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eqXk+ y ckn'kkgksa esa vkSjxa ”ksc vkf[kjh 'kfDr'kkyh ckn'kkg FksA mUgksua s orZeku
T s h
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Hkkjr osQ ,d cgqr cM+s fgLls ij fu;a=k.k LFkkfir dj fy;k FkkA 1707 esa
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mudh e`R;q osQ ckn cgqr lkjs eqXk+ y lwcns kj vkSj cM+&s cM+s ”kehankj viuh
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rkdr fn[kkus yxs FksA mUgksaus viuh {ks=kh; fj;klrsa dk;e dj yh FkhaA
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tSl&s tSls fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa rkdroj {ks=kh; fj;klrsa lkeus vkus yxha] fnYyh
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vfèkd fnuksa rd izHkkoh osQUnz osQ :i esa ugha jg ldhA
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vBkjgoha lnh osQ mRrjkèkZ rd jktuhfrd f{kfrt ij vax”sz kksa osQ :i
N re
esa ,d u;h rkdr mHkjus yxh FkhA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd vax”sz k
igys&igy ,d NksVh&lh O;kikfjd oaQiuh osQ :i esa Hkkjr vk, Fks vkSj
;gk¡ osQ bykdksa ij dC”ks essa mudh T+;knk fnypLih ugha Fkh\ rks fiQj ,slk
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oSQls gqvk fd ,d fnu os bl fo'kky lkezkT; osQ Lokeh cu cSB\s bl
vè;k; esa vki ns[ksaxs fd ;g oSQls gqvk\
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to
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fp=k 1 & oSQIVu gMlu }kjk cgknqj
'kkg ”ki+Qj vkSj muosQ csVksa dh fxjÝ+rkjhA
o
vkSjax”ksc osQ ckn dksbZ eqX+ky ckn'kkg
n
bruk rkdroj rks ugha gqvk ysfdu ,d
izrhd osQ :i esa eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa dk
egRo cuk gqvk FkkA tc 1857 esa fczfV'k
'kklu osQ fo#¼ Hkkjh fonzksg 'kq: gks x;k
rks fonzksfg;ksa us eqX+ky ckn'kkg cgknqj 'kkg
”ki+Qj dks gh viuk usrk eku fy;k FkkA
tc fonzksg oqQpy fn;k x;k rks oaQiuh us
cgknqj 'kkg ”kI+kQj dks ns'k NksM+us osQ fy,
etcwj dj fn;k vkSj muosQ csVksa dks
”ki+Qj osQ lkeus gh ekj MkykA
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd 9
iwoZ esa bZLV bafM;k
oaQiuh dk vkuk
lu~ 1600 esa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us
baXySMa dh egkjkuh ,fy”kkcsFk izFke ls
pkVZj vFkkZr btktrukek gkfly dj
fy;k ftlls oaQiuh dks iwjc ls O;kikj
djus dk ,dkf/dkj fey x;kA bl
b”kk”krukes dk eryc ;g Fkk fd
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baXySaM dh dksbZ vkSj O;kikfjd oaQiuh
e
bl bykosQ esa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh ls
h
gksM+ ugha dj ldrh FkhA bl pkVZj osQ
lgkjs oaQiuh leqnz ikj tkdj u, bykdksa
T i s
fp=k 2 & vBkjgoha lnh esa Hkkjr rd dks [k¡xky ldrh Fkh] ogk¡ ls lLrh dher ij ph”ksa [+kjhn dj mUgsa ;wjksi
R l
vkus okys jkLrsA esa m¡Qph dher ij csp ldrh FkhA oaQiuh dks nwljh vax”sz k O;kikfjd
b
oaQifu;ksa ls izfrLièkkZ dk dksbZ Hk; ugha FkkA ml ”kekus esa okf.kfT;d
E
oaQifu;k¡ eksVs rkSj ij izfrLièkkZ ls cpdj gh equkiQk dek ldrh FkhaA vxj
u
dksbZ izfrLièkhZ u gks rHkh os lLrh ph”ksa [+kjhndj mUgsa T+;knk dher ij
C p
csp ldrh FkhaA
N re
okf.kfT;d & ,d ,slk O;kolkf;d ysfdu ;g 'kkgh nLrkos”k nwljh ;wjksih; rkdrksa dks iwjc osQ ck”kkjksa esa
m|e ftlesa ph”kksa dks lLrh dher vkus ls ugha jksd ldrk FkkA tc rd baXySMa osQ tgk”k vizQhdk osQ if'pe
ij [+kjhn dj vkSj T+;knk dher rV dks Nwrs gq, osQi vkWI+kQ xqM gksi dk pDdj yxkdj fgan egklkxj ikj
© e
ij cspdj ;kuh eq[; :i ls djrs rc rd iqrxZ kfy;ksa us Hkkjr osQ if'peh rV ij viuh mifLFkfr ntZ
O;kikj osQ ”kfj, equkiQk dek;k djk nh FkhA os xksok esa viuk fBdkuk cuk pqoQs FksA iqrxZ ky osQ [kksth ;k=kh
b
tkrk gSA okLdks n xkek us gh 1498 esa igyh ckj Hkkjr rd igq¡pus osQ bl leqnhz
ekxZ dk irk yxk;k FkkA l=kgoha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr rd Mp Hkh fgan
o
egklkxj esa O;kikj dh laHkkouk,¡ ryk'kus yxs FksA oqQN gh le; ckn
t
i+zQkalhlh O;kikjh Hkh lkeus vk x,A
t
leL;k ;g Fkh fd lkjh oaQifu;k¡ ,d tSlh ph”ksa gh [+kjhnuk pkgrh
o
FkhaA ;wjksi osQ ck”kkjksa esa Hkkjr osQ cus ckjhd lwrh diM+s vkSj js'ke dh
tcjnLr ek¡x FkhA buosQ vykok dkyh fepZ] ykSxa ] byk;ph vkSj nkyphuh
n
dh Hkh tcjnLr ek¡x jgrh FkhA ;wjksih; oaQifu;ksa osQ chp bl c<+rh
izfrLièkkZ ls Hkkjrh; ck”kkjksa esa bu ph”kksa dh dhersa c<+us yxha vkSj muls
feyus okyk equkiQk fxjus yxkA vc bu O;kikfjd oaQifu;ksa osQ
iQyus&iwQyus dk ;gh ,d jkLrk Fkk fd os viuh izfrLièkhZ daifu;ksa dks
