Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de
cada texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación
en inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax liability,
and other important considerations. Each form of business organization has
its own advantages and disadvantages, and the entrepreneur has to select
the one that best fulfills the goals of the entrepreneur and the business.
Selection of an appropriate business organization is a task that requires
accounting and legal expertise and should be done with the advice of a
competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No

separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships
are as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and
requires little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of
the business name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors
need to keep accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss
statement for the business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C,
Internal Revenue Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar
year and can use the cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations

versus other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate

lower than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import
business can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other
sources. Sole proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt
retirement accounts. (Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought
to protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the
owner may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the
death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba

su respectivo significado en inglés.

1. Advantages: Circumstance or situation that gives superiority in something.

2. Disadvantages: Circumstance of being worse or being in a worse situation
one thing with respect to others of the same nature with which it is
compared. Less favorable situation in which a person or thing is with respect
to others with which it is compared.
3. Attorney: Person legally authorized to advise and defend the rights and
interests of another person in legal matters and represent it in a lawsuit.
4. Without: Indicates lack or lack of any material or immaterial thing
5. Proprietorships: Property rights in the right, the domain or property, is the
direct and immediate power over an object or good, by which is attributed to
its owner the ability to dispose of it, without further limitations than those
imposed by law.
6. Returns: The return is the act of giving something back to someone. It is a
process that is based on a right of possession of a certain person with
respect to a certain good that was delivered with some type of specific
objective.
7. Applied: That puts effort, interest and perseverance in the accomplishment
of a work or in the development of an activity, especially in the study.
8. Loans: A loan is an operation by which a financial institution puts a tour
disposal a certain amount of money through a contract.
9. Skills: The ability is the innate aptitude, talent, skill or ability that a person
holds to carry out and of course with success, certain activity, work.
10. Losses: Small amount of blood or discharge from the womb that is
abnormally expelled outside of the menstrual period.
11. Upon: Heritage prefix of Latin origin that enters the formation of names with
the meaning of 'above', 'besides'.
12. Judgment: Faculty of understanding, by virtue of which man can distinguish
good from evil and true from false.
13. Income: Amount of money earned or collected.
14. Little: That has a smaller size than normal.
15. Sole: it applies to one or several things of which or of whose kind there are
no other
3. El texto sugerido al inicio de esta evidencia cuenta con varios párrafos, y al
interior de cada párrafo se encuentran varias ideas principales. Por favor, lea el
material complementario “Identifying the main idea” para conocer cómo se
puede encontrar la idea principal en un párrafo escrito en inglés.

- How to carry out a business

- There are different forms of commercial organizations
- The director controls all export and import operations
- The sole proprietors are simple and low in costs
- The owners are in charge of making all the decisions
- The individual companies are governmental
- The individual owners have a lower rate than the tax rate
- The owners are responsible for their business

4. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas

principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga
transcripción literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a
presente progresivo, también en inglés.

Simple Present Tense Present Progressive Tense

How to carries to carries out a How to carriesing out a out a business
business
There’s are different forms of There’s are differenting forms of
commercial organizations commercial organizations
The director controls all export and The director controlling all export and
import operations import operations
The sole proprietors are simple and The sole proprietors are simple and
lows in costs low in costsing
The owners are in charges of make all The owners are in charge of making all
the decisions king all the decisions
The individual companies are The individual companying are
governmental governmental
The individual owners have a The individual owners having a lower
Lower rate than the tax rate rate than the tax rate
The owners are responsible for their The owners are responsible for their
business business

5. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten

coherentemente, en 15 líneas.
 How to carry out an export and import business, in different forms of commercial
organizations since the director controls all export and import operations, where
the sole proprietors are simple and low in cost and make all the decisions in
front of the business. Individual companies are governmental and have a lower
rate than the tax rate, thus carrying the responsibility of the business Knowing
well that each legal form in which the company has its legal bases will apply
different processes why you should know that you should apply to have greater
knowledge and not have legal consequences in the environment even with a
single administrator or boss immediately co-author all the legal health and tax
aspects for a better export or import in order to provide the company with better
quality and good recognition at the international level and to conquer or reach
large countries for its advertising and industry growth

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de

formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el

archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato
.doc o .pdf.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades
propuestas, saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.