Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 46 (2017) 1–8

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Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jiec

Estimation of thermodynamic properties of hydrogen isotopes and

modeling of hydrogen isotope systems using Aspen Plus simulator
Jaehyun Noha , Alyssa Marie Fulguerasa , Leah Jessica Sebastiana , Hyeon Gon Leeb ,
Dong Sun Kima , Jungho Choa,*
a
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongju National University, 275 Budae-dong, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-717, South Korea
b
National Fusion Research Institute (NFRI), 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon-si 305-806, South Korea

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history:
Received 20 April 2016 Physical properties of hydrogen isotopes, hydrogen (H2), hydrogen-deuterium (HD), hydrogen-tritium
Received in revised form 13 July 2016 (HT), deuterium (D2), deuterium-tritium (DT), and tritium (T2) were estimated through vapor pressure
Accepted 30 July 2016 prediction, and validated by steady-state simulation of ITER isotope separation system (ISS). Peng–
Available online 10 August 2016 Robinson (PR) equation of state with Twu alpha function was selected for modelling which showed
favorable prediction from the experimental vapor pressures of each hydrogen isotopes. The steady-state
Keywords: simulation of ITER ISS using Aspen Plus consists of four distillation columns and seven equilibrium
Hydrogen isotopes reactors with four purified products: D2, T2, HD, and DT. Converged solution from simulation produced
Isotope separation system
potential scenario for actual ITER ISS process.
Physical property estimation
© 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering
Process simulation
Peng–Robinson equation of state Chemistry.

Introduction containing hydrogen isotopes from nuclear fusion reaction and

For the practical production of fusion energy, seven entities,
South Korea, the United States, European Union, China, Russia,
Japan, and India, have gathered for the international nuclear fusion
experiment as a joint development project in progress. The
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project
implies about achieving the road from plasma physics to
production of nuclear fusion power, in which the word “iter” also
means “way” in Latin. Fig. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing the
ITER tritium fuel cycle. The gas fuel with several other components
including tritium is fed to a tokamak’s torus chamber which
consists of separation/purification/recovery system of compo-
nents, and then mixed again with the emitted gas. Tokamak uses
strong magnetic field to confine plasma into a stable flow of plasma
current in a donut-shaped vacuum chamber. The tokamak torus
chamber is surrounded by magnetic field coils and transformers.
Nuclear fusion is generated by injecting gas inside the vacuumed
torus, heating by magnetic and electric field to form high-
temperature plasma, and adding microwaves to further increase
the temperature and squeeze the plasma. Tritium, which is
introduced into a torus, is released combined with other gases
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: jhcho@kongju.ac.kr, pronjh1217@naver.com (J. Cho).
proliferation process. The gas mixture discharged from the torus
proceeds to the tokamak exhaust processing (TEP) to separate the
hydrogen isotopes with other impurities, while the deuterium and
tritium are separated by cryogenic distillation in the isotope
separation system (ISS). Then, the separated hydrogen isotopes
through ISS are supplied for storage and delivery system (SDS). In
the water detritiation system (WDS), the remaining amount of
deuterium and tritium are recovered, and qualitative–quantitative
analysis is performed in the analysis system (ANS). In the fueling
system (FS) and neutral beam injector (NBI), the functions
supplying the torus should be depended on the application of
the gas supplied from the SDS. The gases to be fed into the nuclear
fusion reaction as fuel are T2, D2 and DT, and the gases to be
injected in order to stop the nuclear fusion reaction are Ne, Ar, He,
O2 and N2, and the like [1–5]. This research proceeds with the study
of the ISS process.
ITER ISS is the system for purifying the desired component and
composition using cryogenic distillation and the equilibrium
reaction in which gas mixture of hydrogen isotopes from TEP
and WDS are fed [6,7]. On the other hand, since cryogenic
distillation is used in the ISS, there is a significant amount of
hydrogen isotopes being liquefied, and longer retention time of
tritium holdup during operation is the best process. Helium
refrigerator is used to operate at low temperature of about 15–20 K.
From TEP and WDS to ISS, the main compositions to be introduced

