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Sachin Prakash, Shahbaz Hasnat, Nikhil Kumar Verma, Sachin.
Abstract. Economic Load Dispatch is a method to meet the load demands at minimum cost and losses. In
this paper, ELD problem has been solved for IEEE 13-bus system using two intelligent techniques, namely
Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The results of two
algorithms have been compared.
1. INTRODUCTION Pmax Maximum power
generation limits of the
Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is an optimization generator
problem in which the total load demands are divided
among the generating units in a power system in Large turbo alternators have a set of valves. When
such a manner that the total power demands are the power demand increases, these valves are
supplied and at the same time meeting the losses. opened in a sequential manner which leads to losses
called throttling losses. These losses have a tendency
ELD problem has been formulated using equality
to make the cost-curve non-linear and non-convex.
and inequality constraints. ELD problem can be When the valve is just opened, these losses are very
solved using various intelligent techniques and large and considerable as compared to when the
conventional methods. These intelligent techniques valve is fully opened after some time. This
are based on some natural phenomena, such as phenomenon is known as valve point loading effect.
genetics or the actions of some living organism such
as bacteria or birds etc. In this paper, valve-point loading effect has also
been considered. The simulation of a power system
when this effect is considered requires
In this paper, Bacterial Foraging Optimization superimposition of a sinusoidal function along with
(BFO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) the quadratic equation described above. Considering
techniques has been implemented for solving the this effect, we re-write the equation as: -
ELD problem considering the equality and
inequality constraints. Both the techniques have Min FT= ∑Fi (PGi ) = ∑(ai PGi2+ biPGi+ ci) +
been implemented on IEEE 13 bus system and their |eisin 𝑓𝑖{PGimin - PGi}| (4)
results have been compared. Where
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION ei ,fi are constants obtained from the valve point
effect of the generating unit i
The ELD problem can be solved mathematically by
minimizing an objective function as given below:
Minimize
FT=∑Fi (PGi ) =∑(ai PGi2+ biPGi+ ci) (1)
Subject to
Equality constraints: -
∑ P = Pload + Plosses (2)
Inequality constraints: -
Pmin < PGi< Pmax (3)
Where
Xi = (xi1, xi2……..xid) (5) Step7: Repeat steps 2-6 and terminate if the
maximum number of iterations are achieved.
The Personal best former position of the ith particle
is recorded and denoted as The important parameters in PSO are tabulated in
Table I.
Pbesti = (Pbest1, Pbest2,…… Pbestd) (6) Table I PSO Parameters
The index of the best among the entire particle in the
Parameters Size
population is represented by the symbol Gbest, which
Population size 30
is also called Global best. The velocity (the rate of
Maximum iterations 200
the position change) for particle is Nr 10
Vi = (Vi1,Vi2 ,………Vid) (7) Nc 5
C 0.001
The velocity and position of each particle can be Ped 0.25
calculated using the current velocity and the distance
from Pbestid to Gbestid as shown in 4. Bacterial Foraging Optimization
Vidj+1= W*Vjid + C1*rand()*(Pbestid – Xidj) + Algorithm (BFOA)
C2*rand()*(Gbestid-Xidj) (8) BFO algorithm inspired by the natural selection
which tends to eliminate the animals with poor
Inertia weight factor
foraging strategies [10, 19] and prefer those who
W= Wmax - ((Wmax-Wmin)*iter)/itermax (9) having successful foraging strategies such as E. coli
and M. xanthus [5]. A bacteria cost is de-rated by its
Xidj+1 = Xidj +Vidt+1 (10) interaction with other cells. The foraging strategy in
The power outputs from each generator are taken as this optimization is governed by four processes
the particles of the PSO. namely Chemotaxis, Swarming, Reproduction,
Elimination and Dispersal [19].
The steps and parameters in the PSO algorithm
for the economic load dispatch problem are as The steps and parameters in the BFO algorithm
follows: for the economic dispatch problem are as follows:
5. CASE STUDY
The two optimization algorithms such as PSO and
BFO are used to solve economic load dispatch with
value point loading effects. The results for 13
generating unit test system [3, 19] on load demand
of 1800MW with non-convex fuel cost functions are
(12) presented.
4.3. Reproduction 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this step, population members who have had Table III represents results of PSO & BFO
sufficient nutrients will reproduce and the least algorithms, implemented on IEEE 13 unit systems
healthy bacteria will not survive. The healthier half for setting of parameters given in Table I and Table
of the population replaces with the other half of II:
weak bacteria which gets eliminated. This makes the
population of bacteria constant in the evolution
process.