[kRe dj nsA fygktk] ck”kkjksa ij dCts dh bl gksM+ us O;kikfjd oaQifu;ksa
osQ chp yM+kb;ksa dh 'kq#vkr dj nhA l=kgoha vkSj vBkjgoha lnh esa tc
Hkh ekSdk feyrk dksb&Z lh ,d daiuh fdlh nwljh daiuh osQ tgk”k Mwcks
nsrh] jkLrs esa #dkoVsa [kM+h dj nsrh vkSj eky ls yns tgk”kksa dks vkxs
d
O;kikjh ;gha ls viuk dke pykrs FksA bu O;kikfj;ksa dks ml tekus esa
e
¶IkSQDVj¸ dgk tkrk FkkA bl iSQDVjh esa os;jgkml Fkk tgk¡ fu;kZr gksus
okyh ph”kksa dks tek fd;k tkrk FkkA ;gha ij mlosQ nÝ+rj Fks ftuesa oaQiuh
h
osQ vi+Qlj cSBrs FksA tSls&tSls O;kikj iSQyk oaQiuh us lkSnkxjksa vkSj
T i s
O;kikfj;ksa dks iSQDVjh osQ vkl&ikl vkdj clus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;kA
l
1696 rd oaQiuh us bl vkcknh osQ pkjksa rjiQ ,d fO+kQyk cukuk 'kq: dj
E R
fn;k FkkA nks lky ckn mlus eqX+ky vI+kQljksa dks fj'or nsdj rhu xk¡oksa dh
b
”kehankjh Hkh [+kjhn yhA buesa ls ,d xk¡o dkyhdkrk Fkk tks ckn esa
u
dydRrk cukA vc bls dksydkrk dgk tkrk gSA oaQiuh us eqX+ky lezkV
C
vkSjxa ”ksc dks bl ckr osQ fy, Hkh rS;kj dj fy;k fd og oaQiuh dks fcuk
p
I+kQjeku & ,d 'kkgh vkns'k
'kqYd pqdk, O;kikj djus dk I+kQjeku tkjh dj nsA
N re
oaQiuh T+;knk ls T+;knk fj;k;rsa gkfly djus vkSj igys ls ekStwn
vfèkdkjksa dk T+;knk ls T+;knk iQk;nk mBkus esa yxh gqbZ FkhA mnkgj.k osQ
© e
fy,] vkSjxa ”ksc osQ iQjeku ls osQoy oaQiuh dks gh 'kqYd eqDr O;kikj dk
vfèkdkj feyk FkkA oaQiuh osQ tks vi+Qlj futh rkSj ij O;kikj pykrs mUgsa
b
;g NwV ugha FkhA ysfdu mUgksaus Hkh 'kqYd pqdkus ls budkj dj fn;kA
blls caxky esa jktLo olwyh cgqr de gks xbZA ,sls esa Hkyk caxky osQ
o
uokc eqf'kZn oqQyh [kku fojksèk D;ksa u djrs\
t
fp=k 3 & enzkl osQ tgk”kksa ls lkeku
t
ykrh LFkkuh; ukSdk,¡] fofy;e flEilu
}kjk cuk;k x;k fp=k] 1867
no
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd 11
O;kikj ls ;q¼ksa rd
vBkjgoha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa oaQiuh vkSj caxky osQ uokcksa dk Vdjko
dkiQh c<+ x;k FkkA vkSjax”ksc dh e`R;q osQ ckn caxky osQ uokc viuh
rkdr fn[kkus yxs FksA ml le; nwljh {ks=kh; rkdrksa dh fLFkfr Hkh ,slh
gh FkhA eqf'kZn oqQyh [kku osQ ckn vyh onhZ [kku vkSj mlosQ ckn
fljktqíkSyk caxky osQ uokc cusA ;s lHkh 'kfDRk'kkyh 'kkld FksA mUgksaus
oaQiuh dks fj;k;rsa nsus ls euk dj fn;kA O;kikj dk vfèkdkj nsus osQ cnys
oaQiuh ls u”kjkus ek¡x]s mls flDds <kyus dk vfèkdkj ugha fn;k] vkSj
mldh fdyscanh dks c<+kus ls jksd fn;kA oaQiuh ij èkks[kkèkM+h dk vkjksi
d
yxkrs gq, mUgksua s nyhy nh fd mldh otg ls caxky ljdkj dh jktLo
e
olwyh de gksrh tk jgh gS vkSj uokcksa dh rkdr de”kksj iM+ jgh gSA
h
fp=k 4 & jkWcVZ DykboA
oaQiuh VSDl pqdkus dks rS;kj ugha Fkh] mlosQ vI+kQljksa us viekutud
fpfV~B;k¡ fy[kha vkSj uokcksa o muosQ vfèkdkfj;ksa dks viekfur djus dk
T i s
iz;kl fd;kA
R l
oaQiuh dk dguk Fkk fd LFkkuh; vfèkdkfj;ksa dh csrd q h ek¡xksa ls oaQiuh
b
dk O;kikj rckg gks jgk gSA O;kikj rHkh iQy&iwQy ldrk gS tc ljdkj
E
dBiqryh & ;g ,d f[kykSuk 'kqYd gVk ysA oaQiuh dks bl ckr dk Hkh ;dhu Fkk fd viuk O;kikj
u
gksrk gS ftls vki èkkxksa osQ lgkjs
C
iSQykus osQ fy, mls viuh vkcknh c<+kuh gksxhA xk¡o [+kjhnus gksxa s vkSj
p
vius fglkc ls upkrs gSAa tks fdyksa dk iqufuZekZ.k djuk gksxkA
N re
O;fDr fdlh vkSj osQ b'kkjksa ij ;s Vdjko fnuksfnu xaHkhj gksrs x, vUrr% bu Vdjkoksa dh ifj.kfr
pyrk gS mls Hkh e”kkd mM+kus Iyklh osQ izfl¼ ;q¼ osQ :i esa gqbAZ
osQ fy, vdlj dBiqryh dgk
© e
tkrk gSA Iyklh dk ;q¼
1756 esa vyh onhZ [kku dh e`R;q osQ ckn fljktqíkSyk caxky osQ uokc
b
cusA oaQiuh dks fljktqíkSyk dh rkdr ls dkiQh Hk; FkkA fljktqíkSyk dh
txg oaQiuh ,d ,slk dBiqryh uokc pkgrh Fkh tks mls O;kikfjd
to
fj;k;rsa vkSj vU; lqfoèkk,¡ vklkuh ls nsus esa vkukdkuh u djsA oaQiuh us
D;k vki tkurs Fks\ iz;kl fd;k fd fljktqíkSyk osQ izfr}af};ksa esa ls fdlh dks uokc cuk fn;k
t
D;k vki tkurs Fks fd Iyklh tk,A oaQiuh dks dke;kch ugha feyhA tokc esa fljktqíkSyk us gqDe fn;k
o
dk ;g uke fdl rjg iM+k\ fd oaQiuh muds jkT; osQ jktuhfrd ekeyksa esa Vk¡x vM+kuk can dj ns]
fdyscanh jksosQ vkSj ckdk;nk jktLo pqdk,A tc nksuksa i{k ihNs gVus dks
n
njvly vlyh uke iyk'kh
Fkk ftls vaxs”z kksa us fcxkM+ dj rS;kj ugha gq, rks vius 30]000 flikfg;ksa osQ lkFk uokc us dkfle ck”kkj
Iyklh dj fn;k FkkA bl txg esa fLFkr bafXy'k iSQDVjh ij geyk cksy fn;kA uokc dh iQkStksa us oaQiuh
dks iyk'kh ;gk¡ ik, tkus okys osQ vi+Qljksa dks fxjÝ+rkj dj fy;k] xksnke ij rkyk Mky fn;k] vaxs”z kksa osQ
