MATERIAL CULTURE - Most culture manifest materially.
CHAPTER 1. SOCIETY CULTURE AND POLITICS.
ANTHROPOLOGY- Dubbed as the “Science of Humanity” is
the study of human beings, their societies, and their culture.
SOCIOLOGY is the scientific study of society its origin,
development, networks, and function.
POLITICAL SCIENCE - it covers matters relating to the
allocation of power, the roles and system of governance,
political behavior, and public policies.
SOCIETY - defined as a group of people living together in
organized communities, following common laws, values,
custom, and tradition.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FAMILY – Considered as the bedrock or foundation of the
society.
EDUCATION - The formal institution designated to preserve
and transfer cultural knowledge and identity to the members of
a society.
ECONOMY – The social institution generally responsible for
the production and allocation of scarce resources and service
GOVERNMENT – A social institution which states policy and
law is enforced
MEDIA – The institution responsible for the circulation of vital
information among the members of a society.
RELIGION – An organized collection of beliefs intended to
explain the meaning, origin and purpose of life and existence.
CULTURE
 Complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practice,
values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols and
knowledge that a person learns and share as a
member of society.
 Culture as a system of ideas, feelings, and survival
strategies shared in a particular group. Culture is the
structure that unifies a human group and gives it an
identity as society.
ASPECT OF CULTURE
Shared and contested. No culture will be accepted by
everyone in the society, some will always propagate the
beauty of a certain culture, while some contest and question its
substance. Culture, being a complex set of patterned social
interactions, is learned and transmitted, through socialization
or enculturation. through inheritance or through any biological
process. Most people adapt.
Culture also requires language.
Culture is also dynamic. Flexible, and adaptable
Human’s material inventions and innovations such as tools,
weapons, instruments and the like are all part of material
culture
NONMATERIAL – on the other hand refers to the intangible
ideas that are from within a society. Including beliefs
perception, and tradition.
SUBCULTURE - may be defined as a modified culture within a
larger culture practiced by a society.
COUNTER CULTURE – emphasizes conflict between two
culture.
IDEAL CULTURE – the way in which people describe their
way of life
REAL CULTURE – refers to the actual behavior of people in
the society.
NORMS – one especially distinct element of culture. Norms
are society’s standard of acceptable behavior.
FOLKWAYS – are norms which members of society have
come to accept as the proper way of dealing with their
everyday living and social interaction.
MORES – means “custom”. Mores are custom or folkways a
society needs to adhere.
LAWS – Formalized mores that are legislated, approved, and
implemented in society.
BELIEF – as the means by which people make sense of their
experiences, or ideas that people hold to be true, factual and
real. Scientific or nonscientific. Ex. Usog, sukob, bati,
kulam.
SYMBOLS – are illustrations used to represent a particular
meaning of something. Ex. Kissing the hand of elders as
respect.
LANGUAGE – defined as the system of symbols, that
individuals utilize to communicate, interact, and share their
views.
VALUES – Serve as guiding principle in people’s lives. Values
as guidelines for social living.
ETHNOCENTRISM - Basically pertains to the belief that ones
native culture is superior to the most natural among other
cultures.
XENOCENTRISM – belief that one’s culture inferior to another.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM – the practice of viewing another
culture by its own context rather than assessing it base on
standards of one’s own culture.
CHAPTER 2: HUMAN BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL
EVOLUTION.
HOMINIZATION – Evolutionary development of human
characteristics.
HOMONIDS - An organism belonging in the homo genus.
HOMINIZATION - An evolutionary development of human
characteristics.
AUSTRALOPITHECINES/AUSTRALOPITHECUS - The
predecessors of hominids.
AUSTRALOPITHECINES/AUSTRALOPITHECUS - The first
to use stone tools for survival.
EVOLUTION The process by which beings develop from
earlier beings.
CHARLES DARWIN He gives the precise theory on how
humans must have evolved through Eons.
HUMANIZATION – is the long process of improving the
humans everyday living through innovation.
MODERN HUMAN - The evolution of technology.
HOMO ERECTUS - The evolution of fire and hunting.
HOMO SAPIENS - The revolution of language.
HOMO HABILIS - The revolution of tool usage.
EARLY CIVILIZATION. The Chinese introduced the first
compass.
INDUSTRIAL/MODERN PERIOD. US spacecraft Apollo 8 orbit
the moon.
NEOLITHIC AGE. New stone tools like sickles and hoes were
used.
EARLY CIVILIZATION. Chinese astronomers produce a star
map.
INDUSTRIAL/MODERN PERIOD World War 1 and 2
happened during this time.
COOPER AGE Aboriginal Australians began using
boomerangs.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD- Persian introduce 7-day week to China.
IRON AGE. Dynasties began ruling the kingdoms of China.