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2016.07.053
1226-086X/© 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.
2 J. Noh et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 46 (2017) 1–8
Fig. 1. Block diagram of ITER fuel cycle.
are the 6 hydrogen isotopes: H2, HD, HT, D2, DT, and T2. In the ISS
process, out of the six mixed gas, D2, DT, and T2, which are used as a
raw material for ITER, should be purified with the desired
compositions. To produce the desired composition of D2, DT,
and T2 from ISS, a total of four distillation columns and several
equilibrium reactors (Equilibrator) should be installed. In the
equilibrium reactor, the following reversible reactions take place:
2HD $ H2 + D2, 2HT $ H2 + T2, and 2DT $ D2 + T2.
Table 1, adapted from Song et al. [8], shows the equilibrium
constant of isotopes based on temperature for each equilibrium
reaction. Generally, these equilibrium reactions have slow reaction
rate at very low temperature and fast reaction rate at room
temperature in terms of D2 and T2 generation. The desired
molecular bond form can lead to a reaction when the supplied
composition was set in the equilibrium reactor by optimizing the
position of the equilibrium reactor [9].
ITER ISS process uses a cryogenic distillation and catalytic
reaction from temperatures 14 to 30 K. Catalytic reaction takes
place in equilibrium in which the reactor should be installed in an
optimum position depending on the concentration profile of the
column. In addition, with WDS linked to the ISS process, a highly
complex optimization technique will be required. Therefore, in
order to design and optimize this process, process simulation
should be performed. However, in Korea, there are few to none
organizations that have performed process simulation of the
cryogenic distillation process for the ITER ISS. One of the reasons is
because domestic technology for the ISS process is still in the
concept establishing phase and international technology also
failed to facilitate the tracking of related data which is critically
low. Another reason is the lack of technology and the physical
property data to perform the cryogenic distillation process
simulation. In this study, the necessary physical properties for
Table 1
Equilibrium constant for isotopes.
Reaction formula Equilibrium constant
273 K 298 K 400 K 500 K
2
[H2][D2]/[HD] 3.18 3.25 3.48 3.62
[D2][T2]/[DT]2 3.79 3.82 3.88 3.92
[H2][T2]/[HT]2 2.42 2.56 2.97 3.24
H2, HD, HT, D2, DT, and T2 components were obtained using the
equation of state which allows the simulation of the ISS process.
Estimation of thermodynamic properties
Estimation of fixed properties of pure components
As shown in Table 2, the physical properties of the pure
component for hydrogen isotopes, such as H2, HD, D2, HT, DT and
T2, must be obtained in order to estimate the phase equilibrium
properties using the equation of state such as Peng–Robinson [10]
and Soave–Redlich–Kwong [11]. However, from the compatibility
of chemical process simulator such as Aspen Tech Corporation’s
Aspen Plus, Invensys’ PRO/II with PROVISION, etc., only few
properties are built-in for H2, HD and D2, and no properties are
available for HT, DT, and T2. Thus, in this study, to estimate the
thermodynamic properties of H2, HD, D2, HT, DT, and T2 required
for the separation process, related experimental data were
collected which were used for regression analysis to obtain model
equation parameters, and, finally, to estimate thermodynamic
properties (Table 3).
The pure component properties for the six hydrogen isotopes
based on comprehensive study of experimental data available in
literature [12–14] are shown in Tables 3 and 4. The Gibbs free
energy for each of the component is presented in which the value
for pure elements, H2, D2 and T2, are defined as zero (0), while the
values for all the other compounds are defined by a specific value.
The value of Gibbs free energy of formation, DG f,i, for the
compounds are estimated from the standard Gibbs free energy
change for a given chemical reaction. With these physical property
values, the calculation for the equilibrium reactor is carried out
(Table 4).
Table 2
Fixed properties for using equation of state model.
600 K Parameter Description
3.72 Tc Critical temperature
3.94 Pc Critical pressure
3.44 v Acentric factor
 J. Noh et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 46 (2017) 1–8 3

