n,h w.ue;sjrhdg ;sìKs'
bj;a lsÍu fifkÜ uKav,h iy ksfhdað; fifkÜ uKav,h b,a,Sula u;
w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska bj;a l<fyd;a ñi úksYaphlrejka bj;a l< fkdyels h'
Tjqkaf.a Oqr ld,h iy iajdëk;ajh iy;sl lrk ,È'
• fiiq úksiqrejka m;a lrk ,oafoa wêlrK fiajd fldñiu úisks' ^wêlrK fiajd
fldñiu ms<sn| .=rejrhd idlÉPd l< hq;= h&
• ish¨ úksYaphldrejkaf.a iajdëk;ajh iy wmlaImd;s;ajh hqla;sh mis|,Su ms<sn|

uyck úYajdih we;s lsÍug úê úOdk fhdok ,È'
1972 jHjia:djg wkqj wêlrKhg fjkialï lsysmhla isÿ lrk ,È'

• rdcdêlrKhg wNshdpkd lsÍug mej;s whs;sh wfydais fldg 1971 msysgqjk ,o
wNshdpkdêlrKhg ,nd §u'
• fY%aIaGdêlrK iy wNshdpkdêlrK úksiqrejkaf.a Oqr ld,h wLKav Ndjh wdrlaId

lsÍu'
• Widú l%ufha fjkila we;s lsÍug cd;sl rdcH iNdj úiska iïu; lrk mk;lska
isÿ l< yels nj jHjia:dfõ 121 jk j.ka;sfha i|yka lrk ,È' ^1973 wxl 44 ork
hqla;sh mis|,Su&
131
• tf;la mej;s Widú wfydais fldg my; i|yka Widú we;s lrk ,È'
1' wNshdpkdêlrKh
2' fY%aIaGdêlrKh
3' uydêlrKh
4' Èid wêlrKh
5' ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh
• 1973 wxl 44 ork hqla;sh mis|,Sfï mk;ska Y%S ,xldfõ l,dm 16 lg fnod tla tla
l,dmh ;=< uydêlrKhla ne.ska msysgqjk ,È'
• ta tla tla l,dmh Èidj,g fnod Èid wêlrKh ne.ska msysgqjk ,È'
• tla tla l,dmh fldÜGdij,g fnod tla tla fldÜGdifhys ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh
ne.ska msysgqjk ,È'
• fY%aIaGdêlrKfha úksiqrejkaf.a úY%du hd hq;= jhi 63 f,i ksYaph lsÍu'
• wêlrK fiajd WmfoaYl uKav,h iy wêlrK fiajd úkh uKav,h msysgqjk ,È'
^fï uKav, fol ms<sn| j .=rejreka úiska úia;rd;aul j idlÉPd l< hq;= h&
8'6' uQ,sl whs;j

s dislï (
udkj ysñlï wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd udkj ysñlï kS;s ix.%yhla wdKavql%u jHjia:djg
we;=<;a lsÍu ,snr,a m%cd;ka;j
% d§ wdKavql%uhkays ,laIKhla jk neúka Y%S ,xld wdKavql%u
b;sydifha m%:u jrg uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| j.ka;sh f,dalfha fiiq rgj, uQ,sl
whs;sjdislï j.ka;s wkq.ukh lrñka msysgqjd ;sfí'
• i¾j idOdrKSh;ajh'
• w;a;fkdau;sl f,i Ôú; wysñ lsÍfuka ksoyia ùu'
• ksoyi iy fm!oa.,sl iqrlaIs; Ndjh'
• is;Sfï ksoyi'
• yDoh idlaIHfha ksoyi iy wd.ñl ksoyi'
• iajlSh ixialD;sh N=la;s ú£fï iy jeäÈhqKq lsÍfï ksoyi'
• NdIKfha iy woyia m< lsÍfï ksoyi'
hkdÈ whs;sjdislï jHjia:djg we;=<;a lr ;sìKs' 1972 whs;sjdislï ms<s.ekSula ,nd ÿkak
o tu whs;sjdislï mßÉfþofha ÿ¾j,;d lsysmhla mej;sKs'
1' fuu jHjia:dfjka i|yka whs;sjdislï wjir Èh yels iSudjkag hg;a lr ;sîu'
2' jHjia:dfjka whs;sjdislïj,g ks, ms<s.ekSu ,nd ÿkak o whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh
jQ úgl ta iïnkaOfhka ffk;sl ms<sirK me;Sfï l%uhla fkd;sîu'
3' jHjia:dfõ olajd ;snQ fndfyda whs;sjdislï furg mqrjeishkag muKla iSud lr
;sîu'
4' jHjia:dfõ ms<s.kakd ,o whs;sjdislï lafIa;%h mgq tlla úh'
132
5' fuys i|yka jk whs;sjdislï merKs iajdNdúl whs;sjdislï iïm%odhfha tk isú,a
iy foaYmd,k whs;sjdislïj,g iSud úh'
1' msgq fmr<khla ieliSu$mj¾ fmdhskaÜ ^bÈßm;a lsÍula&
1947 - 1972 jHjia:d hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:d j¾Okh iy m%jK;d
hk f;audj my; i|yka lreKq weiqßka f.dv kÕkak'
• wdKAvql%ufha kj$ jHjia:dfõ ixhq;sh'

• úOdhlfha iajNdjh yd n,;,'
• iq¿ ck whs;sjdislï'
• wêlrKh yd rdcH fiajh'
• uQ,sl whs;sjdislï'
kshñ; Èkfha § bÈßm;a lsÍu isÿ lrkak'
01. Coomaraswamy, Radhika, (1984), Sri Lanka: The Crisis of the Anglo- American
Constitutional Traditions in a Developing Society, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House
Ltd.
02. Cooray, L.J.M, (1984), Constitutional Government in Sri Lanka, Colombo: Lake
House Investments Ltd.
03. Goonesekere R.K.W, (1998 ), ‘Change in Constitutional Government', in A.D.V de S

Indraratna (ed.) Fifty Years of Sri Lanka's Independence : A Socio Economic Review,
Colombo: Sri Lanka Institute of Social and Economic Studies.
04. Jennings, Ivor, (1948), Comments on the Constitution, London: The Associated
Newspapers of Ceylon Limited.
05. Wilson, A.Jayaratnam, (1979), Politics in Sri Lanka, 1947-1979, London: The Macmillan
Press Ltd.
06. Wilson, A.J, (1958), ‘ Minority Safeguards in the Ceylon Constitution' In Ceylon Journal
of Historical and Social Studies
07. ú,aika ta' fÊ' ^1968& ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ms<sn| ksnkaOk" fld<U Y%S ,xld
m%ldYk iud.u
08. ú;dkjiï" w;=<" ^2007&" Y%S ,xldfú wdKavql%uh iy foaYmd,kh" uyr.u ;rxÔ
ms%kaÜia
133

Grade 12 Political

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grade 12 Political

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<&

iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iudchSh úµd fomd¾;fïka;=j"

;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsÍfï § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

úIh WmfoaYkh iy wëlaIKh (

1' foaYmd,k úµdfõ iajNdjh" foaYmd,k wOHhkh iy m%fõY 01

2' foaYmd,k úµd úIh iukaú; jk lafIa;% 22

4' wdKavql%u wdlD;s 65

5' foaYmd,k u;jdo 76

6' .egqï yd .egqï iu:kh 97

7' Y%S ,xldfõ hg;a úð; mßj¾;kh 116

8' fjiaÜñksiag¾ wdKAvql%u wdlD;sh iy tys fjkialï 125

ksmqK;dj 01 (- fuu mdvu yodrk YsIHhd$YsIHdj foaYmd,kfha iy foaYmd,k úoHdfõ

bf.kqï M, (- ² foaYmd,kh iy foaYmd,k úoHdj w¾:l:kh lrhs¡

foaYmd,k úoHdj y÷kdf.k" ta yd foaYmd,kh w;r we;s iïnkaOh w¾:l:kh lsÍug o

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu i|yd w;aje,la

1'1' foaYmd,k úoHdj y÷kd .ekSu'

zzfoaYmd,k úoHdj yeoEÍuZZ hk woyfiys o w¾: lsysmhla ;sfí' foaYmd,kh iy

»» Ydia;S%h YsËKhla jYfhka foaYmd,k úoHdfõ iajNdjh" úIh m:h yd wka;¾.;h"

» foaYmd,kh hkq l=ula oehs y÷kd .ekSu¡

² Ydia;S%h jYfhka fuu mofha .eTqre w¾:h o y÷kd.; hq;= h¡

² foaYmd,k úoHdj fuka u foaYmd,kh o m%Odk w¾: follska hqla; h¡

fuh jkd ys foaYmd,kh ms<sn| j ;sfnk iïNdjH w¾:l:kh hs¡

 mqrd;k .S%isfha fuka u bkaÈhdfõ iy Ökfha od¾Ykslhka o foaYmd,kh

bx.S%is NdIdfõ fmd,sálaia ^politics& hkak .S%l NdIdfõ fmda,sáfldaia ^politikos& hk

»» mqrd;k bkaÈhdfõ fuka u Ökfha o —foaYmd,kh˜hkqfjka fuu w¾:h u woyia

fuu Ñka;lhka fofokd iy weßiafgdag,a o mejiQfha md,lhkag rdcHh md,kh

j¾;udkfha o fuu iïm%odh h wvq jeä jYfhka mj;S¡

² foaYmd,kh iudc Ndú;hla f,i(-

foaYmd,kh hkq rdcHh" wdKavqj iy rdcH mßmd,kh hk fËa;%j,g iSud

fï wkqj md,lhka iy jD;a;Sh foaYmd,k{hka muKla fkdj mqrjeisfhda

» rdcHh yd rdcH md,khg iïnkaO ldrKd

fï wkqj mqrjeis foaYmd,k iyNd.s ;aj h hkakg —foaYmd,kh˜ hk

1'2' foaYmd,kh iy foaYmd,k úoHdj w;r iïnkaOh (-

fuh me;s lSmhlska oelsh yels h¡

ñka woyia jkafka

jYfhka mqoa.,hka fhfok ls%hdldrlï h'

foaYmd,kh lrk mqrjeishkag o jD;a;Sh foaYmd,k{hkag o foaYmd,kh ms<sn|

fuh foaYmd,kh lsÍug jvd fjkia ld¾hhls¡ —foaYmd,kh yodrkakd˜ ^student of

³ Ydia;S%h f,i foaYmd,kh wOHhkh lsÍu iy m%dfhda.sl j foaYmd,kfhys

1'3' foaYmd,kh Ydia;S%h f,i yeoEÍu

foaYmd,kh yeoEÍu hk woyig w¾: folla ;sfí¡

» foaYmd,kh jHdjydßl ×khla f,i ,nk wjfndaOh iy iú{dkl;ajh(

WodyrK (- ldka;djkag md¾,sfïka;=fõ ksfhdackh jeä l< hq;= o hk

»» foaYmd,kh Ydia;S%h f,i yeoEÍu(

WodyrK (- ldka;djkag md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdackh jeä l< hq;= o hk

² foaYmd,k wOHhkh iy foaYmd,k me;slv (-

´kE u iudchl foaYmd,kh hkak wdh;k.; ù mj;S' fuf,i wdh;k.; ù

wdh;k.; jQ foaYmd,kh iudcfha mj;s ka fka foaYmd,k Ndú;h udOH

WodyrK (- md¾,sfïka;= wdh;khl meje;au i|yd tajdg yev .eiqKq

»»» wdKavqlrKh ^Governance&

wdKavqlrKh hkq foaYmd,k úoHd wOHhkhg Ndckh jk foaYmd,kfha we;s

³ iudcfha hymeje;aug" .egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍug" kS;sh yd iduh mj;ajd

fïjd uyck;dj o Wkkaÿ jk f;aud h¡ tfia u fïjd foaYmd,k úoHd úoHd¾Òkaf.a

»¼ foaYmd,k p¾hdj ^Political Behaviour&

foaYmd,k i;a;ajfhl= jk ñksid j¾;udkfha ie,eflkqfha mqrjeishl= f,i

hkdÈ mqrjeis foaYmd,k reÑ wreÑlï iy ls%hdldrlï úia;r lrk foaYmd,k

¼ foaYmd,k u;jdo ^Political Ideologies&

iudchl foaYmd,k wdh;k" Ndú; yd mqrjeis foaYmd,k p¾hdj iy wdKavqlrK