iyk'k osQ iwQyksa osQ dkj.k dgk gfFk;kj Nhu fy, vkSj vax”sz k tgk”kksa dks ?ksjs esa ys fy;kA blosQ ckn uokc
tkrk FkkA iyk'k osQ [kwclwjr us oaQiuh osQ dydRrk fLFkr fdys ij OkQC”ks osQ fy, mèkj dk #[k fd;kA
yky iwQyksa ls xqyky cuk;k dydRrk osQ gkFk ls fudy tkus dh [+kcj lquus ij enzkl esa rSukr
tkrk gS ftldk gksyh ij oaQiuh osQ vi+Qljksa us Hkh jkWcVZ Dykbo osQ usrR` o esa lsukvksa dks jokuk dj
bLrseky gksrk gSA fn;kA bl lsuk dks ukSlfS ud csM+s dh enn Hkh fey jgh FkhA blosQ ckn
e d
T s h
R l i
E u b
C
uokc osQ lkFk yacs le; rd lkSnsckth pyhA vkf[kjdkj 1757 esa jkWcVZ Dykbo us
p
Iyklh osQ eSnku esa fljktqíkSyk osQ f[+kyki+Q oaQiuh dh lsuk dk usr`Ro fd;kA uokc
N re
fljktqíkSyk dh gkj dk ,d cM+k dkj.k mlosQ lsukifr;ksa esa ls ,d lsukifr ehj tkI+kQj
dh dkjxqtkfj;k¡ Hkh FkhaaA ehj tkI+kQj dh VqdfM+;ksa us bl ;q¼ esa fgLlk ugha fy;kA jkWcVZ
© e
Dykbo us ;g dgdj mls vius lkFk feyk fy;k Fkk fd fljktqíkSyk dks gVk dj ehj
tkI+kQj dks uokc cuk fn;k tk,xkA
b
Ïksr 1
o
laiUurk dk vk'oklu
t t
baXySaM osQ yksx bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh 'kkldh; egRokdka{kkvksa dks lansg
vkSj vfo'okl ls ns[krs FksA Iyklh dh yM+kbZ osQ ckn jkWcVZ Dykbo us
o
vaxzs”k lezkV osQ ,d eq[; fons'k ea=kh fofy;e fiV dks 7 tuojh
1759 dks dydRrs ls ;g fpV~Bh Hksth Fkh %
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd 13
Ïksr 2
Iyklh dh tax blfy, egRoiw.kZ ekuh tkrh gS D;ksfa d Hkkjr esa ;g
oaQiuh dh igyh cM+h thr FkhA
uokc dh f'kdk;rsa
Iyklh dh tax osQ ckn fljktqíkSyk dks ekj fn;k x;k vkSj ehj tkiQj
uokc cukA oaQiuh vHkh Hkh 'kklu dh f”kEesnkjh l¡Hkkyus dks rS;kj ugha
1733 esa caxky osQ uokc us
bafXy'k O;kikfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa
FkhA mldk ewy mís'; rks O;kikj dks iSQykuk FkkA vxj ;g dke LFkkuh;
;g dgk Fkk% 'kkldksa dh enn ls fcuk yM+kbZ yM+s gh fd;k tk ldrk Fkk rks fdlh jkT;
dks lhèks vius dC”ks esa ysus dh D;k ”k:jr FkhA
tc os igyh ckj gekjs tYnh gh oaQiuh dks ,glkl gksus yxk fd ;g jkLrk Hkh vklku ugha
ns'k esa vk, Fks rks mUgksaus
gSA dBiqryh uokc Hkh ges'kk oaQiuh osQ b'kkjksa ij ugha pyrs FksA
d
ljdkj osQ lkeus fourh
vkf[kjdkj mUgsa Hkh rks viuh iztk dh u”kj esa lEeku vkSj laiHz kqrk dk
djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd
e
mUgsa ,d iSQDVjh cukus fn[kkok djuk iM+rk FkkA
rks fiQj oaQiuh D;k djrh\ tc ehj tkI+kQj us oaQiuh dk fojksèk fd;k
h
osQ fy, FkksM+h&lh ”kehu
rks oaQiuh us mls gVkdj ehj dkfle dks uokc cuk fn;kA tc ehj dkfle
s
ns nh tk,A mUgsa og ”kehu
T i
rks fey xbZ ij mUgksaus rks ijs'kku djus yxk rks cDlj dh yM+kbZ (1764) esa mldks Hkh gjkuk iM+kA
R l
ogk¡ e”kcwr fOk+ Qyk gh [kM+k mls caxky ls ckgj dj fn;k x;k vkSj ehj tkiQj dks nksckjk uokc cuk;k
x;kA vc uokc dks gj eghus ik¡p yk[k #i, oaQiuh dks pqdkus FksA oaQiuh
b
dj MkykA blosQ pkjksa
E
rjiQ xM~<s cuk fn;s tks vius lSfud [kpks± ls fuiVus] O;kikfjd ”k:jrksa rFkk vU; [kpks± dks iwjk
u
unh ls tqM+rs gSaA nhokjksa djus osQ fy, vkSj iSlk pkgrh FkhA oaQiuh vkSj T+;knk bykosQ rFkk vkSj
C
ij mUgksaus u tkus fdruh T+;knk dekbZ pkgrh FkhA 1765 esa tc ehj tkI+kQj dh e`R;q gqbZ rc rd
p
rksisa rSukr dj nh gSaA oaQiuh osQ bjkns cny pqosQ FksA dBiqryh uokcksa osQ lkFk vius [kjkc
N re
mUgksaus cgqr lkjs lkSnkxjksa vuqHkoksa dks ns[krs gq, Dykbo us ,syku fd;k fd vc ¶gesa [kqn gh uokc
vkSj vU; yksxksa dks vius cuuk iM+xs kA¸
© e
ekrgr jgus osQ fy, rS;kj vkf[+kjdkj 1765 esa eqX+ky lezkV us oaQiuh dks gh caxky izkar dk
dj fy;k gS vkSj og nhoku fu;qDr dj fn;kA nhokuh feyus osQ dkj.k oaQiuh dks caxky osQ
,d yk[k #i;s jktLo
b
fo'kky jktLo lalkèkuksa ij fu;a=k.k fey x;k FkkA bl rjg oaQiuh dh ,d
olwy dj jgs gSa---- os
iqjkuh leL;k gy gks x;h FkhA vBkjgoha lnh dh 'kq#vkr ls gh Hkkjr osQ
vla[; vkSjrksa vkSj enks±
o
dks muosQ gh ns'k esa Xk+ y
q ke lkFk mldk O;kikj c<+rk tk jgk FkkA ysfdu mls Hkkjr esa T+;knkrj ph”ksa
t
cukdj ywV&[klksV jgs gSAa fczVus ls yk, x, lksus vkSj pk¡nh osQ cnys esa [+kjhnuh iM+rh FkhaA bldh
otg ;s Fkh fd ml le; fczVus osQ ikl Hkkjr esa cspus osQ fy, dksbZ ph”k
t
ugha FkhA Iyklh dh tax osQ ckn fczVus ls lksus dh fudklh de gksus yxh
o
vkSj caxky dh nhokuh feyus osQ ckn rks fczVz su ls lksuk ykus dh ”k:jr
gh ugha jghA vc Hkkjr ls gksus okyh vkenuh osQ lgkjs gh oaQiuh vius
n
[kpsZ pyk ldrh FkhA bl dekbZ ls oaQiuh Hkkjr esa lwrh vkSj js'keh diM+k
[+kjhn ldrh Fkh] viuh iQkStksa dks l¡Hkky ldrh Fkh vkSj dydRrs esa
fdyksa vkSj nÝ+rjksa osQ fuekZ.k dh ykxr mBk ldrh FkhA
