CHUYEN DE 2: VAN DUNG PHUONG PHAP LTE VAO GIAI CAC BAI TOAN SO HOC Pham Quang Toan Bé dé vé s6 mi ding (Lifting The Exponent Lemma) 1A mot bé dé rt hitu dung trong vide gidi cée bai tofn s6 hoe va rt duge biét dén trong lich sit Olympiad. Thue chat 1A né duge mé rong ra tit bé dé Hensel. Ta thudng viét tat tén ctia bé dé 1A LTE, ton Tiéng Viet thi 6 thé goi IA b6 dé vé 6 mit ding. BAi viét nay xin duge gidi thigu véi ban doc vé bé dé va nhiing ting dung dae s&c cia né vao cde bai todn If thuyét s6. Bai viét chi yéu dura vao thi ligu ola thanh vién Amir Hossein bén trang mathlinks ro (vd mat If thuy hi minh gitt nguyen ban bai viét ctia Amir Hossein sang bai viét nay) vA e6 kém theo mot s6 vi du dude lay tit cde ki thi Olympic toan trén thé gidi Mat so khai niém G day, thay vi ki higu a'b nghia IA a chia hét cho 6, ta sé ki higu bja. Va a jb sé duige thay bang bta Dinh nghia 1. Cho p lA sé ngu ven t6, @ 1a s6 nguyén va a 18 s6 tu nhién. Ta c6 p* 1a lity thita ding (exact power) ciia a va a la 56 mi ding (exact exponent) ctia p trong khai trién ctia a néu p*la va p**? fa. Khi dé ta viét p* || @ hay v,(a) = a. Vé du, Ta ¢6 v5(5400) = 3 hay 5* |] 5400 vi 5400 = 53. 37. 2 Sau day 1A mot sé tinh chat. Chting minh tinh chat nay khong kh6, xin danh cho ban doc. Tinh chat 1. Cho a,b,c la cae s6 nguyén. Ta 06 1, v,(ab) = up(a) + vp(b) 2. u(a") = n- v,(a) 3. min{up(a), v,(b)} < vp(a +b) Dau dang thite xay ra khi vp(a) # v,(b) A, up (ged(a}, |6|, e])) = min{vp(a), vp(b), uple)} 5. up (lem(lal, |b, [el)) — max{ep(a), vp(b), up(c)} Chi ¥. v,(0) = co véi moi s6 nguyén té p. "hop 901 '$ Dang Thai Mai, Ip Vinh18. Hai bé dé Dau tion, xin gidi thie véi ban doc hai bé dé. Va hai bé dé nay sé gidp ta tim ech chting minh dude eée dinh If khde ca LTE. Bé dé 1. Cho r,y IA hai s6 nguyon va cho n IA s6 nguyen dutong. Cho s6 nguyen t6 p bat ki uve ptx.pty. Ta cb sao cho ple up(a™ — y”) = v(x — y), Chitng mink. Ta 6 plar — y nen yt =na"™" £0 (mod p) MA 2” — y +ay"*+y") nén ta suy ra diéu phai ching minh. ial guyén va n la sé nguyén duong 16, Cho s6 nguyen t6 p bit ld théa Bé dé 2. Cho x,y 1a hai man pix +y va ptx,p}y. Khi 6 v(x" 4 y") = ape + 9) Chiing mink. Ap dung bé 48 1 ta 66 vp(2" —(—y)") = up(e—(—y)) nen v,(e"+y") = up(et+y). (vi n 1é). Bé dé duge chiing minh. a Lifting The Exponent Lemma (LTE) Dinh ly 1. Cho x va y 1A ese s6 nguyén (khong nht thiét phai nguyén dviong), m 1A mot 6 nguyen ditong va p 1A mot s6 nguyen t6 1é tha man plx—y va ptr,pty. Ta v, (a” — b") = ug(a — b) + v,(n) Ching mink. Ta sé di chitmg minh quy nap theo v,(n). Truée hét, ta s@ di ching minh khéng dinh sau: pla? =) = u(x —y) +1 ‘Dé ching minh diéu dé thi ta c&n chi ra ring pier hp ah Py tons tary? + yh? (1) va Pepa nah yeep ay ty yr (2) Véi (1), nhd 4p dung x = y (mod p) ta suy ra wt pe py ts pat19 Voi (2), ta dat y =x | kp voi k N*. Khi dé veil 1 ged(b,p) = 1. Khi dé thi u,(a" = B) = ug((a"")* = (B")*) vo (ot 2") = vga =) +1 unl (al YP — (YP) yw y) vp((a’ = uz —y) + k= ue —y) + op(n) Dinh ly duige chtimg minh. a Dinh ly 2. Cho hai sé nguyén x,y, n 1a 86 nguyén dung Ié, va p 1a wée nguyén té 1é sao cho ple+y vaptx,pty. Khi dé vp(x™ + y") = p(x + y) + vpn) Chitng minh. Ap dung dinh ly 1 ta c6é —(-u)) + (2 = (-y)") = hay up(a™ + y") = vp(x + y) + up(n) Dinh ly 3. (cho trudng hop p = 2) Cho x,y la hai s6 nguyén 1é théa man 4|x — y. Khi dé vax" = y") = v(x = y) + a(n) yvaptx.pty thi Ching minh. Theo bé dé 1 thi néu p nguyen t6, ged(p,n) = 1p] up(2" — y") = up(x — y)20 Do dé ta chi can xét téi truéng hop n 1a lay thita ctia 2, tite cin ching minh wa(a?” =P") = wl tn yy, ta 06 PaO EP Ya EP) Me Ue) = +1 (mod 4) nen 2™ Sy* = (mod 4). Do dé pt yey val a(n ty?) = = ale ty) = Nhu vay vp(2?" + y?") = n+ up(x — y), ta 06 didu phai chimg minh. a Dinh ly 4. (cho trudng hop p ~ 2) Cho hai sé nguyen 18 x,y, n Ia s6 nguyen duong chin va 2x — y. Khi d6 v2(2" — y") = a —y) + vale ty) + v(m) — 1 Ching mink. Ta c6 4| — y? nén dat n= 2" -h v6i kh N*, ged(h,2) = 1. Khi dé ta 6 ta(2” — yP) = va(xt® — yh) = v9((2)"" = yy) = (2? -y’) + k-1 = vo(x —y) + v(x + y) + ven) Ta ¢6 hé qua sau’ Hé qua. Cho a, 1& hai s6 nguyén dwong, i) p Ia hai s6 nguyen t6 18 sao cho u(a~ 1) = a © N*, khi dé véi moi s6 ty nhien 4 ta c6 va" — 1) = a+ 8 u,(n) = 8. ii) m chan sao cho va(a® — 1) = a € N*, khi d6 véi moi s6 nguyén dutang thi va(a" — 1) = a+$ un) =6+1 Chi §. a) Néu trong céc bai tofn ddi héi van dung phwong phap LTE, ta non dé ¥ t6i cde digu kien at ra ctia nm, ”, y, lua chon dinh ly phii hyp dufa vio 1di gidi bai tod b) Néu dit liéu bai toan cho a|b véi a,b € N thi véi moi p 1a ude nguyén t6 ctia b, ta lun cé vp(b) > vp(a). Ngude lai, néu vp(b) > vp(a) thi alb, Nhut vay ab v,(8) > vp(a) Day 1A mét tinh chét rat thudng duge ding trong cée bai todn sit dung phuong phép LTE.21 Maét sé vi du Sau day minh xin dita ra mot s6 vi du vé cde ting dung cia phuong phép nay. Vi du . Tim sé nguyén duong n nhé nhat théa man 2?0"5|1999" — 1 Loi gidi. Ap dung Dinh ly 4 ta c6 v2(1999" — 1) = v2(n) + v2(2000) + v9(1998) = v2(n) Dé théa man 2”"5|1999" — 1 thi v,(n) +5 > 2013 hay a(n) > 2008. Vay Vi du . (IMO Shortlist 1991) Tim s6 nguyén duong & Ién nhAt théa man 1991* 1A ude ctia s6 nguyén duong n nhé nhft théa man dé ra Ta 22° iggo}9t* 4. 