103

CHAPTER V
MARINE FISHERY COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES
5.0 INTRODUCTION

It is well known that cooperatives are one of the oldest and most
important ancient socio- economic organizations in the world. During the long
history, the cooperative movement has proved itself to be stable, competitive
and popular among people and fulfilled the needs of its members and society
(Mishra, 1987).

The fishery cooperative movement in India began in 1913, when the

first fishermen society was organized under the name of ‘Karla Machimar
(Fishermen) Cooperative Society’ in Maharashtra. In 1946, the Cooperative
Planning Committee recommended that the stable assistance for fishing
industry should be given through cooperative credit society (Vhankade P.G.,
2011).

5.1 STRUCTURE OF FISHERY COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES

The fisheries cooperatives in India developed into a four-tier structure

operating at village, district, state and national levels.

5.1.1 Primary Fishermen Cooperative Societies

The village level primaries are for one village or a group of villages.
Their main interests are the provision of credit, supplies, guidance and the
marketing. Good working fishermen primary societies combine in them a
number of functions viz. advancement of credit for development of fisheries,
culturing and production of fish, supply of fishing and household requisites,
establishment of ice plants, cold storages, transport and marketing of fish,
members educations, supervising, utilization of loans and extension
programmes in collaboration with other concerned agencies.
 104

5.1.2 District Level Regional Federation

District level regional federation acts as intermediates agency between

the Apex Body and the Primary Cooperatives. They provide assistance to the
members and primary cooperative societies with regard to provision of
supplies, preservation, marketing and processing of fish.

5.1.3 State Level Federation

The object of these federations would be serving as vital link between

the entire fishermen’s cooperative sector on the other. They should also provide
liaison between the fisheries cooperatives and the rest of the cooperative sector
in the state as well as the concerned commercial and trading organizations.
These federations should, in consultation with the state Government frame,
policies and give policy guidance to the structure below. They could also take
up some residuary business operations and give technical guidance in matters
like culturing of fish, establishment of cold store, freezing facilities, boat
building and repair facilities.

5.1.4 National Level Federation

The objective of the National federation is to facilitate, coordinate and

promote fishing occupation in the country through cooperatives and for this
purpose to promote and undertake activities like interstate and export trade,
supply of fishing vessels, storage, transport, processing of fish, insurance
business, training and education, consultancy work and advancement of loans.

5.2 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY FISHERY COOPERATIVE

SOCIETIES

Presently, there are 3113 Primary fisheries cooperative societies, 37

fisheries cooperative Union and two federations working in the Maharashtra as
on 31st March, 2012. Number of members in these institutions are 2.8 lakhs
with working capital of 139.68 crore. These societies sold fish and fish
 105

products worth 520.04 crore in the year 2011-12 as against 399.73 crore in the
year 2010-11 (Economic Survey of Maharashtra state, 2012-13).

Table 5.1
Distribution of Marine Fishery Cooperative Societies, 2010-11

Tahsil No. of Societies In % No. of Members In %

Mandangad 2 2.13 238 0.37
Dapoli 15 15.96 9349 14.49
Ghuhagar 16 17.02 6344 9.84
Ratnagiri 29 30.85 20774 32.21
Rajapur 6 6.38 4076 6.32
Deogad 6 6.38 6783 10.52
Malvan 13 13.83 8515 13.20
Vengurla 6 6.38 7900 12.25
Sawantwadi 1 1.06 521 0.81
Total 94 100.00 64500 100.00
Source: Based on Statistical Abstracts of Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts, 2012-13

Table 5.1 shows that the talukawise distribution of marine fisheries

societies and its members. During the year 2010-11, there were 94 Primary
fisheries cooperative societies related to marine fishing, with 64500 fishermen
members. The study reveals that during the year 2010-11, in Ratnagiri taluka
there were 29 primary fisheries cooperative societies, which stands first rank,
followed by Ghuhagar (16), Dapoli (15). In Sawantwadi taluka there was only
one primary cooperative society. There is unequal distribution of members of
societies. Out of the total primary fishery cooperative societies, 32.21 percent
members of societies were found in Ratnagiri taluka, which stands first,
followed by Dapoli (14.39%) and Malvan (13.20%).