oaQiuh osQ vi+Qlj ^uckWc* cu cSBs
uokc cuus dk D;k eryc Fkk\ bldk ,d eryc rks ;gh Fkk fd oaQiuh
osQ ikl vc lRrk vkSj rkdr FkhA ysfdu blosQ oqQN vkSj iQk;ns Hkh FksA
oaQiuh dk gj deZpkjh uokcksa dh rjg thus osQ [okc ns[kus yxk FkkA
d
dk ifjp; fn;kA vkb, ns[ksa
ds vkjksiksa ij viuh lI+kQkbZ nsuh iM+hA ljdkj dks mldh vdwr laifRr
mlus D;k dgk%
e
osQ Ïksr lansgkLin yx jgs FksA mls Hkz"Vkpkj vkjksiksa ls cjh rks dj fn;k
x;k ysfdu 1774 esa mlus vkRegR;k dj yhA ml fLFkfr dh dYiuk
h
oaQiuh osQ lHkh vi+Qlj Dykbo dh rjg nkSyr bdV~Bk ugha dj ik,A dhft, tgk¡ Iyklh dh thr
T s
us eq>s yk [kM+k dj fn;k
i
cgqr lkjh chekfj;ksa vkSj yM+kbZ osQ dkj.k de mez esa gh ekSr dk fuokyk
Fkk! ,d rkdroj jktk esjs
R l
cu x,A blosQ vykok mu lHkh dks Hkz"V vkSj csbeZ ku ekuuk Hkh lgh ugha
b'kkjksa ij py jgk Fkk_ ,d
gksxkA muesa ls cgqr lkjs vI+kQlj lk/kj.k ifjokjksa ls vk, FksA mudh lcls
b
laiUu 'kgj esjh n;k ij
E
cM+h bPNk cl ;gh Fkh fd os Hkkjr esa Bhd&Bkd iSlk dek,¡ vkSj fczVus FkkA mlosQ lcls nkSyrean
u
ykSVdj vkjke dh f”kanxh clj djsaA tks thrs th èku&nkSyr ysdj okil
C
egktu es j h ,d&,d
p
ykSV x, mUgksua s ogk¡ vkyh'kku thou ft;kA mUgsa ogk¡ osQ yksx ¶uckWc¸ eqLoqQjkgV osQ fy, ,d&nwljs
N re
dgrs FksA ;g Hkkjrh; 'kCn ^uokc* dk gh vaxs”z kh laLdj.k cu x;k FkkA dh fxjscku [khap jgs FksA eSa
mUgsa yksx vdlj u, vehjksa vkSj lkekftd gSfl;r esa jkrks&a jkr mQij ,sls [k”kkuksa osQ chp ls xq”kj
vkus okys yksxksa osQ :i esa ns[krs FksA ukVdksa vkSj dkVwuZ ksa esa mudk e”kkd jgk Fkk tks flI+kZQ esjs fy,
© e
mM+k;k tkrk FkkA [kqys gq, Fks] ,d rjiQ lksuk
vkSj nwljh rjiQ tokgjkr
b
oaQiuh dk iSQyrk 'kklu Fks! vè;{k egksn;] eSa vius
;fn ge 1757 ls 1857 osQ chp bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ }kjk Hkkjrh; bl la;e dks ns[kdj [kqn
o
gSjku gw¡A
t
jkT;ksa ij dC”ks dh izfozQ;k dks ns[ksa rks oqQN egRoiw.kZ ckrsa lkeus vkrh gSaA
fdlh vutku bykds esa oaQiuh us lhèks lSfud geyk izk;% ugha fd;kA
t
mlus fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; fj;klr dk vfèkxzg.k djus ls igys fofHkUu xfrfofèk
o
jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj owQVuhfrd lkèkuksa dk bLrseky fd;kA dYiuk dhft, fd vki
cDlj dh yM+kbZ (1764) osQ ckn oaQiuh us Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa esa oaQiuh osQ ,d ;qok vi+Qlj
n
jsf”kMsaV rSukr dj fn;sA ;s oaQiuh osQ jktuhfrd ;k O;kolkf;d izfrfufèk gSa vkSj oqQN eghus osQ fy,
gksrs FksA mudk dke oaQiuh osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djuk vkSj mUgsa vkxs c<+kuk Hkkjr vk, gSaA vc baXySaM esa
FkkA jf”kMsaV osQ ekè;e ls oaQiuh osQ vfèkdkjh Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa osQ Hkhrjh jgus okyh viuh ek¡ osQ uke
ekeyksa esa Hkh n[ky nsus yxs FksA vxyk jktk dkSu gksxk] fdl in ij ,d fpV~Bh fy[kdj mUgsa
fdldks fcBk;k tk,xk] bl rjg dh ph”ksa Hkh oaQiuh osQ vi+Qlj gh r; viuh ,s'kks&vkjke Hkjh
djuk pkgrs FksA dbZ ckj oaQiuh us fj;klrksa ij ¶lgk;d laf/¸ Hkh Fkksi f”kanxh ds ckjs esa crk,¡ vkSj
nhA tks fj;klr bl cankscLr dks eku ysrh Fkh mls viuh Lora=k lsuk,¡ mldh rqyuk fczVus esa vius
j[kus dk vfèkdkj ugha jgrk FkkA mls oaQiuh dh rjiQ ls lqj{kk feyrh iqjkus thou ls djsAa
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd 15
Fkh vkSj ¶lgk;d lsuk¸ osQ j[kj[kko osQ fy, og oaQiuh dks iSlk nsrh
FkhA vxj Hkkjrh; 'kkld jde vnk djus esa pwd tkrs Fks rks tqekZus osQ
rkSj ij mudk bykdk oaQiuh vius dC”ks esa ys ysrh FkhA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
tc fjpMZ osy”s yh xouZj&tujy (1798&1805) Fkk] ml le; voèk
osQ uokc dks 1801 esa viuk vkèkk bykdk oaQiuh dks lkSaius osQ fy,
etcwj fd;k x;k D;ksfa d uokc ¶lgk;d lsuk¸ osQ fy, iSlk vnk djus
esa pwd x, FksA blh vkèkkj ij gSnjkckn osQ Hkh dbZ bykosQ Nhu fy, x,A
Ïks=k 4
d
jsf”kMsUV dh rkdr D;k gksrh Fkh\
h e
T s
osQ lkFk [kM+s uokc 'kqtkmíkSyk] fVyh
Fkk %
i
oSQVy }kjk cuk;k fp=k (rSy] 1772)A
R l
cDlj dh yM+kbZ osQ ckn gqbZ lafèk;ksa osQ njvly jsf”kMsUV fj;klr dk jktk gksrk gSA ge mls
b
iQyLo:i uokc 'kqtkmíkSyk osQ T+;knkrj vgLr{ksi dh eupkgh fu"ksèkkKk osQ rgr dke djus dh
E
vfèkdkj fNu x, Fks ysfdu ;gk¡ og NwV nsrs gSaA tc rd LFkkuh; jktk iwjh rjg vèkhuLFk
u
jsf”kMsUV osQ lkeus viuh fpj&ifjfpr jgrk gS vkSj jsf”kMsUV ;kuh fczfV'k ljdkj osQ ekfI+kQd
C
dke djrk gS rks ph”ksa vkjke ls pyrh jgrh gSaA 'kklu
p
'kkgh 'kkuks&'kkSdr osQ lkFk fn[kkbZ ns jgs
gSaA osQ dkeksa esa jsf”kMsUV dh n[kyankth osQ fcuk lc oqQN
