See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/274715198

Green chemistry: a new approach towards science

Article · July 2014

CITATION READS
1 453

1 author:

Anju Goyal
Chitkara University
22 PUBLICATIONS   41 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Anju Goyal on 21 March 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

ANALYSIS • GREEN CHEMISTRY Discovery Chemistry, Volume 1, Number 1, July 2014

discovery
Chemistry
Green chemistry: a new approach towards science

Goyal Anju҉, Saini Vandana, Arora Sandeep

Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura -140 401 (Punjab), India

҉
Correspondence to: Dr. Anju Goyal, Associate Professor (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University,
Village-Jhansla, Tehsil-Rajpura, Distt. Patiala-140 401 (Punjab), India; Email: anju.goyal@chitkara.edu.in; anju.anjugoyal.goyal@gmail.com;
anju_goyal2003@rediffmail.com

Publication History
Received: 06 June 2014
Accepted: 12 July 2014
Published: 14 July 2014

Citation
Goyal Anju, Saini Vandana, Arora Sandeep. Green chemistry: a new approach towards science. Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21

ABSTRACT
Green chemistry is the new and rapid emerging branch of chemistry. The beginning of green chemistry is considered as a response
to the need to reduce the damage of the environment by man-made materials and the processes used to produce them. Green
chemistry could include anything from reducing waste to even disposing of waste in the correct manner. All chemical wastes should
be disposed of in the best possible manner without causing any damage to the environment and living beings. The green chemistry
revolution is providing an enormous number of challenges to those who practice chemistry in industry, education and research.
With these challenges however, there are an equal number of opportunities to discover and apply new chemistry, to improve the
economics of chemical manufacturing and to enhance the much-tarnished image of chemistry. This article presents selected
examples of implementation of green chemistry principles in everyday life.

Keywords: Green Chemistry; Environment; Green chemistry principles.

1. INTRODUCTION
The green chemistry is defined as a branch of science which utilizes a set of principles for the invention, design,
development and implementation of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and
generation of hazardous substances. The approach in chemistry is protecting human health and environment and it
represents a significant departure from the traditional methods previously used. Prior to green chemistry the main
9

aim was to minimize exposure to chemicals, but green chemistry emphasizes the design and creation of chemicals
Page

that are not hazardous to people or the environment. It has been applied to a wide range of industrial and consumer
Goyal Anju et al.
Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 goods, including paints, dyes, fertilizers, pesticides, plastics, medicines, electronics, dry cleaning, energy generation,
and water purification.
Molecular structures of the chemicals decide their properties, which can be modified by changing the structures
of the chemicals. Green chemistry addresses the various hazards that can be caused by the chemicals, which include
physical hazards (being explosive or flammable), toxicity (being carcinogenic or cancer causing, or lethal), or global
hazards (climate change or stratospheric ozone depletion). Therefore under green chemistry the various substances
can be synthesized in a non hazardous way.
The main challenge for different industries and research organizations is to develop new methods of developing
non hazardous products under green chemistry. In India various national and international programs have been
organized for promoting green chemistry and collecting views of different research workers about this particular field.
We require governmental, non governmental bodies, academic and industrial co-operations for achieving the desired
goal (Pietro, 2000; Stephen, et al., 2005).

2. ORIGIN OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

"Green Chemistry" is defined in the Linthorst article as having three major time periods of development. Before 1993,
the early origins of pollution control and hazard awareness of pollution was observed. In this time period,
Environmental Protection Agency was evolved with strict command and control with end of the pipeline technology
to active efforts to prevent pollution before it happened with risk analysis early on in the process. The next time
period is between 1993 and 1998. In this time frame a chemical philosophy evolved. It is a combination of several
chemical concepts, a conceptual framework that can be used in the design of chemical processes achieving
environmental and economic goals by way of preventing pollution. This comprises ambient reaction conditions,
renewable feed stocks and minimization of reaction steps. The third time period is from 1999 to now which has seen
an explosion of Green Chemistry based scientific articles.

