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Thank You in Indonesian

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Indonesian Grammar Points Search

Search through hundreds of lesson grammar points to find the grammar
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tenses

Found 5 Lesson Grammar Points

All About #3 - Painless Indonesian Grammar

Lesson PDF

The Focus of This Lesson is Basic Indonesian Grammar

Before we take a look at Indonesian grammar, though, let's quickly go over the basics of English grammar first. By
understanding more about how English works, you'll be able to see how it is similar (and different!) from Indonesian

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Indonesian Grammar Search - IndonesianPod101

grammar.

First, let's take a look at sentence order. English is what we call an SVO language, which means that sentences come in
the order of subject-verb-object. Let's illustrate this with an example.

English Sentence Order

Subject Verb Object

I eat fruit

The subject, or the word doing the action, is "I." The verb, or action, is "eat." The object, or the word "receiving" the
action, is "fruit." This is an example of a sentence in an SVO language. Indonesian is also an SVO language, as shown
in the table below.

Indonesian Sentence Order

Subject Verb Object

Saya makan buah

"I" "eat" "fruit"

Characteristics of the Indonesian Language

Now let's take a look at some characteristics of Indonesian by comparing them with the characteristics of English. First,
we'll talk about features that are much simpler than their English counterparts are.

Tense

First, let's start with tense. Tense is a term that we use in English to refer to time—past, present, and future. If you are a
native English speaker, you might not even be aware of how many tenses there are in English. Let's think about the
future tense for a moment. The sentence "I jog" in the present tense becomes "I will jog," or even "I'm going to jog."
(And these have slightly different meanings! Did you ever notice?) Indonesian, on the other hand, has no tenses! Any
mention of time is relegated to separate words.

For Example:

1. Saya pergi ke pasar.

"I go to the market."

So how do we change this to the future? Simple! We just add a word—akan—before the main verb pergi. You can add
other words as well to clearly indicate a future time.

For Example:

1. Saya akan pergi ke pasar (besok/minggu depan).

"I will go to the market (tomorrow/next week)."

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Now, I know many of you think that this is marking tense. Of course, this akan indicates an action that should happen at
some future point in time. However, notice that the verb doesn't change at all. To make it even clearer that the action is
in the future though, you can add a word like besok ("tomorrow") or nanti ("later") that tells us when you will go to the
market. If you have a word that indicates future in there, then there is no doubt that this action will take place in the
future.

Conjugation

English is full of irregular verbs. In many cases, we can turn verbs into past tense by adding "-ed" to the end, but think
of how many exceptions there are to this rule! "Fly" becomes "flew," "run" becomes "ran," "buy" becomes
"bought"...and the list goes on! If you've ever studied a Romance language, than you know how common exceptions are
when it comes to conjugating verbs.

In contrast, Indonesian verbs do not conjugate at all!

English and many other languages also conjugate verbs according to who's doing the action. For example, "I go" is
conjugated differently than "he goes." When you get into Romance languages, this system gets even more complex.
However, in Indonesian, it doesn't matter who is doing the action; the verb will not change! Let's look at a few examples
so that we can really appreciate this advantage of Indonesian. First, note that the verb "to go" is pergi.

1. Saya pergi ke sekolah.

"I go toschool."
2. Dia pergi ke sekolah.
"He goes to school."
3. Kamu pergi ke sekolah.
"You go to school."

Take a look at pergi. It doesn't change at all! The subject doing the action has no effect on the verb that follows. Great,
isn't it?

Singulars and Plurals

Remember learning all of the complicated rules for forming plurals in English when you were in grade school? We first
learn that you add "-s" to a word to make it plural, but then comes one exception after another, words like "knives,"
"candies," and "mice." Well now, think about this: Indonesian words almost never change to reflect plurals. Tikus, the
word for "rat," could refer to one rat or ten! What a big change that is from having two very different words to
differentiate between singular and plural.

Making Questions

Think for a moment about how you make questions in English. You have to change the order of the sentence!

For Example:

"He is a student" becomes "Is he a student?"

In Indonesian, it's extremely easy to create questions. By simply putting apakah ("what") at the beginning of a sentence,
you can turn it into a question! Let's take a look at the Indonesian equivalent of the sentence above.

1. Dia adalah murid. - Apakah dia murid?

"S/He is a student." - "Is s/he a student?"
2. Mereka tinggal di Jakarta. - Apakah mereka tinggal di Jakarta?
"They live in Jakarta." - "Do they live in Jakarta?"

Okay, now let's take a look at some characteristics that are unique to the Indonesian language and may not have any
equivalent in English.

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Classifiers

Indonesian has a long list of classifiers, or words that we use to count specific items. The corresponding classifier
depends on the appearance or make up of the subject. For example, there are different classifiers for sheets of paper and
bottles because they are different in shape. While English does have a few classifiers (think "loaf of bread" or "head of
cattle"), the range of classifiers in Indonesian is much wider and much more extensive.