5.3 CASE STUDY OF PRIMARY FISHERY COOPERATIVE

SOCIETIES

Fishermen are the backbone of Indian fisheries industry. They come

from weaker section of the society; they are economically, politically,
educationally and socially backward (Mishra, 1987). As pointed out earlier, to
study the role of fisheries cooperative societies in marine fishing occupation,
researcher has selected nine societies from the study region.
 106

5.3.1 Information of Societies

The study is mainly focused on to understand the role of fisheries

cooperatives societies in marine fishing occupation of the study region. The
researcher has selected mainly primary societies because it plays an important
role in this occupation. Table 5.2 shows that the information of talukawise
sample societies in the study region.
Table 5.2
Profile of Marine Fishery Cooperative Societies, 2013
Total No. of Building

Registration
Staff of Society

(In Rs.)
Fishery Year of
Sr.

fee
Female
Cooperative Village Taluka District Establis

Rental
Owen
Total
Male
No.
Society hment

Sakharinate
Machimar
1 Sakharinate Rajapur Ratnagiri 1960 2 0 2 - Õ 110
Sahakari Society
Limited
Suvarndurg
Fishing Trading
2 Harne Dapoli Ratnagiri 1979 3 0 3 - Õ 100
cooperative
Society
Purnagad Kharavi
3 Samaj Purnagad Ratnagiri Ratnagiri 1997 1 0 1 - Õ 100
Machimar Sanstha
Valukeshwar
Sahakari
4 Asgoli Ghuhagar Ratnagiri 1967 2 0 2 Õ - 25
Machimar Sanstha
Limited
Bankot
Panchkroshi
5 Machimar Bankot Mandangad Ratnagiri 1994 2 0 2 - Õ 150
Sahakari Sanstha
Limited
Shree Rameshwar
Machimar
6 Dandi Malvan Sindhudurg 1964 5 0 5 - Õ 100
Sahakari Society
Limited
Kelus Machimar
7 Sahakari Kelus Vengurla Sindhudurg 1964 2 0 2 - Õ 110
Society Limited
Deogad Machimar
8 Society Deogad Deogad Sindhudurg 1989 3 0 3 Õ - 100
Limited
Aronda Machimar
9 Sahakari Aronda Sawantwadi Sindhudurg 1981 2 0 2 - Õ 50
Sanstha Limited
Source: Based on field work, 2013

It indicates that four societies were established before 1970, in the

decade of 1980s just one society was established, whereas in the last two
 107

decades of the twentieth century two societies were established in each of

them. In these sample societies, the working staff are only men, there are no
women staff members. There is a variation in the numbers of the working staff
of the societies. The highest (five) staff members are found to be working in
the Dandi-Malvan society which is followed by the societies of Harne and
Deogad which consists three staff members each, whereas the Purnagad society
consisted only of one staff member, who has to handle all the workload of the
society.

For the better development of the society there is a need of own and safe
building for administrative work. The present study reveals that there are only
two societies which have their own building and the remaining seven societies
do not have their own building for societies and they have taken the buildings
on rent. The reasons being, weak financial conditions of the societies, lack of
the government support and lack of proper guidance and so on.

The societies have taken the registration fee from the fishermen for the
membership. After the acceptance of the membership of the societies, they
provide the services to the fishermen. From Table 5.2 there is a variation in the
registration fees of the societies. The average registration fee is Rs. 100 per
fishermen. The highest registration fee is Rs. 150 which of Bankot society, it is
followed by, Sakharinate and Kelus (Rs.110) and the lowest fee is of Asgoli
society, i.e. only Rs. 25.