3. THE POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT (1990)

Its focus is the prevention of pollution at the source rather than the treatment of pollutants after they are formed.
This goal became a formal objective of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1991. Anastas coined the term
"green chemistry" the same year. Two of the most prominent and early advocates of green chemistry were Kenneth
Hancock of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and Joe Breen, who after twenty years of service at the EPA then
became the first director of the Green Chemistry Institute (GCI) during the late 1990s (Paul and Mary, 2002).

4. THE BENEFITS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

Green chemistry holds the promise of reducing health and environmental damage. In the past we have focused on
cleaning up toxic messes, is a movement to design chemicals that are safer for theenvironment and human (Kjonaas
et al., 2011).

5. TWELVE PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

Paul Anastas, United States Environmental Protection Agency and John C. Warner developed 12 principles of green
chemistry, which help to explain what the definition means in practice (Anastas and Warmer, 1998). The principles
cover such concepts as:
 The design of processes to maximize the amount of raw material that ends up in the product;
 The use of safe, environment-benign substances, including solvents, whenever possible;
 The design of energy efficient processes;
 The best form of waste disposal: not to create it in the first place.

5.1. Principles
1. Prevention: It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.
2. Atom Economy: Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the
process into the final product.
3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis: Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and
generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.
4. Designing Safer Chemicals: Chemical products should be designed to affect their desired function while minimizing
10

their toxicity.
5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries: The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be
Page

made whenever possible and innocuous when used.

Goyal Anju et al.

Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 6. Design for Energy Efficiency: Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their
environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods should be conducted
at ambient temperature and pressure.
7. Use of Renewable Feed stocks: A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever
technically and economically practicable.
8. Reduce Derivatives: Unnecessary derivatisation (use of blocking groups, protection/ deprotection, temporary
modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because such steps require
additional reagents and can generate waste (Anastas and Warmmer, 1998).
9. Catalysis: Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
10. Design for Degradation: Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break
down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.
11. Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention: Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for
real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention: Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical
process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires
(Anastas and Warner, 1998).

6. GREEN CHEMISTRY IN LABORATORY

A number of compounds are synthesised by using various green solvents by green procedures. Some of the green
solvents and other reagents used are as follows:

6.1. Green solvents

Ester Solvents: Speciality Solvents, Fusible Solids, Supercritical Gases – e.g SCCO2
Esters:Iso propyl laurate, Rapeseed methyl esters (biodiesel), Oleic acid propylene glycol mono esters,TOFA ethylene
glycol mono esters, Butyl epoxy stearates, Glycerol tri acetate, Di basic esters (Kidwai, 2001).
Speciality Solvents: Glycerol carbamates, Capryl dimethylamide, Dioctyl ether, Dimerdiol carbonate, Ethyl lactate, 2-
Ethylhexyl lactate (Tundo, et al., 2007).
Fusible Solids: Hydrogenated castor oil, Stearyl stearate, Tricapryl methyl ammonium chloride,1-Butyl-3-methyl
imidazolium methyl sulphate, 1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium octyl sulphate (Knochel, 1999).

6.2. Synthesis and comparison of compounds (conventional and green chemistry methods)
Acetylation of Primary Amine (Preparation of acetanilide)
Conventional Procedure:

NH2 NHCOCH3

Pyridine
+ (CH3CO)2O
CH2Cl2

Aniline Acetanilide

Non-green Components: Use of chlorinated solvent like CH Cl , Pyridine is also not eco-friendly, Acetic anhydride
2 2
leaves one molecule of acetic acid unused (not atom-economic).

Green Procedure:
NH2 NHCOCH3

Zn dust
+ CH3COOH
Boil
11

Aniline Acetanilide
Page

Goyal Anju et al.

Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 Green Context: Avoids use of acetic anhydride (usage banned in some states, due to its utility in narcotic business),
Minimizes waste by-products, Avoids hazardous solvent methods (Hatahaway, 1987).