N re
py tkrk gS---- tc Hkh oqQN vyx rjg dk ?kVrk gS]
tc Hkh jktk dksbZ ,slk jkLrk viukrk gS ftls fczfV'k
© e
fu"ksèkkKk & funs'Z kA ljdkj xyr ekurh gS rks Vdjko vkSj mFky&iqFky iSnk
vèkhuLFkrk & nCcwiu gks tkrh gSA
b
tsEl fey (1832)
o
Vhiw lqYrku & ¶'ksj&,&eSljw ¸
t
tc oaQiuh dks vius jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd fgrksa ij [krjk fn[kkbZ fn;k
t
rks oaQiuh us izR;{k lSfud Vdjko dk jkLrk Hkh viuk;kA nf{k.k Hkkjrh;
o
jkT; eSlwj osQ mnkgj.k ls ;g ckr le>h tk ldrh gSA
gSnj vyh ('kklu dky 1761 ls 1782) vkSj muosQ fo[;kr iq=k Vhiw
n
lqYrku ('kklu dky 1782 ls 1799) tSls 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkldksa osQ usrR` o esa
eSljw dkiQh rkdroj gks pqdk FkkA ekykckj rV ij gksus okyk O;kikj eSljw
fj;klr osQ fu;a=k.k esa Fkk tgk¡ ls oaQiuh dkyh fepZ vkSj byk;ph [+kjhnrh
FkhA 1785 esa Vhiw lqYrku us viuh fj;klr esa iM+us okys canjxkgksa ls panu
dh ydM+h] dkyh fepZ vkSj byk;ph dk fu;kZr jksd fn;kA lqYrku us
LFkkuh; lkSnkxjksa dks Hkh oaQiuh osQ lkFk dkjksckj djus ls jksd fn;k FkkA Vhiw
lqYrku us Hkkjr esa jgus okys i+Qz kalhlh O;kikfj;ksa ls ?kfu"B lacèa k fodflr
fp=k 7 & Vhiw lqYrkuA fd, vkSj mudh enn ls viuh lsuk dk vkèkqfudhdj.k fd;kA
d
nks csVksa dks vaxzs”kksa us caèkd osQ :i esa
e
vius ikl j[k fy;kA fczfV'k fp=kdkjksa
dks ,sls n`';ksa dh rlohj cukus esa e”kk
h
vkrk Fkk ftuesa vaxzs”kksa dh lRrk dh
T s
fot; fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhA
R l i
b
lqYrku osQ bu dneksa ls vax”sz k vkx&ccwyk gks x,A mUgsa gSnj vyh
E
vkSj Vhiw lqYrku cgqr egRokdka{kh] ?ke.Mh vkSj [+krjukd fn[kkbZ nsrs FksA
u
vaxs”z kksa dks yxrk Fkk fd ,sls jktkvksa dks fu;af=kr djuk vkSj oqQpyuk Vhiw dh dgkfu;k¡
C p
”k:jh gSA iQyLo:i] eSlwj osQ lkFk vaxs”z kksa dh pkj ckj tax gqbZ
N re
(1767&69] 1780&84] 1790&92 vkSj 1799)A JhjaxiV~e dh vkf[kjh jktkvks a dh Nfo vdlj
tax esa oaQiuh dks liQyrk feyhA viuh jktèkkuh dh j{kk djrs gq, Vhiw tuJqfr;ksa ls Hkh curh gSA izpfyr
lqYrku ekjs x, vkSj eSlwj dk jktdkt iqjkus oksfM;kj jktoa'k osQ gkFkksa esa fdLlksa esa mudh rkdr dk [kwc
© e
lkSai fn;k x;kA blosQ lkFk gh eSlwj ij Hkh lgk;d laf/ Fkksi nh xbZA ;'kxku fd;k tkrk gSA 1782 esa
eSljw osQ jktk cus Vhiw lqYrku
b
osQ ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd ,d
ckj os vius iz+Qkalhlh nksLr osQ
t
vk x;kA mudh cand w us ekSds
o
ij lkFk ugha fn;k vkSj dVkj
n
Hkh ”kehu ij fxj xbZA fiQj Hkh
Vhiw us fugRFks gh 'ksj dk eqdkcyk
fd;k vkSj vkf[kjdkj dVkj mBk
fp=k 9 & Vhiw dk f[kykSuk 'ksjA
yhA var esa mUgksua s 'ksj dks ekj
;g Vhiw osQ ,d fo'kkydk; e'khuh f[kykSus dh rlohj gSA blesa ;g udyh 'ksj
,d ;wjksih; flikgh dks nck, gq, gSA tc bldk gS.My ?kqek;k tkrk Fkk rks udyh fxjk;kA blh osQ ckn ls mUgsa
'ksj ngkM+rk Fkk vkSj flikgh osQ Hkhrj ls ph[k dh vkoktsa vkrh FkhaA vc ;g ¶'ksj&,&eSljw ¸ dgk tkus yxk
f[kykSuk 'ksj yanu fLFkr foDVksfj;k ,aM ,YcVZ E;wf”k;e esa j[kk gSA 4 ebZ 1799 dks FkkA muosQ jktlh >aMs ij Hkh
tc viuh jktèkkuh JhjaxiV~e dh j{kk djrs gq, Vhiw lqYrku dh e`R;q gks xbZ rks
vaxzs”k bl f[kykSus dks Hkh vius lkFk ys x,A 'ksj dh rlohj gksrh FkhA
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd 17
.xfrfofèk ejkBksa ls yM+kbZ
dYiuk dhft, fd vkidks vBkjgoha 'krkCnh osQ vkf[kj ls oaQiuh ejkBksa dh rkdr dks Hkh Ok+ Qkcw vkSj
JhjaxiV~e osQ ;q¼ vkSj Vhiw [kRe djus osQ ckjs esa lkspus yxh FkhA 1761 esa ikuhir dh rhljh yM+kbZ
lqYrku dh ekSr osQ ckjs esa esa gkj osQ ckn fnYyh ls ns'k dk 'kklu pykus dk ejkBksa dk liuk
[+kcj nsus okys nks iqjkus pwj&pwj gks x;kA mUgsa dbZ jkT;ksa esa ck¡V fn;k x;kA bu jkT;ksa dh ckxMksj
v[+kckj feyrs gSAa ,d flafèk;k] gksydj] xk;dokM vkSj Hkksalys tSls vyx&vyx jktoa'kksa osQ
v[+kckj fczVus dk gS vkSj gkFkksa esa FkhA ;s lkjs ljnkj ,d is'kok (loksPZ p ea=kh) osQ varxZr ,d
nwljk eSlwj dk gSA nksuksa dUI+kQs Mjslh(jkT;e.My) osQ lnL; FksA is'kok bl jkT;e.My dk lSfud
vkSj iz'kkldh; izeq[k gksrk Fkk vkSj iq.ks esa jgrk FkkA egkn~th flafèk;k vkSj
d
v[+kckjksa osQ fy, bu ?kVukvksa
osQ ckjs esa ,d&,d lq[khZ ukuk iQM+uhl vBkjgoha lnh osQ vkf[kj osQ nks izfl¼ ejkBk ;ks¼k vkSj
e
fyf[k,A jktuhfrK FksA
h
,d osQ ckn ,d dbZ ;q¼ksa esa daiuh us ejkBksa dks ?kqVus Vsdus ij
T s
etcwj dj fn;kA igyk ;q¼ 1782 esa lkyckbZ lafèk osQ lkFk [kRe gqvk
i
dUI+kQs Mjslh & xBcaèku ftlesa dksbZ i{k ugha thr ik;kA nwljk vax”sz k&ejkBk ;q¼ (1803&05) dbZ
R l