PALEOLITHIC AGE- Homo habilis created and used the first
stone tools.
BRONZE AGE. In the middle East, the plow was invented.
CHAPTER 3: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY
SOCIALIZATION – primarily consist of process and
techniques observed by the society an acceptable, proper, and
desirable way of living.
PERSONALITY – as a body of person. The person acquired
that body since his/her conception, and he/she has no or less
changing it complete.
IDENTITY – maybe linked to the sense of fashion, is the piece
that observed by the people’s eyes.
DETERMINANT OF PERSONALITY FORMATION
BIOLOGICAL INHERITANCE (Nature) – the genetic
characteristics of parents have something to do with his/her
personality.
ENVIRONMENT (Nurture) – environment can also influence
personality formation and development.
GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT – The location, climate,
topography, and natural resources in one’s society are all parts
of his/her environment.
CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT – Refers to the learned way of
living- the norms, values, and beliefs one gets accustomed in a
society.
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT – interactions happening in a
particular group are all parts of a person’s social environment.
CULTURE AND PERSONALITY - Cultural Environment is the
main factor that determines the human behavior. They
believed that one’s personality development is a result of
him/her learning his/her culture.
SOCIALIZATION PROCESS - is a continuous process,
Socialization is based on the communication of meaning and
value.
Being Student, A Teacher, A Mother, etc. Are Examples of
SOCIAL ROLES.
STATUS - on the other hand, is defined as person’s position in
a social system.
ASCRIBE STATUS - is a predetermined status, which means
that an individual with this type of status has no choice to
choose his/her position in the society
ACHIEVED STATUS is obtained by choice, such as club
membership, educational degree, and more.
COMPLEMENTARY STATUS - pairs are expected to behave
in different but compatible ways.
SYMMETRICAL STATUS - two or more holders of the same a
status are expected to react to one another.
ENCULTURATION - This social process is defined as the
manner by which a person learns or adopts the culture
followed by his/her co members in a society.
ACCULTURATION - The process in which a person adapts to
the influence of another culture by borrowing many of its
aspects.
ASSIMILATION - An individual learns a new culture tending to
lose entirely his/her previously held cultural identity.
COOPERATION - Rages from small to wide degrees- from the
teamwork in a class, bonding among peers, helping family
members or relatives, and sharing expertise with fellow
workers
DIFFERENTIATION - The ways through which major social
spheres become disconnected in order to focus on specialized
roles and create a stronger organizational framework.
AMALGAMATION - It promotes acculturation and assimilation,
and is the opposite of differentiation since it reduces the
number social units.
STRATIFICATION - It can be regarded as the division of
society into social categories that in turn develop social
groups.
CONFLICT - “a struggle over values and claims to scarce
status, power and resource”
COMPETITION - suggest the struggle between 2 or more
person or groups that can be translated to innovation in the
long run.
SOCIAL CONTROL - Created Mechanism by which the social
behavior of people is controlled to maintain order or re-stablish
order once rules have been broken.
DEVIANCE - As a violation of stablished social norms, whether
folkways, mores or laws.
OUT-GROUP – The members of out-group feel as though
they should not have been in that specific group
When a people use a group as a standard by evaluating its
members and their behavior, sociologist call this group a
REFERENCE GROUP
NETWORKS – a network is a structure of connection of an
individual with oneself, with other individuals, and groups.
MICROLEVEL NETWORK starts from a single individual,
expanding his/her contacts with other individuals. A barkada is
example of Micro-level.
MESO-LEVEL – Associations, Such as Parent-Teacher
Associations, belong in the meso-network level.
MACRO-LEVEL - where high density of connection is present,
social networking sites and global organization is both belong
to macro-level.

FOUR FORMS OF DEVIANCE –

INNOVATION – This form of deviance refers to the use of
unadvised or sometimes illegal methods to achieve social
goals.
RITUALISM – from term itself, ritualist strictly observe the
norms set by the society.
RETREATISM – this term of deviance happens when
individuals try to escape from achieving social goals because
they cannot fulfill them, complete rejection of norms.
REBELLION –this form of deviance is usually observed in
minorities promoting change and introducing alternatives
values and institution.

CHAPTER 4: ORGANIZATION OF A SOCIETY

GROUPS - A group is a number of people with similar norms,

values, and expectations who regularly and consciously
interact with one another.
PRIMARY GROUP - It is small groups. It is a small groups
characterized by intimate. Face to face associations and
cooperation among the members.
SECONDARY – The secondary group refers to the formal and
impersonal group wherein members have little social intimacy
or mutual understanding.
IN-GROUP – People feel they belong in a close group.