19997991" Loi gidi, D&t a = 1991 thi a lA s6 nguyén t6 16. Do d6 theo Dinh ly 2 thi ve (aa + @="") =u (ary + @ Hy") v4 ((a= 1)" $a+1) + va(a") =a-14 ul 1" 4a4 1) Cling theo Dinh If 2 thi v, ((a- yey 1) = va(a)+v,(a?) = 3nén ve (@- 1’ +04 1) =1 Vay, va (@- 1)" + (a+ 1)" ‘) a. Ta thu duge max k = a = [199 Vi du 1. (Italy TST 2003) Tim bo s6 nguyén nguyén (a,b, p) sao cho a,b 1d s6 nguyen duong, p la s6 nguyén t6 théa man 2° + p> = 19°, Loi gidi. Vi a nguyen duong nén 17/19% — 2°. Vay p ~ 17. Ap dung Dinh ly 1 ta 6 vi7(19% = 2°) = vir(17) + via) @b=1+un(a) 17* véi a>1, MA17* > 17". Vay a = 16 tring hop nay. 28 < 174 = 17, mau thudn, 2, Néu b= 1+ a thi dé dang ching minh quy nap 19* Vay (a, 6, p) = (1,1,17) 1A dap 4m duy nhit bai Vi du . (IMO 1990) Tim sé nguyen duong n sao cho n?|2" + 1. Lot gidt. V6i n = 1 thdéa man. Véi n > 2, nhan thay n lé. in. Goi p IA uée nguyén t6 1é nhé nbat cita n, Khi d6 ta suy ra 2" = 1 (mod p). Goi k 1a sé nguyen dung nhé nhat théa man 2 = 1 (mod p). Khi d6 &|2n. Theo dinh ly Format nhé thi 2°"? = 1 = 1 thi p[1, mau thuan (mod p) nen kp ~ 1. Nhut vay ta suy ra ged(n,k) = 1 non k{2. Voi Vay k = 2. Do dé p = 3 hay 3)n. Dat vs(n) — & (k € N*). Ap dung Dinh ly 2 thi ta c6 5(2" +1) = v4(3) + os(n) = 14k22 Lai cé vi n?|2" | 1 nén v3(2" | 1) > vg(n®) @ k 1 1 > 2k. Vay k= va ged(m, 3) = 1 Goi py 1A ude nguyen t6 nhé nhét cia m. Khi dé ta c6 2" = 1 (mod p). Goi ky IA s6 nguyen duong nhé nht théa man 2* (mod p;). Tuong ty thi ta dé dang suy ra k|6. Vi p; > 5 nén k= 3 hove k = 6. Véi k = 3 thi pi|7 nén py = 7. Voi k = 6 thi p,|63 ma p, > 5 non p, = 7. Tuy nhien 2 41 = 2" 41=8" 4152 (mod 7) ma 7\n?, mau thudn, Vay uée nguyen t6 duy nhat cia n JA 3 ma 3 || n nén n = 3 S6 nguyen duong n théa man dé bai IA n € {1;3} Vi du 2. (European Mathematical Cup 2012, Senior Division) Tim s6 nguyen dutong a, b,n va s6 nguyén t6 p thoa man Dat n = 3m voi me Ne a2! 