ekspks± ij yM+k x;kA bldk urhtk ;g gqvk fd mM+hlk vkSj ;equk osQ
b
mRrj esa fLFkr vkxjk o fnYyh lfgr dbZ HkwHkkx vaxs”z kksa osQ dC”ks esa vk
E
x,A varr%] 1817&19 osQ rhljs vax”sz k&ejkBk ;q¼ esa ejkBksa dh rkdr dks
C u
iwjh rjg oqQpy fn;k x;kA is'kok dks iq.ks ls gVkdj dkuiqj osQ ikl fcBwj
p
esa isa'ku ij Hkst fn;k x;kA vc foaè; osQ nf{k.k esa fLFkr iwjs HkwHkkx ij
N re
oaQiuh dk fu;a=k.k gks pqdk FkkA
loksPZ prk dk nkok
© e
mijksDr fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr ls oaQiuh
{ks=kh; foLrkj dh vkozQked uhfr ij py jgh FkhA ykWMZ gsfLVaXl (1813
b
ls 1823 rd xouZj&tujy) osQ usrR` o esa ¶loksPZ prk¸ dh ,d u;h uhfr
'kq: dh xbZA oaQiuh dk nkok Fkk fd mldh lRrk loksPZ p gS blfy, og
o
Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa ls Åij gSA vius fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, og Hkkjrh;
t
fj;klrksa dk vfèkxzg.k djus ;k mudks vfèkxzg.k dh èkedh nsus dk
t
vfèkdkj vius ikl ekurh FkhA ;g lksp ckn esa Hkh vaxs”z kksa dh uhfr;ksa esa
fn[kkbZ nsrh jghA
no ysfdu ;g izfozQ;k csjksdVksd ugha pyhA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc vax”sz kksa
us fdRrwj (fiQygky dukZVd es)a osQ NksVs ls jkT; dks dC”ks esa ysus dk
iz;kl fd;k rks jkuh psUuEek us gfFk;kj mBk fy, vkSj vax”sz kksa osQ f[+kyki+Q
vkanksyu NsM+ fn;kA 1824 esa mUgsa fxjÝ+rkj fd;k x;k vkSj 1829 esa tsy
esa gh mudh e`R;q gks xbZA psUuEek osQ ckn fdRrwj fLFkr laxksyh osQ ,d xjhc
pkSdhnkj jk;Uuk us ;g izfrjksèk tkjh j[kkA pkSrjiQk leFkZu vkSj lgk;rk ls
mUgksua s cgqr lkjs fczfV'k f'kfojksa vkSj nLrkos”kksa dks u"V dj fn;k FkkA
vkf[kjdkj mUgsa Hkh vax”sz kksa us idM+dj 1830 esa iQk¡lh ij yVdk fn;kA
fp=k 10 & ykWMZ gsfLVaXlA izfrjksèk osQ ,sls dbZ nwljs mnkgj.k vki bl fdrkc esa vkxs i<+xas As
d
vk x;kA blosQ ckn iatkc dh ckjh FkhA ;gk¡ egkjktk
e
j.kthr flag us oaQiuh dh nky ugha xyus nhA 1839
esa mudh e`R;q osQ ckn bl fj;klr osQ lkFk nks yach
h
yM+kb;k¡ gqb± vkSj vkf[kjdkj 1849 esa vaxs”z kksa us
T s
iatkc dk Hkh vfèkxzg.k dj fy;kA
foy; uhfr
R l i
E b
vfèkxzg.k dh vkf[kjh ygj 1848 ls 1856 osQ chp
u
xouZj&tujy cus ykWMZ MygkS”kh osQ 'kklu dky esa
C
pyhA ykWMZ MygkS”kh us ,d u;h uhfr viukbZ ftls
p
foy; uhfr dk uke fn;k x;kA ;g fl¼kar bl roZQ
N re
ij vkèkkfjr Fkk fd vxj fdlh 'kkld dh e`R;q gks
tkrh gS vkSj mldk dksbZ iq#"k okfjl ugha gS rks
© e
mldh fj;klr gM+i dj yh tk,xh ;kuh oaQiuh osQ
HkwHkkx dk fgLlk cu tk,xhA bl fl¼kar osQ vkèkkj
b
ij ,d osQ ckn ,d dbZ fj;klrsa & lrkjk (1848)]
lacyiqj (1850)] mn;iqj (1852)] ukxiqj (1853)
o
vkSj >k¡lh (1854) & vaxs”z kksa osQ gkFk esa pyh xb±A fp=k 11 & egkjktk j.kthr flag dk
t
vkf[kjdkj 1856 esa oaQiuh us voèk dks Hkh vius fu;a=k.k esa ys fy;kA njckjA
bl ckj vaxs”z kksa us ,d u;k roZQ fn;kA mUgksaus dgk fd os voèk dh turk
t
dks uokc osQ ¶oqQ'kklu¸ ls vk”kkn djkus osQ fy, ¶drZO; ls c¡èks¸ gq,
o
gSa blfy, os voèk ij dC”kk djus dks etcwj gS!a vius fiz; uokc dks
n
ftl rjg ls xíh ls gVk;k x;k] mls ns[kdj yksxksa esa xqLlk HkM+d mBk
vkSj voèk osQ yksx Hkh 1857 osQ egku fonzksg esa 'kkfey gks x,A
xfrfofèk
dYiuk dhft, fd vki uokc osQ Hkrhts gSAa vkidks cpiu ls gh
;g ,glkl djk;k x;k gS fd ,d fnu vki jktxíh l¡Hkkysxa As vc
vkidks irk pyrk gS fd foy; uhfr osQ dkj.k vax”sz k vkidks jktk
ugha cuus nsxa As vkidks oSQlk yxsxk\ jktxíh ikus osQ fy, vki D;k
djsxa \s
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd 19
e d
T s h
R l i
E u b
fp=k 11 (a)
C
N re p
fp=k 11 (b)
© e
b
to
o t
n fp=k 11 (a), (b), (c) & Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kksa dh iSQyrh lRrk,¡A
bu uD'kksa dks Hkkjr osQ orZeku jktuhfrd uD'ks osQ lkFk
j[kdj ns[ksaA rhuksa uD'kksa esa mu bykdksa dh igpku djsa tks
fczfV'k 'kklu osQ varxZr ugha FksA
fp=k 11 (c)
d
gsfLVaXl us dbZ iz'kkldh; lqèkkj fd,A U;k; osQ {ks=k esa mlds lqèkkj egkfHk;ksx & tc baXySaM osQ
e
[+kklrkSj ls mYys[kuh; FksA gkml vkWiQ dkWel a esa fdlh
1772 ls ,d u;h U;k; O;oLFkk LFkkfir dh xbZA bl O;oLFkk esa O;fDr osQ f[+kyki+Q nqjkpj.k dk
h
izkoèkku fd;k x;k fd gj ftys esa nks vnkyrsa gksaxh & I+kQkStnkjh vnkyr vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS rks gkml
T s
vkSj nhokuh vnkyrA nhokuh vnkyrksa osQ eqf[k;k ;wjksih; f”kyk dysDVj vkWI+kQ ykWM~lZ (laln dk mQijh
l i
gksrs FksA ekSyoh vkSj fganw iafMr muosQ fy, Hkkjrh; dkuwuksa dh O;k[;k lnu) esa ml O;fDr osQ
R
djrs FksA I+kQkStnkjh vnkyrsa vHkh Hkh dk”kh vkSj eqÝ+rh osQ gh varxZr Fkha f[+kykI+kQ eqdnek pyrk gSA bls
E b
ysfdu os Hkh dysDVj dh fuxjkuh esa dke djrs FksA egkfHk;ksx dgk tkrk gSA
C p u
N re
© e
b
to
o t
n
fp=k 12 & okWjsu gsfLVaXl ij eqdnek] vkj-th- ikWykMZ }kjk fpf=kr] 1789-
tc okWjus gsfLVaXl 1785 esa baXySMa ykSVk rks ,sMeaM cosQZ us ml ij caxky dk 'kklu lgh <ax ls u pykus dk vkjksi tM+
fn;kA bl vkjksi osQ pyrs gsfLVaXl ij fczfV'k laln esa egkfHk;ksx dk eqdnek pyk;k x;k tks lkr lky pykA
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd 21
Ïksr 5
,d cM+h leL;k ;g Fkh fd czkã.k iafMr èkeZ'kkL=k dh vyx&vyx
¶eSa lcosQ 'k=kq vkSj mRihM+d 'kk[kkvksa osQ fglkc ls LFkkuh; dkuwuksa dh vyx&vyx O;k[;k dj nsrs FksA
ij egkfHk;ksx pyk jgk gwA¡ ¸ bl fHkUurk dks [kRe djosQ le:irk ykus osQ fy, 1775 esa 11 iafMrksa
dks Hkkjrh; dkuwuksa dk ,d ladyu rS;kj djus dk dke lkSaik x;kA ,u-
okWjus gsfLVaXl osQ egkfHk;ksx dh ch- gkygsM us bl ladyu dk vaxs”z kh esa vuqokn fd;kA 1778 rd
dkjZokbZ osQ nkSjku ,sMeaM coZQ ;wjksih; U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ fy, eqlfye dkuwuksa dh Hkh ,d lafgrk rS;kj dj
us ,d mRrstukiw.kZ Hkk"k.k fn;k yh xbZ FkhA 1773 osQ jsX;qysfVax ,sDV osQ rgr ,d u, loksPZ p U;k;ky;
ftldk ,d fgLlk bl izdkj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA blosQ vykok dydRrk esa vihyh; vnkyr & lnj
Fkk % fu”kker vnkyr & dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
d
eSa muds (gsfLVaXl ds) Hkkjrh; ftys esa dysDVj lcls cM+k vksgnk gksrk FkkA tSlk fd uke ls
e
Åij Hkkjr osQ yksxksa dh gh irk pyrk gS] mldk eq[; dke yxku vkSj dj bdV~Bk djuk rFkk
vksj ls egkfHk;ksx pyk U;k;kèkh'kks]a iqfyl vfèkdkfj;ksa o nkjksxk dh lgk;rk ls f”kys esa dkuwu&O;oLFkk
h
jgk gw¡ ftuosQ vfèkdkjksa cuk, j[kuk gksrk FkkA mldk dk;kZy; & dysDVjsV & lRrk vkSj laj{k.k
T s
dks mUgksaus iSjksa rys jkSan
i
dk u;k osaQnz cu x;k Fkk ftlus iqjkus lRrk osaQnzksa dks gkf'k;s ij <osQy
l
fn;k vkSj ftuds ns'k dks
R
fn;kA
mUgksaus jsfxLrku cuk fn;k
b
oaQiuh dh I+kQkSt
E
gSA var esa] ekuo LoHkko
u
osQ uke ij] L=kh&iq#"k osQ oaQiuh osQ lkFk Hkkjr esa 'kklu vkSj lqèkkj osQ u, fopkj rks vk, ysfdu
C
uke ij] gj mez osQ uke mldh vlyh lRrk lSfud rkdr esa FkhA eqXk+ y I+kQkSt eq[; :i ls
p
ij] gj vksgns osQ uke
?kqMl
+ okj (lokj % ?kksM+s ij pyus okys izf'kf{kr) vkSj iSny lsuk FkhA
N re
ij eSa lcosQ lk>k 'k=kq
vkSj lcosQ mRihM+d ij mUgsa rhjankth vkSj ryokjck”kh dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk FkkA lsuk esa lokjksa
egkfHk;ksx pyk jgk gw¡A dk ncnck jgrk Fkk vkSj eqX+ky lkezkT; dks ,d fo'kky is'ksoj izf'k{k.k
© e
okyh iSny lsuk dh ”k:jr eglwl ugha gksrh FkhA xzkeh.k bykdksa esa l'kL=k
fdlkuksa dh cM+h la[;k FkhA LFkkuh; ”kehankj eqX+kyksa dks ”k:jr iM+us ij
b
iSny flikgh eqg;S k djkrs FksA
èkeZ'kkL=k & laLo`Qr dh ,slh vBkjgoha lnh esa tc voèk vkSj cukjl tSlh fj;klrksa esa fdlkuksa dks
o
HkrhZ djosQ mUgsa is'ksoj lSfud izf'k{k.k fn;k tkus yxk rks ;g lwjr cnyus
t
o`Qfr;k¡ ftuesa lkekftd
rkSj&rjhdksa vkSj vkpj.k osQ yxhA bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us tc viuh lsuk osQ fy, HkrhZ 'kq: dh rks mlus
t
fl¼karksa dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA Hkh ;gh rjhdk viuk;kA vaxs”z k viuh lsuk dks flikW; (tks Hkkjrh; 'kCn
^flikgh* ls gh cuk gS) vkehZ dgrs FksA
o
;s èkeZ'kkL=k bZlk iwoZ 500 o"kZ ls
Hkh igys fy[ks x, FksA 1820 osQ n'kd ls tSl&s tSls ;q¼ rduhd cnyus yxh oaQiuh dh
n
lsuk esa ?kqM+lokj VqdfM+;ksa dh ”k:jr de gksrh xbZA bldh otg ;g Fkh
lokj & ?kqMl + okj fd fczfV'k lkezkT; cekZ] viQxkfuLrku vkSj feÏ esa Hkh yM+ jgk Fkk tgk¡
eLosQV - iSny flikfg;ksa }kjk flikgh eLosQV (rksMns+ kj cand w ) vkSj eSpykWd ls ySl gksrs FksA oaQiuh dh
bLrseky dh tkus okyh ,d lsuk osQ flikfg;ksa dks cnyrh lSfud vko';drkvksa dk è;ku j[kuk iM+rk
Hkkjh canwdA Fkk vkSj vc mldh iSny VqdM+h T+;knk egRoiw.kZ gksrh tk jgh FkhA
eSpykWd & 'kq#vkrh nkSj dh mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa vax”sz k ,d le:i lSfud laLo`Qfr
candw ftlesa ck:n dks ekfpl fodflr djus yxs FksA flikfg;ksa dks ;wjksih; <ax dk izf'k{k.k] vH;kl
ls fpaxkjh nh tkrh FkhA vkSj vuq'kklu fl[kk;k tkus yxkA vc mudk thou igys ls Hkh T+;knk
d
Hkkjrh; fp=kdkj }kjk cuk;k x;k fp=k]
e
1780-
ejkBksa vkSj eSlwj osQ lkFk gq, ;q¼ksa osQ
h
ckn oaQiuh dks viuh ?kqM+lokj VqdfM+;ksa
T s
dks e”kcwr djus dh vgfe;r le> esa
l i
vkus yxh FkhA
E R b
u
fu;af=kr FkkA bl dksf'k'k esa dHkh&dHkh leL;k,¡ Hkh vk tkrh Fkha D;ksafd
C