Table 3 observed that as the temperature decreases, the equilibrium

Pure component properties for H2, HD and D2.
concentration shifts to an almost pure p-H2. The composition ratio
Parameter Component of ortho–para hydrogen state is particularly determined by the
H2 HD D2
temperature condition.
Souer [13], Bliesner et al. [15], Flynn [16], and Zuttel et al. [17]
MW 2.015 3.023 4.031
Tc (K) 33.19 35.91 38.35
made a comprehensive analysis on the effect of temperature to the
Pc (kPa) 1313 1484 1661 behavior and composition of the ortho–para hydrogen. Fig. 2
Vc (m3/kmol) 0.064 0.063 0.060 presents the saturated vapor pressures of the pure component
Zc 0.305 0.312 0.314 hydrogens which are adapted from Souers [13], Hammel [12], and
v 0.22 0.18 0.15
Wolley et al. [18].
PL Data from correlation
DG f,i (kJ/kmol) 0 1441 0 Peng–Robinson equation of state, as expressed in Eq. (1), was
applied to calculate the binary vapor–liquid equilibrium between
components of hydrogen isotopes, and regression analysis was
Table 4 performed using binary interaction parameters.
Pure component properties for HT, DT and T2.
RT aa
Parameter Component p¼  ð1Þ
v  b vðv þ bÞ  bðv  bÞ
HT DT T2
MW 4.024 5.032 6.032
where P is the pressure, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute
Tc (K) 37.13 39.42 40.22 temperature, and v is the molar volume. The energy parameter, a,
Pc (kPa) 1570 1770 1850 and size parameter, b, are functions of critical temperature and
Vc (m3/kmol) 0.061 0.059 0.057
critical pressure. Constants a and b are defined as Eqs. (2) and (3),
Zc 0.312 0.312 0.312
v 0.12 0.13 0.14
respectively.
PL Data from correlation
DG f,i (kJ/kmol) 1.169 1661 R2 T c 2
0 a ¼ 0:45724 ð2Þ
Pc

Estimation of vapor pressure using Peng–Robinson equation RT c

b ¼ 0:07780 ð3Þ
Pc
The vapor pressure of the pure component (PL) according to From Eq. (1), the alpha, a, is a dimensionless function of
temperature is one of the most important properties in separation reduced temperature, Tr and acentric conversion factor, v, which
process calculation because it is the variable that determines are used to accurately measure the steam pressure through the
relative volatility. change in temperature of the pure component. The alpha function
The state of existence of hydrogen is carefully considered for the and generalized m in terms of acentric factor are presented in Eqs.
vapor pressure prediction. Molecular hydrogen exists in two (4) and (5), respectively.
different forms, the orthohydrogen (o-H2) and the parahydrogen
h pffiffiffiffiffii2
(p-H2), known to be spin isomers. At room temperature, the normal a ¼ ½1 þ m 1  T r ð4Þ
hydrogen consists of 75% o-H2 and 25% p-H2. However, at the
normal boiling point of liquid hydrogen (20.4 K), the equilibrium
concentration consists of 0.2% o-H2 and 99.8% p-H2. It has been
m ¼ 0:37464 þ 1:54346 v  0:26992v2 ð5Þ

8e+5
Exp_H2(0.2% o-H2 and 99.8% p-H2)
Exp_HD
Exp_D2
Vapor pressure (Pa)

Exp_HT
6e+5 Exp_DT
Exp._T2

4e+5

2e+5

0
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Temperature (K)
Fig. 2. Vapor pressure prediction for H2, HD, D2, HT, DT and T2.
4 J. Noh et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 46 (2017) 1–8

However, the coefficients of the acentric factor in Eq. (5) were Table 5
Coefficients for the Twu alpha function.
selected by regression analysis of the experimental data which is
limited components of hydrocarbon. Thus, it is unsuitable to apply Component L M N
the temperature-dependent steam pressure to other than those of 1. H2 0.7189 2.5411 10.2000
hydrocarbon since the vapor pressure predictions are inaccurate as 2. HD 0.1009 1.0204 1.9102
shown in Fig. 3. To make up for such flaw, the Twu alpha function 3. D2 1.2584 6.1846 0.0759
4. HT 0.6820 1.2469 0.2000
[17] is used as presented in Eq. (6).
5. DT 0.9783 1.6726 0.2000
aðTÞ ¼ T r NðM1Þ exp½Lð1  T NM
r Þ ð6Þ 6. T2 1.0943 1.6009 0.2000