Base Catalysed Aldol Condensation (Synthesis of dibenzalpropanone)

Conventional Procedure:

CHO O

NaOH
+
CH3
H3C EtOH

Benzaldehyde
Dibezalpropanone

Green Procedure
CHO O

LiOH
+
CH3
H3C H2O

Benzaldehyde
Dibezalpropanone

Green Context: Hazardous organic solvents are avoided. Lithium hydroxide is easy to handle (Bhagat et al., 2006).

Halogen Addition to C=C Bond (Bromination of trans-stilbene)

Conventional Procedure

Br
H
Br2

CH2Cl2
H
Br

trans-stilbene Bromo stilibine

Non-green Component: Use of liquid bromine, Chlorinated solvents.

Green Synthesis

H
Br
EtOH
+ HBr H2 O2
H
Br
12

trans-stilbene
Page

Bromo stilibine

Goyal Anju et al.

Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 Green Context: Corrosive liquid bromine is avoided. Water is the only byproduct in HBr- H O method and in NaBr-
2 2
NaBrO method sodium acetate is formed along with water. HBr-H O mixture and bromide-bromate couple offer in
3 2 2
-
situ oxidation of Br to molecular bromine has been widely studied (Mckenzie, et al., 2005).

[4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction (Diels-Alder reaction between furan and maleic acid
Conventional Procedure:

O
COOH
Benzene COOH

+ H
Reflux
O
COOH COOH

Furan Product H
Maleic acid

Non-green Component: Use of benzene which is one of the most toxic solvents.
Green Synthesis:
O
COOH
H2O COOH

+ H
RT
O
COOH COOH

Furan Product H
Maleic acid

Green Context: Reaction carried out in aqueous medium avoiding benzene. Efficient at room temperature itself.
100% atom efficient (Rideout et al., 1980).

Rearrangement Reaction (Benzil Benzilic acid rearrangement)

Conventional Procedure

O OH

50% KOH
OH
O
EtOH
O

Benzilic acid
Benzil
13
Page

Goyal Anju et al.

Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 Green Synthesis:

O OH

50% KOH
OH
O
conc. HCl
O

Benzilic acid
Benzil

Green Context: Solvent-free procedure, Atom efficient (Tanaka et al., 2000).

Coenzyme Catalysed Benzoin Condensation (Thiamine hydrochloride catalyzed synthesis of benzoin)

Conventional Procedure

CHO

O OH
NaCN
2 C C
H
EtOH/ H2O

Benzadehyde Benzoin

Non-green Component: Involves the use of highly poisonous sodium cyanide

Green Synthesis

CHO

O OH
Thiamine
2 C C
H
hydrochloride

Benzoin
Benzadehyde

Green Context: Hazardous and poisonous cyanide ion is replaced by thiamine hydrochloride. Reaction is effected at a
lower temperature (Lampmann et al., 1982).

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction (Bromination of acetanilide)

Conventional Procedure

NHCOCH3 NHCOCH3

Br2

Glacial CH3COOH
14

Acetanilide Br
Page

p-Bromoacetanilide
Goyal Anju et al.
Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 Non-green Component: Liquid molecular bromine is used
Green Synthesis
NHCOCH3
NHCOCH3

Ceric ammonium nitrate

KBr, H2O, EtOH

Br
Acetanilide
p-Bromoacetanilide

Green Context: Corrosive molecular bromine is replaced with a novel brominating agent. Bromination is carried out in
aqueous medium. Chlorinated solvents are avoided. Use of acetic acid as solvent is avoided. Reaction is considerably
fast (Schatz et al., 1996).

Adipic acid
Conventional Procedure

O2 COOH

HNO3 COOH

Cyclohexene Adipic acid

Green Synthesis

Na2WO4 COOH

H2O2, KHSO4 COOH

Cyclohexene Adipic acid

Green Context: Eliminates the use of nitric acid. Atom economy: Waste by-products are minimized, better yield. Use
of hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent in place of KMnO or HNO Phase transfer catalysis (Reed et al., 2000).
4 3.

