By Nikhil Pandey

MCA 1st Year

 Computer Science is the study of computers and
computational systems. Computer scientists deal mostly with
software and software systems; this includes their theory,
design, development, and application. Principal areas of study
within Computer Science include artificial intelligence,
computer systems and networks, security, database systems,
human computer interaction, vision and graphics, numerical
analysis, programming languages, software engineering,
bioinformatics and theory of computing.
 Although knowing how to program is essential to the study of
computer science, it is only one element of the field.
Computer scientists design and analyze algorithms to solve
programs and study the performance of computer hardware
and software.
 Bioinformatics
 Cyber Security
 Data Science (Big Data)
 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
 Cloud Computing
 Artificial Intelligence
 Block Chain
 Quantum Computing
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 Bioinformatics is the science of storing, retrieving and
analysing large amounts of biological information. It is a
highly interdisciplinary field involving many different
types of fields, including biology, computer science,
information engineering, mathematics and statistics.

 Bioinformatics involve the use of techniques of its

interdisciplinary fields to solve biological problems
usually on the molecular level (DNA, RNA and
Proteins).
 Cyber security or information technology security are the
techniques of protecting computers, networks, programs
and data from unauthorized access or attacks that are aimed
for exploitation.

 Cyber security is becoming more important due to

increased reliance on computer systems, the Internet
and wireless network standards due to the growth of smart
devices, including smartphones, televisions, and the various
devices that constitute the “Internet of things”. Owing to its
complexity, both in terms of politics and technology, cyber
security is also one of the major challenges in the
contemporary world.
 Data science is the field of study that combines domain
expertise, programming skills, and knowledge of math
and statistics to extract meaningful insights from data.
Data science practitioners apply machine learning
algorithms to numbers, text, images, video, audio, and
more to produce artificial intelligence (AI) systems that
perform tasks which ordinarily require human
intelligence. In turn, these systems generate insights
that analysts and business users translate into tangible
business value.
 Augmented reality (AR) adds digital elements to a live view
often by using the camera on a smartphone. Examples of
augmented reality experiences include Snapchat lenses and
the game Pokemon Go.

 Virtual reality is the term used to describe a three-

dimensional, computer generated environment which can be
explored and interacted with by a person. That person
becomes part of this virtual world or is immersed within
this environment and whilst there, is able to manipulate
objects or perform a series of actions.
 Often defined as the science behind intelligent systems and
robotics. Another aspect is to create Expert Systems to exhibit
intelligent behaviour in machines that learn, demonstrate,
explain, and advice the users.
 Computer science defines AI research as the study of
“intelligent agents” any device that perceives its environment
and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully
achieving its goals. A more elaborate definition characterizes
AI as “a system’s ability to correctly interpret external data, to
learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve
specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation.
 Quantum computing is the use of quantum-mechanical
phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to
perform computation. A quantum computer is used to
perform such computation, which can be implemented
theoretically or physically.
 Because a quantum computer can contain multiple
states(0 or 1 or superposition of 0 and 1) simultaneously,
it has the potential to be millions of times more powerful
than today's most powerful supercomputers.
 The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing
devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or
people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the
ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-
human or human-to-computer interaction.

 The internet of things helps people live and work smarter as well as
gain complete control over their lives. In addition to offering smart
devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT
provides businesses with a real-time look into how their companies’
systems really work, delivering insights into everything from the
performance of machines to supply chain and logistics operations.
 Cloud computing is the delivery of different services
through the Internet. These resources include tools and
applications like data storage, servers, databases,
networking, and software. Rather than keeping files on a
proprietary hard drive or local storage device, cloud-based
storage makes it possible to save them to a remote database.
As long as an electronic device has access to the web, it has
access to the data and the software programs to run it.

 Cloud computing is a popular option for people and

businesses for a number of reasons including cost savings,
increased productivity, speed and efficiency, performance,
and security.
 As cloud computing has grown in both scope and importance, it has
become increasingly important to keep up with state-of-the-art
developments. The problem is that cloud computing encompasses a
number of distinct subsectors, all evolving in their own unique ways at
their own paces. This report examines Infrastructure-as-a- Service
(IaaS), Platform-as-Service (PaaS), Software-as-a-Service (SaaS),
cloud storage and private clouds, assessing the current state of each
sector and offering informed insights on where each is headed.

 Cloud vendors will allow functions to run for longer, support more
languages, and allow deeper customizations. A lot of work is being
done by cloud vendors to allow developers to bring their own
containers to a hosted environment and then have those containers
seamlessly managed by the platform alongside regular functions.
1. Database Skills
2. Programming Skills
3. Linux
4. DevOps
5. Quality Assurance
6. Information Security
 A blockchain is a growing list of records, called blocks, which
are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a
cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and
transaction data. Blockchain has been in a lot of buzz these
days. And that is mainly because it is backbone of the very
famous cryptocurrency in the world - the Bitcoin. Many
Governments and leading Banks have decided to bring many
of their conventional transactions based on Blockchain
concept.
 In recent years, there is a lot of buzz on Blockchain. Many
have described this as a most disruptive technology of the
decade. Especially, the financial markets could be the most
affected ones.
 Blockchain investigation is now rapidly transitioning away
from cryptocurrency to corporations thinking about all the
use cases for the digital ledger technology. How it creates
a distributed, decentralized opportunity to seek and to
trace providence; all prior knowledge and movement of
data around a product or service.
 There are 50 or so industries starting to deploy
blockchain, including every major bank in the world. Many
are all very new efforts, mainly existing as prototypes and
are not production ready yet. This corporate activity and
experimentation will increase exponentially as early
innovators start showing practical applications as was
reported previously.
1. Blockchain Architecture
2. Data Structures
3. Cryptography
4. Smart Contract Development
5. Web Development