The values of the L,M, and N are unique for each component and
are determined from the regression of pure component vapor
pressure data. The coefficients, L, M, and N, for the new alpha
function of the components of hydrogen isotopes are shown in
Table 5 which were obtained from the regression analysis using
Aspen Plus. Positive vapor pressure prediction is achieved using
the new alpha function as shown in Fig. 4.
Simulation of isotope separation system
The estimated thermodynamic properties are evaluated
through process simulation of the ITER isotope separation. The
concept of isotope separation is based on the difference of 20–25 K
in boiling points at atmospheric pressure for the six combinations

8e+5
Exp_H2(0.2% o-H2 and 99.8% p-H2)
Exp_HD
Exp_D2
Vapor pressure (Pa)

Exp_HT
6e+5 Exp_DT
Exp._T2
Calc_H2 using PR EOS(Original a)
Calc._HD using PR EOS(Original a)
Calc._D2 using PR EOS(Original a)
4e+5 Calc._HT using PR EOS(Original a)
Calc._DT using PR EOS(Original a)
Calc._T2 using PR EOS(Original a)

2e+5

0
16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Temperature (K)
Fig. 3. Vapor pressure prediction for H2, HD, D2, HT, DT and T2 using Peng–Robinson (original alpha function).

Fig. 4. Vapor pressures prediction H2, HD, D2, HT, DT and T2 using Peng–Robinson (Twu alpha function).
J. Noh et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 46 (2017) 1–8 5

Fig. 5. ITER ISS process flow diagram.

6 J. Noh et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 46 (2017) 1–8

Fig. 6. ITER ISS process flow diagram with feed & product stages.
 J. Noh et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 46 (2017) 1–8 7

Table 6 Table 7b
Isotopic compositions for feed streams (Ref. to stream numbers in Fig. 2). Isotopic compositions for product streams.

Stream no. 1 18 Stream no. 30 21

Description CD1 feed CD4 feed Description 50% tritium product 90% tritium product
From NBI & WDS From plasma exhaust
Temp. (K) 25.80 26.59
Temp. (K) 22.02 24.00 Press. (kPa) 153.92 158.78
Press. (kPa) 150.00 200.00 g/h 355.66 392.23
g/h 903.81 973.20 mol/h 72.00 66.30
mol/h 364.00 199.30
mol/h mol% mol/h mol%
mol/h mol% mol/h mol% H2 0.00 0.0013 0.00 0.0000
H2 218.32 59.9791 0.66 0.3297 HD 0.09 0.1233 0.00 0.0000
HD 122.81 33.7379 9.86 4.9483 HT 0.14 0.1918 0.00 0.0000
HT 1.22 0.3341 8.12 4.0763 D2 19.04 26.4433 0.08 0.1243
D2 21.19 5.8214 45.42 22.7919 DT 39.93 55.4646 7.50 11.3199
DT 0.46 0.1266 89.29 44.8010 T2 12.80 17.7757 58.71 88.5558
T2 0.00 0.0008 45.94 23.0528
Total 72.00 100.0000 66.30 100.0000
Total 364.00 100.0000 199.30 100.0000