4 52008 1 va ged(y,p) = 1,ged(t,p) = 1 Khong lam mét tinh téng quét, gia sit ring x > 2. Dé nhan thay ring n > 2013x > 20132. Khi 6 phutong trinh ban dau tuong dong véi O18 4 pPOIB(e 2), 2013 _ yy 20182 prs =p Néu x > = thi p{ VT. Do dé p{ p*-2™ suy ra n = 20132. Vay ta dutge phuong trinh 2018 4, plOts(e—a) , 4013 mau thudn vi V7 > 2 (do , ty > 1). Vay # = z. Phuong trinh tré thanh 2208.4 ye = protons =p’ * (k ~ 20132 € N*) 8) Néu p|2013 thi theo dinh If Fermat nhé ta suy ra 2°15 + 4? = 2 (mod p), mau thudn vi plp*. Vay ged(p, 2013) = 1 Dé thay theo (3) thi plt + y. Do do bing vige 4p dung Dinh ly 2 ta c6 sp (28 ye) vp(t +y) Ta lai 66 t+ ylt2! + 4%! va (3) nén ta suy ra " phate y = 208 4 pos 22(¢ — 1) + y®(y—1) <0 Vit,y > 1 nén tit phuong trinh ta suy ra t= 2013h + 1 voi h EN. Nhan xét. Ta e6 thé tong quat bai tofn Ién thanh: Giai phuong trinh nghiém nguyén duong 1. Do dé p= , tit d6 suy ra a= b= ye a4 =p vGi p nguyén t6. Vi du 3. (Romanian IMO TST 2005) Giai phwong trinh nghiém nguyén duong BPa oy 41 Loi gidi. Ta xét hai trudng hop:23 1, Néu x lé thi sp dung Dimh ly 1 ta c6 v9(3* — 1) = v9(3 ~ 1) = 1 hay v9(2*-y) = 1. Do 6 x = 1. Tit phuong trinh ta suy ra y = 1 2. Néu # ch&n thi 4p dung Dinh ly 1 ta 66 u2(3" — 1) = ve(3 — 1) + v2(3 + 1) + vn €>u2(2" - y) = 2+ va(0) 2 + valy) = val Dat x= 2"-k véim,n € N*, Ta dé dang ching minh bing quy nap ring 2" -& > m+2 m 2 3. Do dé a > w(x) +2v (1) Khong xay ra. Vay « < 8, # chin nén x € {2;4;6}. Tit day (9) = (2:2), (455) v(x) > 3 hay véi x > 2”) = 8, Nhu vay ta tim duge Vay phutang trinh c6 nghiem nguyen dang (x, y) = (151), (2;2), (455) Nhan xét. Qua bai toan trén, ta lu ¥ mot s6 ¥ tudng duge diing trong phuong phap nay: Véi pl mot wée nguyen tia a = p™ -k vim, k © N thi i) a> po ii) p"-k > m +a vdi m > f. Tit day suy ra up(a) + a véi v(a) > 8 hay a > p®. Cf bai trén chit yéu 1A cée bai khong khé dé van dung bé dé LTE vi ta di xée dink duge cée yéu 6 p,a,b mot cach dé cée yéu 6 p, a,b Wang. Tuy nhién, vn ¢6 mt sé bai todn ddi hoi ta phai di tim ra Vi du 4. (IMO 1999) Tim t&t c& cée c&p (n,p) nguyén dutong sao cho p IA s6 nguyen t6 va (p— 1)" +1 chia hét chon?) Loi gidi. Dé thay véi n = 1 thi p 1a s6 nguyén t6 bat Ii déu théa man dé ra, Voi n > 2, ta c6 céc triting hop: Trung hop 1. Néu p — 2 thi n[2. Do dé n — 2. ‘Trung hop 2. Néu p 1é. Lay g 1A woe nguyen t6 nhé nhat cba n, khi dé (p — 1)" = -1 (mod q) hay (p — 1)?" = 1 (mod g) va ged(p yon duvong nhé nhit théa man (p—1)* =1 (mod q). Khi d6 thi ta suy ra o|2n. Ap dung dinh If Fermat nhé ta 06 (p— 1) =1 (mod q). Do d6 olg—1 Nhut vay, o|2n va olg— 1. Néu ged(o,n) > 1 hay o,n chia hét cho s6 nguyén t6 r, khi d6 ta suy rar|n var <0. Ma olg—1néno a } 2 (chi ¥ g|p nén q > 3), diu bang xay ra khi a = b = 1,q = 3. Do dé p > v,(p) + 2. Két hop voi (3) ta suy ra, p22 vp) > v9(m)(p — 2) Vay q = p — 3 va vs(n) = 1. Dat n = 3k voi k EN*, gedlk, vay tit d8 bai ta sé 66 942)8* +1 Hién nhién 9|8* + 1. Ta chi edn di tim k sao cho k?