Ibuprofen
Conventional Procedure
(CH3CO)2O

AlCl3
O

ClCH2COOC2H5
NaOEt

O
H+/H2O
O

O
NH2OH
O
OH

N
N
15

OH
Page

Goyal Anju et al.

Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 Green Synthesis:

(CH3CO)2O

HF
O

H2, Raney Ni

OH

CO,Pd
O
O

OH

Some other examples related to Green Chemistry

Reactions of salicyladehyde- alkylation vs. Aldol condensation (Clark, 1999; Cue et al., 2009).

O
O
H3CO
H +

H3CO

OCH3

OCH3

Synthesis of phenacetin- water as solvent (Cann et al., 2008).

H3CH2CO NH2 + HCl H3CH2CO NH3+Cl-

p-Phenetidine p-Phenetidine hydrochloride

+
O
O O

H3CH2CO N
H O

Phencetin

O
+ HCl

OH
16
Page

Goyal Anju et al.

Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 Diels-Alder reaction in an ionic liquid (Wardencki et al., 2005; Gron, 2007).
O
O

reflux
+ 2 O H
O
15-22 min.
H

O O

37%

+
H
O
H

35%
H(O)C C(O)H

+
H2 O

T=175(+1)C
P<150 barr

7. THE ROLE OF GREEN CHEMISTRY AND GREEN ENGINEERING IN LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
Industrial chemical products and machinery are part of the technology that is causing major environmental problem.
Their assessment at all stages, from raw materials acquisition, to manufacture and disposal need to be evaluated and
quantified. For a holistic approach of the subject scientists established the scientific method called Life Cycle Analysis
(LCA). LCA is also known as life-cycle eco-balance. It is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all
the stages of a product's life, from-cradle-to-grave (i.e., from raw material extraction, manufacture, distribution, use,
repair, disposal or recycling) (Baumgartner and Rubik, 1993; Athanasios et al., 2012).

7.1. The process of life cycle analysis of products

The process of LCA of a product is a systematic process which takes into account all the stages in the making of a
product. It starts from the raw materials, the step by step industrial processes, the useful life as a consumer product
and its final stages through maintenance, recycling or disposal. The LCA process is a systematic, phased approach and
consists of four components: goal definition and scoping, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation of
the results.

Goal Definition and Scoping

Define and describe the product, process or activity. Establish the context in which the assessment is to be made and
identify the boundaries and environmental effects to be reviewed for the assessment. Defining boundaries of the
analysis is very important.
Inventory Analysis
Identify and quantify energy, water and materials usage and environmental releases (e.g., air emissions, solid waste
17

disposal, waste water discharges). Simulation techniques and programming for environmental results (for similar or
equivalent products) through computer programming is an important part of the analysis.
Page

Goyal Anju et al.

Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 Impact Assessment
Assess the potential human and ecological effects of energy, water, and material usage and the environmental
releases identified in the inventory analysis.

Interpretation
Evaluate the results of the inventory analysis and impact assessment to select the preferred product, process or
service with a clear understanding of the uncertainty and the assumptions used to generate the results (Curran,
1993).

8. GREEN CHEMISTRY AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Green Chemistry and Green Engineering have influenced in recent years the most important chemical industries and
inevitably the pharmaceutical industry is in the forefront for big changes towards greener feedstocks, safer solvents,
alternative processes and innovative ideas (Athanasios, 2012; Cavani, 2009; Tucker, 2006).
The pharmaceutical industry depends on organic synthetic processes for its manufacturing of drugs and uses a
variety of organic solvents for separation and purification of their products. Organic solvents are known for their toxic
properties and the cost of their waste. It has been estimated that the big pharmaceutical company Glaxo Smith Kline
(GSK, UK) uses in its manufacturing large amounts of solvents and its non-water liquid waste contain 85-90% organic
solvents (Bruggink, 2003; Mazza, et al., 2008).
The pharmaceutical industry is embracing more and more “green” processes and technology operations. The
research departments of many big drug manufacturers in the developed countries are advancing new methodologies,
better biocatalysis reactions, less solvents and cuts in waste production. At the same time the pharmaceutical
industry introduce safety and health regulations to protect the workers and environmental criteria for their products
(Slater, 2007).

