7.9a - Pipes and Hoses

Summary of Annotations
Page 3
#1 Highlight (Shabbir)
The pressure within these pipes can vary from ambient to 300
M Pa (300 bar or 4000 psi).
a leak in a very low-pressure pitot air tube can
be just as dangerous as a leak in an extremely high- pressure
hydraulic line
Rigid pipelines are, generally, made from stainless steel,
Tungum (Trade name for a high-tensile, copper alloy) and
aluminium alloy.
Requests for the basic pipe material will require details of the:
 Metal specification (DTD, BS, AN etc.)
 Outside diameter (OD)

 Gauge of the wall thickness (SWG)
 Length of pipe required.
Flexible hoses are obtained from the aircraft manufacturer using
the aircraft’s Illustrated Parts Catalogue (IPC).
Page 4
To lessen the possibility of the pipe wall kinking when it is being
bent, it may be filled with a special alloy, which can be removed
after the bending operation. These alloys are known as ’fusible
alloys’, some of which melt below 100 C and can, therefore, be
melted out by immersion in boiling water.
Page 5
Hand pipe-bending machines are available for pipe sizes up to
12 mm (< ½ in) and for sizes of 12 mm to 25 mm (½ in to 1 in).
A typical hand pipe-bending machine (refer to Fig. 2) would
have a matching former and guide for each pipe size in the
range, giving a bend radius of approximately four times the pipe
diameter.
Page 6
A typical
flaring tool (refer to Fig. 3), is used to flare tubes in the range 12
mm to 25 mm ((½ in to 1 in).
Page 8
The AGS system uses a 32 flare whilst the
AN system uses flares of 74 included angle
Page 9
The flaring operation leaves the tube end in a stressed condition
which, as the flare takes a large amount of the vibration
loadings, can result in fatigue failure.

The flareless coupling, achieves its sealing
properties by the deformation of a sleeve, built into the coupling
The individual parts of the coupling (flareless) are assembled and the nut
is simply screwed down on to its union until finger tight, then
turned one further turn with a spanner.
Page 10
After pre-setting, the pipe should be inspected to ensure the
sleeve is correctly bowed (It is permissible for the sleeve to
rotate on the pipe).
Page 11
One method of verifying the bore is clear and dimensionally correct after forming, is to pass a steel ball, with a diameter of 80%
of the internal diameter of the pipe, through the pipe in both
directions
Page 12
Once the flow test has been carried out, the oil pressure should
then be built up to that prescribed on the drawing, usually 1½
times the maximum working pressure.
It is normal to
recommend that pipes for use in high pressure air, gaseous or liquid oxygen systems are flushed with
Trichloroethane or some other suitable solvent, blown through
with double filtered air and blanked-off, with the approved
blanks immediately afterwards.
in case of hoses, the
diameter of the ball should be 90% of the internal diameter of
the hose’s end fittings
The hose should then be ‘proof-tested’ by capping one end of
the hose and applying the test pressure, usually twice the
working pressure, to it for between one and five minutes.
Page 13
Multiple pipe supports are often used to save space and these
can be made from a variety of materials, such as fibre blocks,
aluminium alloy, moulded rubber or nylon.
Page 14
In some instances, packing will be installed between the pipe
and the clamping material.
packing will usually be done to reduce
vibration or to insulate the pipe and clamp material, if they are
likely to suffer from electrolytic corrosion
Individual pipe clamping is usually achieved using ‘P’ clips.
'P' clips are light alloy loops with a rubber sleeve, which wrap
around the pipe and are held by a single bolt to the aircraft
structure.
The CAAIPs list the minimum dimensions to avoid fretting as 6 mm (0.25 in)
from fixed structure, 18 mm (0.7 in) from control rods and 25
mm (1 in) from control cables, but the AMM must always take
precedent.
Pipes attached to the airframe structure, are often
shielded and will not usually be liable to accidental damage.
Chafing can occur in many places, such as clamps and clips
Cracking of pipes can occur when pulsations
are present and/or the pipe has sharp bends.
Liquid leaks can be found by the presence of fluid, or at least
dampness, on the pipe or clamps.
Gaseous leaks must be
searched for using one of the proprietary leak-detecting fluids

in general, a hose should be at least
3% longer than the maximum distance between end fittings
once correctly installed, the witness lines, marked on the
hose, should be straight.
Page 16
The system identification tape comes in rolls of about 25 mm wide and uses colours, symbols and letters to differentiate between different pipes.

7.9a - Pipes and Hoses

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Summary of Annotations

M Pa (300 bar or 4000 psi).

a leak in a very low-pressure pitot air tube can

be just as dangerous as a leak in an extremely high- pressure

Rigid pipelines are, generally, made from stainless steel,

Tungum (Trade name for a high-tensile, copper alloy) and

 Metal specification (DTD, BS, AN etc.)

 Outside diameter (OD)

 Length of pipe required.

Flexible hoses are obtained from the aircraft manufacturer using

the aircraft’s Illustrated Parts Catalogue (IPC).

To lessen the possibility of the pipe wall kinking when it is being

bent, it may be filled with a special alloy, which can be removed

after the bending operation. These alloys are known as ’fusible

alloys’, some of which melt below 100 C and can, therefore, be

melted out by immersion in boiling water.

Hand pipe-bending machines are available for pipe sizes up to

12 mm (< ½ in) and for sizes of 12 mm to 25 mm (½ in to 1 in).

range, giving a bend radius of approximately four times the pipe

The AGS system uses a 32 flare whilst the

AN system uses flares of 74 included angle

The flaring operation leaves the tube end in a stressed condition

which, as the flare takes a large amount of the vibration

loadings, can result in fatigue failure.

The flareless coupling, achieves its sealing

properties by the deformation of a sleeve, built into the coupling

is simply screwed down on to its union until finger tight, then

turned one further turn with a spanner.

After pre-setting, the pipe should be inspected to ensure the

sleeve is correctly bowed (It is permissible for the sleeve to

rotate on the pipe).

of the internal diameter of the pipe, through the pipe in both

then be built up to that prescribed on the drawing, usually 1½

times the maximum working pressure.

Trichloroethane or some other suitable solvent, blown through

with double filtered air and blanked-off, with the approved

blanks immediately afterwards.

in case of hoses, the

diameter of the ball should be 90% of the internal diameter of

the hose’s end fittings

The hose should then be ‘proof-tested’ by capping one end of

working pressure, to it for between one and five minutes.

can be made from a variety of materials, such as fibre blocks,

aluminium alloy, moulded rubber or nylon.

In some instances, packing will be installed between the pipe

and the clamping material.

packing will usually be done to reduce

vibration or to insulate the pipe and clamp material, if they are

likely to suffer from electrolytic corrosion

Individual pipe clamping is usually achieved using ‘P’ clips.

from fixed structure, 18 mm (0.7 in) from control rods and 25

Pipes attached to the airframe structure, are often

shielded and will not usually be liable to accidental damage.

Chafing can occur in many places, such as clamps and clips

Cracking of pipes can occur when pulsations

are present and/or the pipe has sharp bends.

Liquid leaks can be found by the presence of fluid, or at least

dampness, on the pipe or clamps.

#10 Highlight (Shabbir)

Gaseous leaks must be

searched for using one of the proprietary leak-detecting fluids

in general, a hose should be at least

3% longer than the maximum distance between end fittings