5.3.2 Members of the Cooperative Societies

Some of the sample societies were established before 1990, so there is

growth in the members of societies. Among them the highest growth rate is
found of the Sakharinate society (72.17%) during the period of 1990-91 to
2000-01, followed by Dandi (71.72%). It is clear from the Table 5.3. During
the period of 2000-01 to 2010-11, the highest growth rate is 75.65 percent of
Harne society, followed by Dandi (67.45%) and Kelus (62.05%). There is no
significant increase in the growth rate of the Purnagad and Bankot during the
 108

decade of 1990-91 to 2000-01, because these two were established after 1990.
But within the decade of 2000-01 to 2010-11, the growth rate is nearly 50.00
percent of both the societies.

Table 5.3
Growth of Membership of Primary Fishery Cooperative Societies, 1991-2011
Total Number of Members of

Variation
Societies

(In %)
Sr.No.

Fishery Cooperative

1990-91

2000-01

2010-11
Growth

Growth
Taluka

(In %)

(In %)
Society

Sakharinate Machimar
1 Sahakari Society Limited Rajapur 669 927 72.17 1541 60.16 -12.01
Suvarndurg Fishing Trading
2 cooperative Dapoli 432 789 54.75 1043 75.65 20.89
Society
Purnagad Kharavi Samaj
3 Machimar Sanstha
Ratnagiri 0 422 0.00 914 46.17 46.17
Valukeshwar Sahakari
4 Machimar Sanstha Limited
Ghuhagar 132 421 31.35 886 47.52 16.16
Bankot Panchkroshi
5 Machimar Sahakari Sanstha Mandangad 0 289 0.00 521 55.47 55.47
Limited
Shree Rameshwar Machimar
6 Sahakari Society Limited
Malvan 639 891 71.72 1321 67.45 -4.27
Kelus Machimar Sahakari
7 Society Limited
Vengurla 71 139 51.08 224 62.05 10.97
Deogad Machimar Society
8 Limited
Deogad 721 1031 69.93 1733 59.49 -10.44
Aronda Machimar Sahakari
9 Sanstha Limited
Sawantwadi 69 331 20.85 743 44.55 23.70
Total 2733 5240 52.16 8926 58.70 6.55
Source: Based on Statistical Reports of Marine Fishery Cooperative Socities-1991, 2001 and 2011

During these two decades, there are variations in the growth rate of the
members of the societies in the study region. Figure 5.4 shows the variations in
the growth rate of the members among these societies. There is positive
variation in Bankot (55.47%), Purnagad (46.17%), Aronda (23.70%) and Harne
(20.89%). The negative variation is seen in the Dandi (-4.27%), Deogad
(-10.44%) and Sakharinate (-12.01%). This decadewise growth shows that the
fishermen of Sakharinate, Dandi, Harne and Kelus are well aware about the
fisheries societies and they understand the importance of the societies in
fishing.
 109

5.3.3 Functional Working Members of the Societies

Table 5.4 shows that the members of societies with working categories
in the study region. The study reveals that from 1990-91 to 2010-11 the
members of the societies mainly related to the actual fishing operations were
above 50.00 percent. During the year of 1990-91, out of the total members of
societies, 75.81 percent were engaged in the actual fishing, which comprised
51.08 percent for full time fishing and the remaining 24.73 percent for part
time fishing. In the year of 2000-01 to 2010-11, the members of these
categories were 71.98 percent and 61.12 percent respectively. Out of total
members of societies in the year of 1990-91, there were only 24.19 percent
members of related activities in marine fishing. Among them fish marketing
(9.48%), net making (4.54%), fish processing (4.79%) and others (5.38%).