Omission

In English, we almost always need to state the subject in our sentences: "Yesterday, I went shopping at the mall, and
then I went to Starbucks, where Ihad a latte." Note that we need to state "I" for every action. In Indonesian, we often
omit the subject from the sentence when the subject doing the action is understood. In fact, stating the subject every
time will actually make your Indonesian sound unnatural. The key is to only state the subject when it's absolutely
necessary. In this way, Indonesian lets you get straight to the important part of your sentence!

That wasn't so bad, was it? We hope that this overview has given you a good idea of some of the unique characteristics
of Indonesian. Keeping these in mind will give you an idea of what to look out for and will prepare you as you dive
further into the world of Indonesian grammar!

Beginner #22 - Taking the Train in Indonesia

Lesson PDF

The Focus of this Lesson is Using the Present Tense in Indonesian.

Di hari kerja, kereta ini selalu ramai.
"On weekdays, this train is always crowded."

As Indonesian does not recognize tenses, there is a simple way to indicate the present continuous tense in Indonesian,
which is the use of the word sedang, which can be translated as "currently doing" or "in the process of." An active verb
in Indonesian may be either in its root form or with a prefix added. Prefixes that are commonly expressed in active verbs
are me- and ber-.

[subject] + sedang + [verb]

[subject] + "to be" + [verb]

For example:

1. Andi sedang makan burger dan Lisa sedang minum kopi.

"Andi is eating a burger, and Lisa is drinking coffee."
2. Ayah sedang membaca koran dan ibu sedang memasak di dapur.
"Father is reading the newspaper, and Mom is cooking in the kitchen."
3. Kakak perempuan saya sedang mendengarkan radio, dan adik laki-laki saya sedang mengerjakan PR.
"My older sister is listening to the radio, and my younger brother is doing his homework."
4. Anak kecil itu sedang bermain layang-layang di taman.
"That kid is playing kites at the park."
5. Direktur itu sedang berjalan ke luar kantor.
"The director is walking out of his office."

Some common words in present continous tense:

menulis "writing"

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menari "dancing"

menggambar "drawing"

memanggil "calling"

berlari "running"

berbicara "speaking, talking"

berenang "swimming"

bergerak "moving"

One simple way to express simple present tense is the following:

[subject] + [verb] + [complement]

For example:

1. Matahari terbit di timur dan tenggelam di barat.

"The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
2. Lisa berjalan ke kantor setiap hari.
"Lisa walks to office every day."
3. Andi beribadah di Masjid setiap hari Jumat.
"Andi prays at the mosque every Friday."

Lower Beginner #5 - Sleeping Your Life Away in Indonesia

Lesson PDF

The Focus of this Lesson is How to Make Present and Past Progressive Tenses in Indonesian
Saya tadi sedang tidur.
"I was sleeping."

The Indonesian language is tense-less, meaning that the verb form doesn't change between past, present, future.
Therefore, it's important to include time signals in the sentence to clarify when the action takes place.

In English, the progressive tense is usually created by the verb "to be," plus the infinitive with an ending of -ing. For
example, "I am sleeping." But in Indonesian, we use the time signal sedang, which means "in the process of" for a
formal situation. We use lagi, also meaning "in the process of" for an informal situation.

For example:

1. Mereka sedang makan.  (Formal)

"They're eating."
2. Saya sedang bekerja. (Formal)
"I'm working."

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3. Dia lagi belajar. (Informal)

"He is studying."

For the past tense, we need to attach different time signals, such as tadi ("earlier"), sudah ("already"), dulu ("ago;"
literally,"a long time in the past"), kemarin ("yesterday"), tahun lalu ("last year"), waktu itu ("at that time").

For example:

1. Dia tadi makan sebuah kue.

"He ate a cake earlier."  (Literally, "He earlier eat a cake.")
2. Dia sudah makan sebuah kue.
"He already ate a cake."  (Literally, "He already eat a cake.")
3. Dia dulu makan sebuah kue.
"He ate a cake (a long time ago)."  (Literally, "He long time ago eat a cake.")
4. Dia kemarin makan sebuah kue.
"He ate a cake yesterday."  (Literally, "He yesterday eat a cake.")
5. Dia tahun lalu makan sebuah kue.
"He ate a cake last year."  (Literally, "He last year eat a cake.")

For the past progressive, we just simply add a time signal used for the action that occurred in the past such as tadi
("earlier"), plus the time signal sedang or lagi meaning "in the process of."

For example:

1. Tadi dia sedang makan kue. (Formal)

"He was eating a cake earlier."
2. Tahun lalu dia sedang mengajar di universitas. (Formal)
"Last year he was teaching at the university."
3. Waktu itu dia sedang mandi. (Formal)
"At that time, he was taking a shower."
4. Tadi dia lagi makan kue. (Informal)
"He was eating a cake earlier."