9. GREEN CHEMISTRY IN INDIA

India is ranked 2nd in producing pesticides, 12th in pharmaceutical productions and among top 5 in the selected
petrochemicals. These facts have also caused environmental disturbances due to generation of hazardous materials.
Due to large-scale production of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and other consumer goods, there is a
great potential for green chemistry research in India to replace the existing methodology with the environment benign
methods. Currently, green chemistry research in India has been applied to areas of greener synthetic strategies,
catalyst development, usage of bio catalysis, usage of non conventional technologies, and analytical techniques (Gary,
2005).
Strategies: For the development of green strategies for the production of various substances, our main aim should be
to concentrate on avoiding environmentally non compatible reagents, solid-phase syntheses, modification of
synthetic routes to decrease the number of steps and increase overall yield, usage of newer catalysts and
simplification of classical procedures of reaction. The combined approach of these above mentioned methods is
required for synthesizing green products. Our main aim is to avoid the use of organic solvents in product synthesis as
the waste products from these productions are the more hazardous. The chemists in India are trying to develop benign
reagents and to carry out the catalyst based reactions that require ambient conditions.

10. ROLE OF ENZYMES

Enzymes have served as biotechnological tools which can provide solutions to the major problems in chemical
industries. Over the years, chemists in India are engaged in enhancement of an application base of enzymes to develop
new alternative sweeteners such as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), synthetic honey, and other food products such as
polysaccharide gums, thickeners, and flavor enhancers. There is a great need to develop newer enzymes that can work
at ambient conditions (Anastas et al., 2000).

11. NON ACADEMIC STRATEGIES

In India there is a great need of improvement in industries from the environmental point of view. Most of the
industries are mainly confined to cost effectiveness rather than being eco effective. Some collaborative work has
been done by the academic institutes and some industries to bring the eco friendly lab technologies to the industrial
plants. The best examples are the applications of enzymes in various industries ranging from drugs to leather. The
18

textile industry is one of the highly revenue generating industries in India, and they are now switching over to microbial
decolorization and degradation. Government can do a lot of good for the cause of green chemistry by increasing public
Page

awareness and by bringing and enforcing strict environmental legislations. One of the recent examples of government

Goyal Anju et al.

Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 initiative is the conversion of diesel vehicles to compressed natural gas (CNG) in order to reduce pollution in the capital
city Delhi.

12. INDIA’S INITIATIVE TOWARDS GREEN CHEMISTRY

The green chemistry chapter of India has been already started which emphasizes on the utilization of green chemistry
in India. A national seminar on green chemistry was organized in Department of Chemistry, Delhi University in 1999
which brought together the different views and ideas of all the research workers active in this field. For the education
about green chemistry a refresher course was organized for the college teachers by the centre of professional
development in higher education by the University of Delhi. The green chemistry chapter of India has been
continuously planning on its development since its origin. The first priority of it is too aware the young researchers
about green chemistry by means of workshops, scholarships, awards and seminars. The aim of green chemistry in
India is to encourage the collaboration of government policies, industrial techniques and academics and establishing a
global partnership among them for proper environmental management.

13. IDEAS FOR ACTIVITIES

 Develop a green chemistry website.
 Make a green chemistry bulletin board.
 Promote green chemistry on campus.
 Give green chemistry demos.
 Educate community regarding “green products”.
 Run a Student chapter led lecture series on green chemistry topics.
 Take a field trip to a green chemistry facility or factory.
 Attend a green chemistry workshop.