Table 5.4
Status of Membership of Societies based on Fishermen Function, 1991-2011
1990-91 2000-01 2010-11
% to total members of

% to total members of

% to total members of
Societies in same year

Societies in same year

Societies in same year

Total no. fishermen

Total no. fishermen

Total no. fishermen

Fishing activity

Actual operation of fishing

a) Full time fishing 1396 51.08 2546 48.59 3489 39.09
b) Part time fishing 676 24.73 1226 23.40 1967 22.04
Total 2072 75.81 3772 71.98 5456 61.12
Related activities of fishing
a) Fish Marketing 259 9.48 605 11.55 1179 13.21
b) Net Making 124 4.54 389 7.42 874 9.79
c) Fish Processing 131 4.79 346 6.60 876 9.81
d) Other 147 5.38 128 2.44 541 6.06
Total 661 24.19 1468 28.02 3470 38.88
Grand total 2733 100.00 5240 100.00 8926 100.00
Source: Based on Statistical Reports of Marine Fishery Cooperative Socities-1991, 2001 and 2011

In the year of 2000-01, the percentage of related activities of marine

fishing categories was 28.02 percent, which shows that increase in percentage
 110

as compared with the previous decade. Among them fish marketing (11.55%),
net making (7.42%), fish processing (6.60%) and others only 2.44 percent
members. In the year of 2010-11, the percentages of related activities of marine
fishing categories again increase with 38.88 percent in the study region. The
percentages of fish marketing members increase with 13.21 percent, net
making (9.79%), fish processing (9.81%) and others by 6.06 percent members.
This indicates that the maximum number of member of the societies is related
to actual fishing operation.

5.3.4 Function of Primary Fishery Cooperative Societies

Fishing occupation is required the some fundamental equipments i.e.

fishing boats, nets, engines, fuel and oil, ice and other materials. Some of these
fishing equipments are not affordable to purchase to the fishermen.

Table 5.5
Societies that Supply Fishing Equipments to Members, 1991-2011

Provided 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11

% to total members of

% to total members of

% to total members of
Societies in same year

Societies in same year

Societies in same year

Total no. fishermen

Total no. fishermen

Total no. fishermen

Sr.No.

Name of Fishing
Yes

No

equipment

1 Fishing Boats
1.1 Traditional boats 3 6 131 4.79 267 5.10 479 5.37
1.2 Modern boats 2 7 76 2.78 130 2.48 325 3.64
Total 5 13 207 7.57 397 7.58 804 9.01
2 Fishing nets 4 5 346 12.66 749 14.29 1053 11.80
3 Engines 2 7 41 1.50 124 2.37 185 2.07
4 Fuel & oil 6 3 129 4.72 703 13.42 1183 13.25
5 Ice 4 5 189 6.92 549 10.48 797 8.93
Source: Based on Statistical Reports of Marine Fishery Cooperative Socities-1991, 2001 and 2011

The main roles of primary society are to development of marine

fisheries and supply of fishing equipments. Table 5.5 shows that the factual
information about the supplying of equipments to fishermen. Out of the total
 111

nine sample societies only three societies provide the traditional boats and two
societies provide the modern boats to the fishermen.

In the year of 1990-91, out of the total members, the traditional boats
were provided only to 4.79 percent members and modern boats were provided
to only 2.58 percent members. During the decade of 2000-01 to 2010-11, there
is significant change in the percentage of members who received the boats from
the societies. The present study reveals that out of total nine sample societies in
the study region, four societies provide the fishing nets to the fishermen.
During the year 1990-91, out of the total members of the societies, the fishing
nets were provided to 12.66 percent members. There is no significant change in
the percentage of these members in the decade of 2000-01to 2010-11.

The study reveals that only two societies provide the engines to the
members. In the year of 1990-91, out of total members of societies, the engines
were provided to 1.50 per cent members. During the decade of 2000-01 to
2010-11, there is significant change in the percentage of members, who has
given the engines by the societies. Kerosene and diesel are used as fuel for
modern boats. Due to increase in price of these fuels, there is needed to provide
the fuel to the fishermen. Out of total nine sample societies, six provided the
fuel to the members. There were 4.72 percent members taken fuel from the
societies during the year of 1990-91. In the year 2000-01 and 2010-11, 13.42
percent and 13.25 percent members have taken the fuel from the societies on
credit basis respectively.