Examples from the dialogue:

1. Saya tadi sedang tidur.

"I was sleeping."
2. Sedang tidur.
"Sleeping."

Sample Sentences

1. Saat kamu menelepon, saya sedang tidur.

"When you called, I was sleeping."
2. Saya sedang belajar bahasa Indonesia.
"I am studying Indonesian language."
3. Saya sudah mandi.
"I already took a shower."

Learn with Pictures and Video #1 - Talking About Your Daily Routine in Indonesian
Lesson PDF

The focus of this lesson is tense comparison in Indonesian.

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Indonesian Grammar Search - IndonesianPod101

Present tense, Present Progressive tense, and Past tense

In this lesson you'll learn the difference between the different tenses in the Indonesian language: present tense, present
progressive tense, and past tense.

1. Anak laki-laki itu bangun pagi.

"The boy wakes up in the morning"

Tense Indonesian English

non-past tense Anak laki-laki itu bangun pagi. "The boy wakes up in the morning."
present progressive tense n/a n/a
past tense Anak laki-laki itu bangun pagi. "The boy woke up in the morning."

2. Wanita itu sedang menyikat giginya.

"The woman is brushing her teeth."

Tense Indonesian English

non-past tense Wanita itu menyikat giginya. "The woman brushes her teeth."
present progressive tense Wanita itu sedang menyikat giginya. "The woman is brushing her teeth."
past tense Wanita itu menyikat giginya. "The woman brushed her teeth."

3. Anak perempuan itu sedang mencuci mukanya.

"The girl is washing her face."

Tense Indonesian English

non-past tense Anak perempuan itu mencuci mukanya. "The girl washes her face."
present progressive tense Anak perempuan itu sedang mencuci mukanya. "The girl is washing her face."
past tense Anak perempuan itu mencuci mukanya. "The girl washed her face."

4. Keluarga itu sedang makan di meja makan.

"The family is eating at the table."

Tense Indonesian English

non-past tense Keluarga itu makan di meja makan. "The family eats at the table."
present progressive tense Keluarga itu sedang makan di meja makan. "The family is eating at the table."
past tense Keluarga itu makan di meja makan. "The family ate at the table."

5. Wanita itu sedang minum air.

"The woman is drinking water."

Tense Indonesian English

present tense Wanita itu minum air. "The woman drinks water."
present progressive tense Wanita itu sedang minum air. "The woman is drinking water."
past tense Wanita itu minum air. "The woman drank water."

Learn with Pictures and Video #2 - Relaxing in the Evening with Indonesian
Lesson PDF

The focus of this lesson is tense comparison in Indonesian.

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Indonesian Grammar Search - IndonesianPod101

Present tense, Present Progressive tense, and Past tense

In this lesson you'll learn the difference between the different tenses in the Indonesian language: present tense, present
progressive tense, and past tense.

1. Bapak itu pulang ke rumah.

"The father returns home."

Tense Indonesian English

non-past tense Bapak itu pulang ke rumah. "The father returns home."
present progressive tense Bapak itu sedang pulang ke rumah. "The father is returning home."
past tense Bapak itu pulang ke rumah. "The father returned home."

2. Keluarga itu sedang menonton televisi.

"The family is watching the television."

Tense Indonesian English

non-past tense Keluarga itu menonton televisi. "The family watches the television."
present progressive tense Keluarga itu sedang menonton televisi. "The family is watching the television."
past tense Keluarga itu menonton televisi. "The family watched the television."

3. Pria itu sedang mandi pagi.

"The man is showering in the morning."

Tense Indonesian English

non-past tense Pria itu mandi pagi. "The man showers in the morning."
present progressive tense Pria itu sedang mandi pagi. "The man is showering in the morning."
past tense Pria itu mandi pagi. "The man showered in the morning."

4. Kakak beradik itu sedang berendam dalam bak mandi.

"The brothers are bathing in the bathtub."

Tense Indonesian English

non-past tense Kakak beradik itu berendam dalam bak mandi. "The brothers bathe in the bathtub."
present progressive Kakak beradik itu sedang berendam dalam bak "The brothers are bathing in the
tense mandi. bathtub."
past tense Kakak beradik itu berendam dalam bak mandi. "The brothers bathed in the bathtub."

5. Bayi itu sedang tidur di atas selimut.

"The baby is sleeping on the blanket."

Tense Indonesian English

present tense Bayi itu tidur di atas selimut. "The baby sleeps on the blanket."
present progressive tense Bayi itu sedang tidur di atas selimut. The baby is sleeping on the blanket.
past tense Bayi itu tidur di atas selimut. "The baby slept on the blanket."

Learn Indonesian

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Indonesian Grammar Search - IndonesianPod101

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