of H, D, and T isotopes. The differences in volatility allow the
separation of isotopes through distillation with the tritium at the
bottom, and protium, the most volatile species in the system, at the
top of the distillation cascade. As shown in Fig. 5, the ISS design
setup for ITER comprises of four cryogenic distillation columns
which supplies specific tritium, deuterium, and hydrogen compo-
sitions. The system has two feed gas streams, the stream from the
Torus exhaust and another from the WDS blended with the return
stream from NBI [20]. Column 1 separates the tritium from the
hydrogen-rich stream to obtain pure hydrogen as the overhead
product. This stream is required to be almost tritium-free before
discharging to the environment since this is one of the major safety
and environmental concerns of this study. The overhead product is
recommended to be returned to the WDS. The tritium bottom
product from Column 1 proceeds to Column 2 and is treated to
produce D2 stream which is then used as fuel and feed for Column
3. The tritium bottom product from Column 1 to Column 2 is a D2-
DT rich stream which is passed through equilibrator 2 to convert
the traces of tritium from HT into DT by the reaction: HT + D2 $
DT + HD. Column 2 separates H and D from the overhead stream of
Column 4, and generates a partially purified D2 which is then taken
to Column 3. The final purification occurs in Column 3 in which ND
quality deuterium is extracted as the top product. The exhaust
stream from TEP is treated in Column 4 in which two products are
extracted at the mid-column, and at the bottom of the column, DT
with 50%T:50%D, and DT with 90%T:10%D, respectively.
Equilibrators are considered to be used in the ISS to promote
exchange reactions between the isotopomer molecules. The
isotope equilibrators are first warmed up to ambient temperature
by exchanging heat with the returning equilibrated stream for a
more effective operation. The flow rates and composition of the
feed streams to the ISS are known to be fluctuating with the Torus
pulses at normal operation. Thus, the column cascade setup needs
to be specifically designed with respect to thermal and isotopic
fluctuation [21]. Fig. 6 exhibits the equilibrator locations which is
critical in obtaining the necessary products. Further analysis on
various locations of the equilibrator is recommended for optimi-
zation design of the ISS.
The ITER ISS process illustrated in Fig. 5 was simulated using the
Peng–Robinson equation of state with Twu alpha function. Table 6
shows the feed streams entering the ISS process while Tables 7a
and 7b show the product stream. As shown in Table 7a, the top
(stream no. 5) of Column 1 (CD1) has trace T2 content, and
<20 ppm T2 content in fuel grade deuterium product (stream no.
27). The D2 content for NB injector product (stream no. 26) is
>99 mol%. In Table 7b, the DT product (stream no. 30) is separated
in a ratio of 50% T/50%D while the T product (stream no. 21) can be
separated in a ratio of 90%T/10%D. The resulting column design
parameters are given in Table 8. The design data for the columns in
the ISS collected from the process simulation can be used as a basis
for detailed internal column design and dynamic simulation.
Souers [13] explains the influence of the ortho–para composi-
tion of a hydrogen molecule in the physical properties which
usually only is a few percent and diminishes as the molecular
weight increases. Despite the minimal influence in the physical
properties, the amount of energy within the metastable rotational

Table 7a
Isotopic compositions for product streams.

Stream no. 5 27 26
Description CD1 overhead hydrogen reject Fuel grade deuterium product Deuterium for NB injector product

Temp. (K) 20.60 24.35 24.17

Press. (kPa) 110.00 122.70 116.62
g/h 585.19 205.44 338.41
mol/h 290.00 51.00 84.00

mol/h mol% mol/h mol% mol/h mol%

H2 289.42 99.7999 0.00 0.0029 0.00 0.0001
HD 0.58 0.2001 0.10 0.1870 0.14 0.1635
HT 0.00 0.0000 0.07 0.1419 0.00 0.0004
D2 0.00 0.0000 50.72 99.4431 83.66 99.6000
DT 0.00 0.0000 0.11 0.2233 0.20 0.2360
T2 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0018 0.00 0.0000

Total 290.00 100.0000 51.00 100.0000 84.00 100.0000

8 J. Noh et al. / Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 46 (2017) 1–8

Table 8 Acknowledgment
Column summary of ISS design parameters.

Column name Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, ICT and
Number of stages 123 98 58 68 Future Planning of the Republic of Korea under the ITER technology
Feed stage 15, 75 10, 19, 50, 93 10 25, 65 R&D program.
Reflux ratio 3.12 78.41 14.86 15.00
Reflux rate (mol/min) 15.10 288.31 5.45 90.75
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