The study reveals that out of nine sample societies, four provide the ice
to the fishermen at the time of fishing. During the year of 1990-91, out of total
members of societies, 6.92 percent members were provided the ice by the
societies. This percentage were increased by 10.48 percent in the year of 2000-
01, but again deceased in the year of 2010-11 by 8.93 percent.
 112

5.3.5 Facilities Provided to Members by the Societies

In the study region, generally some of the facilities related to marine

fishing occupation are provided by the fishery cooperatives societies to the
fishermen, but the number is limited which is clear from the Table 5.6. In the
fishing occupation there is a need of finance for development of this
occupation, such as purchasing and repairing of fishing equipments.

Table 5.6
Services Provided by Societies to Members, 1991-2011

Provided 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11

members of Societies in

members of Societies in

members of Societies in
Percentage to the total

Percentage to the total

Percentage to the total

Total No. fishermen

Total No. fishermen

Total No. fishermen

Non-provided
Facility

same year

same year

same year
Provided

Credit 3 6 989 36.19 1792 34.20 2555 28.62

License of
7 2 620 22.69 949 18.11 1332 14.92
fishing
Training of
4 5 432 15.81 736 14.05 1141 12.78
fishing
Transportation
2 7 132 4.83 289 5.52 521 5.84
of fish
Marketing of
3 6 403 14.75 989 18.87 1369 15.34
fish
Cold storage 2 7 241 8.82 396 7.56 729 8.17
Maintains of
3 6 76 2.78 129 2.46 198 2.22
boats
Source: Based on Statistical Reports of Marine Fishery Cooperative Socities-1991, 2001 and 2011

The poverty is a common problem of the fishermen community; due to

this they cannot buy all the fishing equipments. On their consequently, they
need the loan or credit. These facilities are also provided by the banks and
other sources. But from these sources, loans are not easily available to the
fishermen. In this situation the societies play an important role in providing
 113

credit to the fishermen. Out of total nine sample societies, only three societies
are providing the loans and credit to the fishermen.

In the year of 1990-91, out of total members, 36.19 percent members

were provided the loans by the societies. The percentage of these members was
changed in the year of 2000-01 and 2010-11 by 34.20 percent and 28.62
percent respectively. Training is the essential part of the marine fishing. Due to
training fishermen get knowledge about new technique and equipments, but in
the study region there is neutral condition about the training, which is clearly
visible from Table 5.6. Out of the total societies, four societies are giving the
training of fishing to the members of societies. Thus, it is revealed that there is
a lack of training of fishing to the members in the study region, they use
traditional methods are used for fishing. In the year of 1990-91 out of the total
members, 15.81 percent members have got the training of fishing. But this
percentage is decreased in the years of 2000-01(14.05%) and in 2010-
11(12.78%).

The present study shows that hardly three societies provide the facilities
for marketing of fish to the fishermen. This indicates that the role of societies is
negligible in this activity. Out of the total members of societies only 14.75
percent members sold their fish through the societies in the year of 1990-
91.The number has increased in the year of 2000-01(18.87%), but again in the
year of 2010-11, the percentage is decreased (15.34%).

As we know that fish is highly perishable goods. It requires a cold

storage for preservation. The study observes that there are two societies which
provided the facility of cold storage in common. In the year of 1990-91 out of
total members of societies, only 8.82 percent have got the benefit of this
facility. In the year of 2000-01, this percentage was decreased (7.56%). But in
the year of 2010-11, there was a little growth in the percentage of cold facility.
In the actual fishing operation, boats and nets are important inputs. For the
maintenance of these equipments there is a need of maintenance and service
center. This facility is need at the time of starting of fishing season. The study
 114

reveals that out of nine societies, three societies are providing the service of
maintenance of boats and nets. In the year of 1990-91, out of total members
2.78 percent got the service of maintenance by the societies. In the years of
2000-01 and 2010-11, the percentage of members was 2.46 percent and 2.22
percent respectively.