14. OTHER APPLICATIONS INCLUDE

Green cement: Cement manufacture releases approximately 6% of carbon dioxide of its total release in the
atmosphere. For every 1 tonne production of cement at 1500°C, 100 kg of fossil fuel is used and nearly 1 tonne
carbon dioxide is released in the environment (Romano and Rodrigues, 2008).
Silicates which are the primary constituents of cement are present in enormous amount in some types of waste and
low value bio mass. e.g. Rice hulls contain about 10% silicates in them. These silicates can be produced from them at
600° C and then further processing at 800° C. Rice hulls are produced in extreme amount in U.S.A., China and Brazil.

Green chemistry in food industry: Consumers safer foods but also foods that use natural rather than synthetic additives.
Spices and essential oils are being researched as natural agents are demanding for food preservation. In a publication
from the USA, seven citrus essential oils were screened for antibacterial activity against 11 strains of Salmonella.
Good inhibiting activity was shown by several oils with terpenes from orange essence showing the highest activity.
Analysis of this substance showed it was mostly composed of d-limonene (Bryan et al., 2008).

Bio de-icing: De-icing fluids are widely used on roads, airport runways and other large scale applications.Currently
used de-icing fluids which includes glycols when used in large volumes, have a lot of impact on the environment. In a
US patent, a group from the Batelle Memorial Institute in Ohio report the use of a novel, non-hazardous anti-
icing agent based on a bio-derived freezing point depressant such as glycerol which can be mixed with other bio-
polyols as well as a surfactant and an anti-oxidant (e.g. citric acid) can be used. Polymers like PVP can also be
used in these formulations (Clark, 2008).

Green waxes: Plants are coated with some chemicals which perform multiple functions in different environment
conditions and in different times in a year. These chemicals, mainly waxes are extracted and further used in many
applications. According to a research publication of green chemistry at York, by using the low environment impact
supercritical carbon dioxide the surface waxes from low value wheat straw have been extracted. From these waxes
different chemicals can be fractionated which are used in manufacturing cosmetics, nutraceuticals and insect
repellants. These natural and non animal derived products also have low environmental impact. These green products
have gained popularity in recent years (Mazza, and Cottrell, 2008).
19

Treatment with wine waste: Primarily agricultural waste was used as fuel and a source of food for animals. But now
days scientists have found this agricultural waste as a useful source of chemicals. In Canada and Turkey some research
Page

Goyal Anju et al.

Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 workers have extracted useful phytochemicals from grape cane waste which is used in manufacturing of Pinot Noir
wine. These phytochemicals have shown significant success in treatment of animal diseases such as cancer and cardio
vascular diseases. These have good antioxidant properties as well. An environmentally safe mixture of ethanol and
water is used to isolate trans-resveratrol and trans-viniferin which are the chief phytochemicals extracted from grape
wine waste as contrindicated (Dalia, 2008).

Dry cleaning: Condensed phase carbon dioxide is also used as a solvent for the dry cleaning of clothes. Although
carbon dioxide alone is not a good solvent for oils, waxes, and greases, the use of carbon dioxide in combination with
a surfactant allows for the replacement of perchloroethylene, which is the solvent used most often to dry clean
clothes, although it poses hazards to the environment and is a suspected human carcinogen (Dalia, 2008).

Green energy: US based food producer Heinz has made very ambitious plans so that it can reduce its emission of
green house gases by 20% by 2015. For this they have planned to generate energy required for various purposes from
potato peel (Zhiyong, 2008).
Heinz has set a number of goals towards greening their company that includes:
 Reducing energy consumption by 20% through the use of alternative resources.
 Reducing its solid waste by 20%.
 Reducing carbon footprint by 15%.