is'ksoj flikfg;ksa dh lsuk [kM+k djus osQ pDdj esa vax”sz k dbZ ckj tkfr
p
vkSj leqnk; dh Hkkoukvksa dks u”kjvank”k dj nsrs FksA Hkyk yksx viuh
N re
tkrh; vkSj èkkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks bruh vklkuh ls dSls NksM+ ldrs Fks\
D;k os [kqn dks vius leqnk; dk lnL; ekuus dh ctk; fli+QZ flikgh
© e
eku ldrs Fks\
flikgh D;k eglwl djrs Fks\ vius thou vkSj viuh igpku] ;kuh
b
os dkSu gSa] bl ckr ds vglkl esa tks cnyko vk jgs Fks mudks flikfg;ksa
us fdl rjg ns[kk\ 1857 dk fonzksg gesa flikfg;ksa dh bl nqfu;k dh
o
>yd fn[kkrk gSA bl fonzksg osQ ckjs esa vki vè;k; 5 esa i<+saxsA
fu"d"kZ
t t
o
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh ,d O;kikfjd oaQiuh ls c<+r&s c<+rs ,d HkkSxksfyd
vkSifuosf'kd 'kfDr cu xbZA mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa u;h Hkki
n
rduhd osQ vkus ls ;g izfozQ;k vkSj rs”k gqbAZ rc rd leqnz ekxZ ls Hkkjr
igq¡pus esa 6&8 ekg dk le; yx tkrk FkkA Hkki ls pyus okys tgk”kksa us
;g ;k=kk rhu gÝ+rksa esa lesV nhA blosQ ckn rks T+;knk ls T+;knk vaxs”z k vkSj
muosQ ifjokj Hkkjr tSls nwj ns'k esa vkus yxsA
1857 rd Hkkjrh; miegk}hi osQ 63 izfr'kr HkwHkkx vkSj 78 izfr'kr
vkcknh ij oaQiuh dk lhèkk 'kklu LFkkfir gks pqdk FkkA ns'k osQ 'ks"k HkwHkkx
vkSj vkcknh ij oaQiuh dk vizR;{k izHkko FkkA bl izdkj] O;kogkfjd Lrj
ij bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh iwjs Hkkjr dks vius fu;a=k.k esa ys pqdh FkhA
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd 23
vU;=k
nf{k.k vizQhdk esa nkl O;kikj
Mp O;kikjh l=kgoha lnh esa nf{k.k vizQhdk igqp ¡ As
tYn gh nkl O;kikj 'kq: gks x;kA yksxksa dks caèkd
cukdj tathjksa esa ck¡/dj nkl ck”kkjksa esa cspk tkus
yxkA 1834 esa nkl izFkk osQ vUr osQ le;
vizQhdk osQ nf{k.kh fljs ij fLFkr osQi esa futh
LokfeRo esa nklksa dh la[;k 36]774 FkhA
1824 esa osQi vkus okys ,d ;k=kh us ogk¡ gksus
okyh uhykeh dk vk¡[kksa ns[kk C;ksjk izLrqr fd;k gS&
e d
h
¶;g ekywe gksus ij fd i'kqvks]a o`Qf"k mRiknksa
T s
dh uhykeh gksus okyh gS--- geus viuh xkM+h u, cSy [kjhnus osQ fy, jksd yhA uhykeh osQ eky
l i
esa ,d L=kh&nkl vkSj mlosQ rhu cPps FksA fdlkuksa us i'kqvksa osQ leku gh mUgsa ij[kkA mUgsa
R
vyx&vyx [kjhnkjksa dks csp fn;k x;kA ek¡ us fpUrk] osnuk vkSj vk¡lw Hkjh vk¡[kksa ls cPPkksa dh rjiQ
E b
ns[kkA nq[kh cPps O;koqQy ek¡&cki ls fpid x;sA ;g n`'; fny dks fi?kykus okyk FkkA blosQ foijhr
u
ekStnw n'kZdksa osQ psgjs g¡lrs gq;s ,oa vlaons u'khy FksA
C
ukbZty oksMZu }kjk fyf[kr] n psul nsV ckbaM vl % , fgLVªh vkWiQ lysojh ,V n osQi] 1996
N re p
© e
vkb, dYiuk djsa
fQj ls ;kn djsa
b
vki vBkgjoh lnh osQ
vkf[kj ;k mUuhloha lnh 1- fuEufyf[kr osQ tksM+s cuk,¡
o
osQ izkjaHk esa baXySaM esa jg
t
jgs gSAa fczfV'k fot; dh nhokuh Vhiw lqYrku
t
dgkuh ij vkidh D;k ¶'ksj&,&eSlwj¸ HkwjktLo olwy djus dk vfèkdkj
izfrfozQ;k gksxh\ ;kn jf[k, I+kQkSthnkjh vnkyr flikW;
no
fd vki ogk¡ tkus okys
cgqr lkjs vi+Qljksa dh
csfglkc dekbZ osQ ckjs esa
tku pqds gSaA
jkuh psUuEek
flikgh
okWjsu gsfLVaXl
Hkkjr dk igyk xouZj&tujy
I+kQkStnkjh vnkyr
fdRrwj esa vaxsz”k&fojksèkh vkanksyu dk
usr`Ro fd;k
d
(x) egkjktk j.kthr flag iatkc osQ jktk FksA
e
(?k) vaxsz”kksa us vius dC”ks okys bykdksa esa dksbZ 'kkldh; cnyko ugha fd,A
T s h
i
vkb, fopkj djsa
4-
R b l
;wjksih; O;kikfjd oaQifu;k¡ Hkkjr dh rjiQ D;ksa vkdf"kZr gks jgh Fkha\
5-
E u
caxky osQ uokcksa vkSj bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ chp fdu ckrksa ij fookn Fks\
C p
6- nhokuh feyus ls bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks fdl rjg IkQk;nk igq¡pk\
7-
N re
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh Vhiw lqYrku dks [krjk D;ksa ekurh Fkh\
© e
8- ¶lfClfM;jh ,yk;al¸ (lgk;d laf/) O;oLFkk dh O;k[;k djsaA
9- oaQiuh dk 'kklu Hkkjrh; jktkvksa osQ 'kklu ls fdl rjg vyx Fkk\
10-
b
oaQiuh dh lsuk dh lajpuk esa vk, cnykoksa dk o.kZu djsaA
to
t
vkb, djds ns[ksa
11-
nocaxky esa vaxzs”kksa dh thr osQ ckn dydRrk ,d NksVs ls xk¡o ls cM+s 'kgj esa rCnhy
gks x;kA vkSifuosf'kd dky osQ nkSjku 'kgj osQ ;wjksih; vkSj Hkkjrh; fuokfl;ksa dh
laLo`Qfr] f'kYi vkSj thou osQ ckjs esa irk yxk,¡A
12- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh osQ ckjs esa rlohjsa] dgkfu;k¡] dfork,¡ vkSj tkudkfj;k¡ bdV~Bk
djsa & >k¡lh dh jkuh] egknth flafèk;k] gSnj vyh] egkjktk j.kthr flag] ykWMZ MygkS”kh
;k vkiosQ bykosQ dk dksbZ iqjkuk 'kkldA
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd 25