5.4 PROBLEMS RELATED TO FISHERY COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES

As early discussed, the fishery cooperative societies play an important

role in the development of marine fishing occupation. Cooperative societies are
the shield for the poor and traditional fishermen community in the country.
They try to give the facilities and guidance related to fishing occupation to the
fishermen community. But they do not become hundred percent successful
because these societies are facing some problems due to various reasons which
are given below.

1. Problem of Infrastructural Facilities

The present study observes that there is a lack of infrastructural facilities

in the societies. Most of the cooperative societies do not have their own
building; they take the buildings on rent. There are insufficient computers with
internet connection, offices furniture, open area for building construction and
other related facilities. Due to this problem cooperative societies do not give
proper attention towards the members for solve their problems.

2. Apathy of Societies Related to Loan

The most important problem of the cooperative societies is the no

guaranty of recovery of loan, which is taken by the members of societies. This
is the economic loss of cooperative societies. Sometimes the fishermen are not
able to pay the loan. That is why societies are not interested to give the loan to
the members of the societies.
 115

3. Poor Guidance of District Federation

District federation is the chief link between the State level federation
and Primary fishery cooperative societies. There is no proper correlation
between District federation and Primary fishery cooperative societies in the
study region. That is why primary cooperative societies do not get information
about the new schemes and policies of the government related to the
development of fishing occupation and fishermen community.

4. Over Fishing

Most of the fishery cooperative societies are facing the problem of over
fishing from out sides fishermen of districts and states. Due to this problem
there is a decrease in growth of fish production in the study region, basically of
the traditional fishermen. Due to this there is a less chance of recovery of loan
taken by the fishermen.

5. Inactive Staff of Societies

The staff of the fishery cooperative societies plays an important role in

the development of cooperative societies and fishermen community. The study
observes that there are unqualified, inexperienced and insufficient staffs in the
fishery cooperative societies. Also there is no ladies staff in the societies, so the
fisherwomen are not ready to become a member of societies. If the societies
appoint the qualified, sufficient, experienced and ladies staff then the societies
would become able to provide the facilities to the fishermen as well as
fisherwomen.

6. Lack of Government Support

There are no other sources of finance without the registration fees and
share of fishermen to the cooperative societies in the study region. There is a
lack of financial support by the government to the societies. Due to this lack of
financial support the cooperatives are not able to develop the infrastructural
facilities. At the critical time, there is no sufficient legislative support by the
government to the cooperative societies in the study region. Due to this
 116

societies are facing the problems by the local and outsiders fishermen in terms
of over fishing.

5.5 CONCLUSION

The present chapter discusses the role of fishery cooperative societies in

development of marine fishing. It has been concluded from the present study,
that there is a great need of such societies for the development of this
occupation. From top to bottom all the societies should become active and
should give protection to the weakest section of the fishing community.
Fisheries cooperative societies must provide the basic requirements and should
solve the problems of fishermen by providing them adequate training and
should also give lone for fishing equipments.

During the year of 2010-11, there were 94 marine primary fishery

cooperative societies with 64500 fishermen members in South Konkan.
Ratnagiri tahsil stands first in rank in the number of societies (29) with 20774
memberships in year of 2010-11. There were five societies established before
1990s. There are no female staff members in the societies and also no sufficient
and qualified staff. Out of nine societies, only two societies have their own
building and rest of them have taken the building on rent. The study observed
that there is variation in the membership fees of societies.

From the period of 2000-01 to 2010-11, the growth rates of membership

of societies were 58.70 percent which indicates the better development in
membership of societies. Out of total members of societies, 61.12 percent are
actual fish catching workers and 38.88 percent are workers of allied fishing.
Out of total members of societies, only 9.01 percent have got the modern and
traditional fishing boats and 28.62 percent lone in the year of 2010-11. This
indicates that the neutral role of societies in the financial support to fishermen.
In the study region, the role of cooperative societies is not good as compared to
the rest of India. There is a great opportunity to the societies in the study region
to develop a role model in every fishing village in the states such as Kerala and
Karnataka states.
 117

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