|8* +1, Véi k = 1 thin = 3, théa man. Véi k > 2, hodn todn twong ty, léy 7 1 we nguyén t6 nhé nhat cita & va s 1A s6 nguyén Khi dé r|8? — 1 hay ) = 1, ged(k,2) = 1. Nhu chong nhé nhat sao cho 8° = 1 (mod r). Ta suy ra s|2 nén s = r(7, diéu nay mau thuan vi 8* + 1 = 2 (mod 7). Vay, cp s6 (n,p) théa man dé bai 1a (1, p), (2,2), (3,3). Vi du 5. (Brazil XII Olympic Revenge 2013) Tim cde 0 ba s6 (p,n,k) nguyén ditong thoa man p la s6 nguyén t6 Fermat vA pr tn=(n+i (5) S6 nguyén t6 Fermat la sd nguyén td cd dang 2” +1 vdi x ty nhién. Loi gidi, Dat a = 2*. Néu n = 1 thi (5) @ p= 2*-1=2° +1. Dod6k=2,a Néu n> 2. Ta goi r IA mot uéc nguyén t6 cita n. Tit phitong trinh ta suy ra p" = 1 (mod n) hay p" = 1 (mod r). Do d6 ged(p,r) = 1. Dat k la s6 nguyen dutong nhé nat théa man p* (mod r). Ta cing ¢6 theo dinh If Fermat nhé thi p™1 = 1 (mod r). Vay ta suy ra klr — 1 va ln. Vi ged(r —1,n) = 1 nén k= 1. Ta 06 r|p— 1 hay r]2*. Vay r = 2 hay 2|n. Ta 06 (5) p"-1=(n +1) [(n4-1)*?-1] Tit phuong trink din dén vp(p" — 1) = v» ((n + 1)" 1) Néu k- 116 thi v2 ((n +1 = 1) = ven) < ve (p? = 1) + x(x) — 1 = 2" — 1), mau thudn. Vay &—1 chin. Ap dung Dinh ly 4 ta 66 v2(p" — 1) = v2 ((n +1) * - 1) un(p? — 1) + v2(n) — 1 = va(n) + va(n-+ 2) + va(k- 1) -1 un(p — 1) + v2(p +1) = a(n +2) + w(k- 1) Néu va(k — 1) > v2(p — 1) thi p— 1k. Do a6 (n +1) =n +1 (mod p) theo dinh If Fermat nhé. Tuy nhién theo (5) thin = (n +1) (mod p) nén n =n +1 (mod p), mau thudn. Vay v(k — 1) < u:{p — 1). Khi 46 theo phuong trinh ta c6 1 < w(p + 1) = (2% + 2) < w(n +2) Do d6 va(n +2) > 2. Ta suy ran =2 (mod 4) 1. Néu p> 5 thi 2* +1>5 non > 2. Do dé p=2 (mod 5). Ap dung n = 2 (mod 4) thi ta suy rap" = 4 (mod 5). Do dé 44+ = (n+ 1)* (mod 5). Vin + 4¢n-+1 (mod 5) nén & #1 (mod 4). Vik Ié nén k =3 (mod 4). Vay 4+n = (n +1)* (mod 5)25 * Néun =0 (mod 5) thi 4 | n(n 4 1)*=3 (mod 5), mau thuan. « Néu n =1 (mod 5) thi 4+n—(n+1)* =2 (mod 5), mau thuan. © Néu n = 2 (mod 5) thi 4 +n — (n+ 1)* =4 (mod 5), mau thuan, © Néu n =3 (mod 5) thi 4+n—(n+1)* =3 (mod 5), mau thudn. ( ) # Néun =4 (mod 5) thi 44+-n—(n +1) (mod 5), mau thuan. Vay vai moi n € NY thi n 44 # (n +1) (mod 5). Ta loai trudng hop p > 5. 