15. CONCLUSION
Green Chemistry is new philosophical approach that through application and extension of the principles of green
chemistry can contribute to sustainable development. Great efforts are still undertaken to design an ideal process
that start from non-polluting materials. It is clear that the challenge for the future chemical industry is based on safer
products and processes designed by utilizing new ideas in fundamental research. It has been said that the revolution
of one day becomes the new orthodoxy of the next Green Chemistry is applied and must involve the successful
implementation of more environmentally friendly chemical processes and product design. Most importantly we need
the relevant scientific engineering so, we can say that this approach in chemistry is helpful in protecting human health
and environment and it represents a significant departure from the traditional methods previously used.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES
1. Ahluwalia VK., Kidwai M. New Trends in Green Chemistry.
Springer. 2004, 44 (6), 128-141.
2. Anastas PT, Bartlett LB, Kirchhoff MM, Williamson T C. The
role of catalysis in the design, development, and
implementation of green chemistry. Catalysis today. 2000,
55 (1), 11-22.
3. Anastas PT, Warner JC. (1998). Green Chemistry: Theory
and Practice, Oxford University Press: New York. 1998, 30.
4. Anonyms. Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 1997
Greener Synthetic Pathways Award, United States EPA.
2009. 08-18.
5. Anonyms. Green Chemistry. United States Environmental
Protection Agency. 2011, 2006-06-28.
6. Athanasios V and Thomais V. Green Chemistry and Green
Engineering. Publisher: Synchrona Themata Non-Profit
Publishing House Athens-Greece. 2012.
7. Baumgartner T, Rubik F. Evaluation techniques for eco-
balances and life cycle assessment. European Environment.
1993, 318 -322.
8. Bhagat S, Sharma R and Chakraborti AK.. Oxazepine and
thiazepines. Journal of Molecular Caalyst. A: Chemical.
2006, 260, 235-240.
9. Bruggink A., Straathhof AJ, vander LA. Fine chemical
10. Cann MC and Umile TP. Real-World Cases in Green
Chemistry, Volume 2, American Chemical Society,
Washington, D.C. 2008.
11. Cavani F, Centi G, Parathoner S, Trifino F. (Eds). Sustainable
Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Chichester, West Sussex,
UK., 2009.
12. Clark JH. Green Chemistry: challenges and opportunities.
Green Chemistry. 1998, (1), 1-8.
13. Clark JH. Greener chemical manufacturing. RSC
Environmental Chemical Bulletin. 2008, 45 (3), 12–15.
14. Cue BW and Zhang Ji. Green Process Chemistry in the
Pharmaceutical Industry. Green Chemistry Letters and
Reviews. 2009, 2(4), 193-211.
15. Curran MA. Broad-based environmental Life Cycle
Assessment. Environmental Science Technology. 1993, 27,
430-436.
16. Dalia J. Green engineering and green chemistry, Dalia, J.
(Presenter), BUP Teachers Conference on Environmental
Management, Cleaner production book. 2008.
17. Draths KM, Frost JW. The Presidential Green Chemistry
Challenge Awards Program. Summer of 1998 Award’, EPA
744-R-98-001, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, D.C.1998.
20

industry for life science products: green solutions to 18. Dunn P, Wells A, Williams MT. (Eds). Green Chemistry in
chemical challenges. Review, Advances in Biochemical the Pharmaceutical Industry, Wiley-VCH, Chichester, West
Page

Engineering Biotechnolgy. 2003, 80, 69-113.

Goyal Anju et al.

Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21, www.discovery.org.in
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
 Sussex, UK, (Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, New York).
2010.
19. Gary OS. Green Chemistry in the OrganicLaboratory: A
Beginning. MN 55057. 2005.
20. Gladysz JA. Recoverable catalysts. Ultimate goals, criteria
of evaluation, and the green chemistry interface. Pure
Applied Chemistry. 2001, 73 (8), 1319–1324.
21. Gron L.Green Chemistry: Diels-Alder Reactions in High
nd
Temperature Water, 52 Annual Reports on Research.
2007, B4, 41464.
22. Hathaway A. An Aldol condensation reaction using a
number of aldehydes. Journal of Chemical Education. 1987,
64, 367
23. Kidwai M. Green chemistry in India. Pure Applied
Chemistry. 2001, 73 (8), 1261–1263.
24. Kjonaas R A, Williams PE, Counce DA, Crawley LR.
Synthesis of Ibuprofen in the Introductory Organic
Laboratory. Journal of Chemical Education. 2011, 88 (6),
825–828.
25. Knochel P, (Ed). Modern Solvents in Organic Synthesis.
Springer. Berlin. 1999.
26. Lampman PDL, Chriz GM. Introduction to organic lab
technique; College Publishing, New York, 1982, experiment
no 40. 1982.
27. Mazza G and Cottrell T. Carotenoids and cyanogenic
glucosides in Saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia
Nutt.). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2008,
21(3), 249-254.
28. McKenzie LC, Huffman LM and Hutchison JE. Evolution of
green chemistry experiment. Journal of Chemical
Education.2005, 82, 306.
29. O’Bryan CA, et al. Orange essential oils antimicrobial
activities against Salmonella spp. Journal of Food Science.
2008, 73(6), 264-267.
30. Paul TA and Mary MK. Origins, Current Status, and Future
Challenges of Green Chemistry, Accounts of Chemical
Research. 2002, 35, 686-694.
31. Pietro T, Paul A, David CB, Joseph B, et al. Synthetic
pathways and processes in green chemistry. Introductory
overview. Pure and Applied Chemistry.2000, 72, 1207-
1228.
32. Rainer Hofer, Joaquim Bigorra. Green chemistry-a
sustainable solution for industrial specialties applications.
Green Chemistry. 2007, 9(3), 203-212.
Goyal Anju et al.
Green chemistry: a new approach towards science,
Discovery Chemistry, 2014, 1(1), 9-21,
www.discovery.org.in/discovery_chemistry.htm
View publication stats
33. Reed SM and Hutchison JE. Green and Sustainable
Chemistry,—Chemistry of Sustainability. Journal of
Chemical Education. 2000, 77, 1627.
34. Rideout DC and Breslow R. Streamlining free radical green
chemistry. Journal of American Chemical Society. 1980,
102, 7816.
35. Romano JS, Rodrigues FA. Cements obtained from rice hull:
Encapsulation of heavy metals. Journal of Hazardous
Materials. 2008, 154 (1-3), 1075-1080.
36. Ryan MA and Tinnesand M, (eds.). Introduction to Green
Chemistry, Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
2002.
37. Schatz PF. Green chemistry experiments. Journal of
Chemical Education. 1996, 173, 267. 29.
38. Singh SG, Sheela MA, Khatri S, Singla RK.. A Focus & Review
on the Advancement of Green Chemistry. Indo Global
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012, 2 (4), 397-408.
39. Slater CS, Savefski M. A method to characterize the
greeness of solvents used in the pharmaceutical
manufacturing. Environmental Sciences Heath. 2007, 42,
1595-1605.
40. Stephen K, Washington R. (2001). Green Chemistry.
Chemical and Engineering News. 2001, 79 (29), 27-34.
41. Tanaka, K. and Toda, F. Crystal engineering of P’ceutical
co-crystals. Chemistry Review. 100, 1045.
42. Tucker J.L. Green Chemistry, a Pharmaceutical Perspective.
Organic Process Research Development. 2006, 10(2), 315-
319.
43. Tundo P, Perosa A, Zachini F, (Eds). Methods and Reagents
for Green Cemistry: An Introduction. (Lectures of the
Summer School of Green chemistry), Wiley-VCH, West
Sussex. 2007.
44. Van Aken K, Strekowski L, Patiny L. Beilstein Journal of
Organic Chemistry. 2006, 2, 3.
45. Wardencki W, Cury OJ, Namieœnik J. Green Chemistry —
Current and Future Issues. Polish Journal of Environmental
Studies. 2005, 14 (4), 389-395.
46. Zhang Q, Zhang S and Deng Y. Recent advances in ionic
liquid catalysis. Green Chemistry. 2011, 13, 2619.
47. Zhiyong W.Green Chemistry: Recent Advances in
Developing Catalytic Processes in Environmentally-Benign
Solvent Systems, Oxford Press. 2008.
21
Page
www.discovery.org.in
© 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved