CELL CYCLE &

CANCER
Erlix R Purnama, M.Si.
Lab Fisiologi Jurusan Biologi
 CELL CYCLE

The eukaryotic cell

cycle usually occurs
in four phases
 CELL-CYCLE CONTROL
SYSTEM
• The cell-cycle control system governs the cell-cycle
machinery by complexes that initiate or regulate DNA
replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
• The phosphorylation reactions that control the cell
cycle are carried out by a specific set of protein
kinases, while dephosphorylation is performed by a set
of protein phosphatases
 CELL-CYCLE CONTROL
• Progression through the cell SYSTEM
cycle depends on cyclin-
dependent protein kinases
(Cdks)
• The accumulation of cyclin,
helps regulate the activity of
Cdks
 CELL-CYCLE CONTROL
SYSTEM
1. G1/S-cyclins activate Cdks in late G1 and thereby
help trigger progression through Start, resulting in a
commitment to cell-cycle entry. Their levels fall in S
phase.
2. S-cyclins bind Cdks soon after progression through
Start and help stimulate chromosome duplication. S-
cyclin levels remain elevated until mitosis, and these
cyclins also contribute to the control of some early
mitotic events.
3. M-cyclins activate Cdks that stimulate entry into
mitosis at the G2/M transition. M-cyclin levels fall in
mid-mitosis.
• The cell-cycle control system
uses various mechanisms to
pause the cycle at specific
transition points.
• One way in which
mitogens stimulate
cell proliferation is
by inhibiting the Rb
protein.
• DNA damage can
arrest the cell cycle
in G1
• The initiation of DNA
replication takes place
in two steps
• Incomplete Replication
Can Arrest the Cell
Cycle in G2
Interphase
M Phase:
A. Mitosis:
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
B. Cytokinesis
Interphase
Mitosis:
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
Mitosis:
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
Mitosis:
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
A. A fluorescence micrograph of a metaphase chromosome stained
with a DNA-binding fluorescent dye and with human autoantibodies
that react with specific kinetochore proteins (red)
B. Showing its two sister chromatids attached to the plus ends of
kinetochore microtubules
C. Electron micrograph of an anaphase chromatid with microtubules
attached to its kinetochore
 MICROTUBULE ATTACHMENT
SITES IN THE KINETOCHORE
• Each microtubule is
attached to the kinetochore
by interactions with multiple
copies of the Ndc80
complex (blue).

• This complex binds to the

sides of the microtubule
near its plus end, allowing
polymerization and
depolymerization to occur
while the microtubule
remains attached to the
kinetochore
MICROTUBULE ATTACHMENT
SITES IN THE KINETOCHORE
Mitosis:
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
Mitosis:
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
Mitosis:
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
Cytokinesis
Mitosis:
1. Prophase