2. Néu p= 5 thi a = 2, Khi d6 thi 3 = a(n +2) + v9(k — 1). Vi v(m +2) > 2 non ta suy ra va(n + 2) = 2, vk — 1) = 1. Ta ceding c6 5° +n = (n + 1) © Vein =2thik=3, # Vii n > 3. Goi q IA ude nguyen 16 18 eta n thi [54-9 — 1 = 5? — 1 = 24. Vay 93 nén q = 3. Do dé n = 0 (mod 6). Két hop véi n = 2 (mod 4) ta suy ra 5” = -1 (mod 13) nén n—1 = (n+ 1) (mod 13). Ap dung Dinh ly 1 ta 06 2y(5" 1) =a ((n P21) Sli (¢) =14(k 1) 1 va(n) Vay 3|k — 1. Ta cing c6 & = 3 (mod 4) nen k = 7 (mod 12). Theo dinh lf Fermat nhé ta suy ra (n + 1)* = (n +1)’ = 4(n +1) (mod 13). Nhu vay n-1=-n-1 (mod 13) din dén n = 0 (mod 13), vo If. (vi véi 13m thi 5° = 1 (mod 13), mau thudn do 5" =5 (mod 13)) Vay (p,n, k) = (3, 1,2), (5,2, 3). Vi du . Tim bo ba sé nguyen ditong (a, 6, ) sao cho a +1 = (a +1)* Loi gidi. Goi p 1A mot ude nguyén t6 1é ctia a. Khi dé thi theo Dinh ly 1 ta cé up((a+ 1) —1) = 9a) + upc) > vpla) vp(ay(b— 1) (6) 1. Néu cl tht ta c6 v2 ((a + 1)¢ ~ 1) = v2(a). Do dé = 1, Nut vay thi ta c6 a+1 = (a+1)* 1 suy rac 2. Néu c chan thi va(c) > 1 va 6 > 2. Theo Dinh ly 4 thi v2((a + 1) = 1) = va(a) + va(a + 2) + wn(e) (a) -b (7) © Néu vs(a) = 1 thi ta lun c6 va(c) > v2{a). Ket hop véi (6) ta suy rac > a(b—1) > b, mau thuan vi lic dé thi (a } 1)*> ab 4 1 © Néu vp(a) > 2 thi (7) & w(c) — v(a) - (b - 1). Két hop véi (6) ta dan dén ¢ 2 a(b— 1) > 6, mau thudn Vay phutong trinh c6 nghiom (a,b,c) = (k, 1, 1) véi k Ia s6 nguyon duong thy ¥. Nhan xét. Tiy bai ton trén, ta c6 thém mot sé mé rong sau: Mé rong 1. Tim eée s6 nguyén ditong m,l,n, k tha man (1 +m" =1+m*26 Mé rong 2. (IMO Shorilist 2000) Tim bé ba s6 nguyén dutong (a,m,n) théa man a | 1|(a4 1)" Ngoai viee phuong phép LTE duge (mg dung true tiép vao Idi gidi thi phwong phdp ndy cdn dude ding dé tim dang vo han ciia bai toan chia hét Vi du 6. Ching minh tén tai vo han s6 tw nbién n théa man n|3" +1 Phan tich va dink hudng loi gidi. Diéu bay g théa man n|3" +1 tacin lam va di tim mot trong cde dang cia n ‘Trude hét, nhan thay 5|3? + 1?. Bay gid ta dé ¥ dén céc diéu kien a, b,p trong Dinh ly 2, 4p dung va ta sé duge 5*11/3?" +125". Do dé 2-5*|3?™ + 1. Vay ta chi can chting minh n = 2-5* véi k EN thi n|3" +1 Loi gidi. Trude hét, ta sé di ching minh 3" = 1 (mod 5*). Ap dung Dinh ly 1 ta 6 2 (3-1) Vay 3°" = 1 (mod 5*) hay 5*| (* s 1) (° ay 1) Do dé 5*|325* | 1. Lai c6 2/37" 41 nén 2-53? 41 Vik € Nt nen tén tai vo han s6 tu nhien n — 2-5* sao cho n|3" +1 Vi du 7. (Romanian Master of Mathematics Competition 2012) Ching minh tan tai vo han s6 nguyen duong n théa man 2"*2 41 chia hét cho n. Phan tich va dink hudng loi gidi. Ta sé tim mot 86 n théa man diéu kién tri théa man. Ta manh dan thit véi n = 9,27 ciing déu théa man. Tir day ta di Dé thay n = 3 dang tim duge mot dang cia nn JA n = 3¢. O day minh xin gidi thiu hai Ibi giai: Loi gidi 1. Ta sé di chiing minh s6 nguyén duiong a, = 3" théa man yéu edu bai ton. That vay, theo Dinh Iy 2 ta c6 u3(2 + 1) = us(3) + vs(an) =k +1 va (2°41 + 1) = v4(3) + (2% +1) = +2 Vay a,|2°7) 41, 2 Loi gidi 2. Ta sé di chimg minh sé nguyén duong a, = > théa man yéu cau dé ra. Ap dung Dinh ly 2 ta cé vs(a,) = vs(3) + v5(3") -—2=n-1 Dat a, = 3°! vim € N*, ged(3,m) = 1. Ta cd vs(27"" 41) > ve(2% 1) > wx(a,) =n-1 Vay 3"-1\2?"1 4 1. Mat khée, tiép tuc 4p dung Dinh ly 2 thi us(2 11) = 05(3) 4 vs(an) =n Do d6 3"|2% +1. Vay ta suy ra 2" 4 1]241 4 1. MA omj2% + 1 nen m2 41 Vi ged(m, 3) = 1 nén ay [2+ +1Bai tap van dung 1. Ching minh phuong trinh 7 + y7 = 1998* khong e6 nghiém nguyen duong 2. Tim tat cd s6 nguyén duong n théa man 774 1, 3, Tim sé nguyén duong n Ién nhit sao cho 2"|2011208"""-1 — 1. 4. Ching minh tén tai vo han sé nguyén duong n € N thda man n?|2" +3" +6" +1 5. (Japan MO Finals 2012) Cho p la s6 nguyén t6. Tim moi s6 nguyén n théa man véi moi s6 nguyén x, néu pix" — 1 thi p?|2" — 1 6. Choa>b>1,b1 Poe ot s6 16, n 1A mot sé nguyén duong. Néu ba” — 1, Chimg minh 7. Tim sé nguyén duong n théa man 9° ~ 1 chia hét cho 7™ 8. (IMO Shortlist 2007) Tim moi him s6 toin én f : NN sao ch véi méi p nguyén thé, /(m_+4n) chia hét cho p khi va chi khi f(m) + f(n) chia hét cho p. voi mdi m,n € N va 9, (IMO 2000) Ton tai hay khon 2” +1 chia hét chon? s6 nguyén n théa man n c6 ding 2000 ude nguyén t6 va 10. Véi mot sé tir nhién n, cho a I s6 tu nién lén nhat thoa man 5" — 3” chia hét cho 2* Lay 6 1a s6 tt nhién Idn nhat thoa man 2° 2 sao cho n|7" — 3° thin ch&n. 12, Tim s6 nguyen diong n théa man i) nfo" 41 ii) 25" 41 n|5" +1 13. Tim moi s6 nguyén dutong & sao cho k s6 nguyén t6 1é du tien p:,p2-++ px déu tin tai hai sé nguyén dung a,n théa man Pie P2- Pe ~1= 14, (MOSP 2001) Tim céc s6 nguyén dutang (2,7,p,n) théa man 2” P 15, Tim tt cd cdc bé sé (m, p,q) véi p,q nguyén t6 va m nguyén ditong sao cho 2p? + 16. (Iran TST 2009) Cho n ld mot s6 nguyén dung. Ching minh ring (mod 2"*28 17. (IMO Shortlist 2010) Tim cac cap sé nguyén khong am (m,n) théa man m? +23" =m (2? = 1) 18. (Iran Third Round 2011) Cho s6 tu nhien k > 7. C6 bao nhieu cap nguyen dung (x,y) théa man 73°" =9" (mod 2*)? 19. Giai phuong trinh nghiém nguyén dong trong dé p Ia s6 nguyen t6 "(p— 1) Tai ligéu tham khao [1] Amir Hossein Parvardi, Lifting The Exponent Lemma: (tai ligu pdf) [2] Cac dién dan ton. diendantoanhoc.net/forum forum.mathscope.org mathlinks.ro