‘Source: TIME-SAVER STANDARDS for URBAN DESIGN Une Cité Industrielle Tony Garnier Summary. ‘Tony Garnier’s (1869-1948) plans and sketches for an ideal industrial ey” Une Cre Industrie, began as Ecole de Beaux Arts Prix de Rome studies oF envois in 1901 and were eventually Published as a looseleaf folio in 1917, to become one of the formative theoretical proposals of 20th centruy urban design, Ths article isa transation of the Preface to Une Cit industlle with ‘epresentatve plates that Indicate Garner’ prodigious drawing sil Key words city planning, design standards, hospitals, hygiene, industrial zone, public garden, raiiay. residential district. solar orientation. town canter, ventilation Une Cité Industrielle ire Seeteers ecco DeSean as TPhe architectural studies presented here with many plates focus on the establishment of a new city, Une Cité Industrielle, Mose new towns that will be buil fom now on will be derived from industrial condi- tions. Therefore the most generalized case is considered here. In such 4 scope of town planning, all posible architeccural types will be re= ‘quired and all ofthese are examined here ne Cité dst porteays a utopian, modernist vision that corporates functionalist principles a decade before they were ‘The town 4s assumed to be of average size, to have a population of 35,000 inhabitants. A generalized approach to research is adopted for this scale that would not have been applicable tothe study ofa smaller village oF toa larger city. eis ako assumed that the site includes an Une Cité Industrielle, detail, dated 191 Tory Garnier, Architect ‘equal amount of bilide and level plain chat i transected by a river, Although the cown under study is fictitious, the existing eowns of [ive-de-Gier Saint-Etienne, Saint-Chamond, Chasse, and Givors that represent similar basic need asthe scheme we have imaged here, The setting is asumed to be southeastern France and the building mteri- als proposed are indigenous tothe region ‘The reasons motivating the etablishment of such a town could be assist ta he the avaibility a ews materiak Far manna existence of a natural energy source available for industrial use, or the site's accessibility to transportation. In this cse,the determining factor js taken w be a sushi sticat tat is auvantayeous Gor a das and location of hydroelectric power station to provide electricity for heat- ing, lighting and power for fictories and town. There ae also mines nearby, although these could be assured to be located farther away. “The main fctory issimated in the pain, where the steam mets the rive. A major nilway line rons between the factory and the town, located above ona higher plan, Higher till are the well-spaced hospital buildings, Like the tum iself these ae shielded fiom cold winds, oriented to che southern sun on terraces sloping facing the river. Each ofthese principal «elements —fictory, town, and hospitals sited to allow for expansion, so ‘hat our sudy represents 4 more general longer cem planning propos “To arrive at a design that completely fulls the moral and material inceds of the individeal st ofstandands are etabinhed concerning rat fic circulation, hygiene andso on.The assumption hata cerain progres ‘of social onder would have already esablshed such standard, hus insur ing the adoption of such regulations although these are completely ‘Time-Saver Standards for Urban Design Downloaded tom Dia Enghesing Lay @ te uit we Fen 224 op tego sata eer conUne cis 2aUne Cité Industrielle Industrielle Fig. I Une che hsrigneral ew, dted BT Tony Garner, Architect unrecognized by current lave As such, it s assumed that chete is the enabling public power of eminent domain, governance of uss of the Tandy distribution of water; food exentials and medicines, and the reutilization of reise Beans Many townsand ites have ead enacted standards for hyene accond- jg local geographic and climatic conditions ln this cits used thatthe direction and conditions ofthe prevailing winds prom p= sina practices represented in he flowing set of building reyoltions: + In residences, each bedroom should have at least one south-facing. ‘window, large enough co illuminate the whole mom and admit di rect aught Al spaces in residenees, however small, should be laminated and ventilated direty from ouside and not rely upon internal shafs House interiors (walls, floors, and so forth) should be of a smooth ‘surface with rounded comers ‘These standards, required for residential construction, will, whenever possible, aso serve as guidelines for public buildings. ‘The area in residential quarters i subdivided into blocks measari 150 meters in the east-west direction and 30 meters in the notth= south Lee blocks are then dived nto lots of 13 by 1> meters each ‘one abutting directly onto the street. This partitioning ensres the best posible use of land and full the standards cited above, A residence or any building fora public inction may occupy one of ‘more los, But the area of lot coverage for constriction must aay be less chan hall the entire ste, withthe remainder devoted to public gae- den accesible to pedestrian us: thats cach building lot most include a ppblic pathway avilable from the stoet to che building behind. ‘This arrangement makes it posible for pedestrians to eros the city in any direction, independent ofthe street pattern, The lind ofthe town asa whole i similar co grea park fie of enclosures and walls delm- iting the terrain. The minimum distance between two houses in the ‘north-south direction ts equal to a east the height of the construcston sitnated to the south, Due to these planning standards—which limit 222 Engineering Li Seat B0o% Te Meant ube subjou tute Te “Time-Saver Standards for Urban Design i companies jeud Gow an yon at dre wus, ilalenginoarncbrarycom)Une Cité Industrielle w 3 Fig. 2, Unecaéhausellactory vow, dated BT Tory Garner, Architect site coverage and prokibit the we of enclosures—and also because the land is graded for drainage, chere is great variety in overall design, nis composed of a grid of parallel and perpendicule sees acct engines a ie olay station td vt canteen TI north-south roads, te-lined on either side, are 20 meters wide and planted on both sides. The east-west roads are 13 oF 19 meters wide: those of 19 meters are planted om the south sie. PC ee sd At the center ofthe ciy.an extensive area is reserved for public build ings. They form three groups |. Adminstaie services ad sembly all Museums 11. Facies for sports and entertainment Groups Hand I are situated in parks, bordered to the north by the rmisinstrct and to the south by planted terraces which afford an open view of the plain, the river, nd mountains beyond. Group I: Administrative services and meeting halls + Avery open hall continuously accesible to the public, with a ca pacity of 3,000; the hall equipped with public notice boards and 8 public addres system to amplify meesing oF mustealenterean~ ment; it's also used for large-sale meetings +A second hall with amphitheater seating for 1,000 peopleand so, farther amphitheaters for 5Oall ae equipped for conferences and ‘lm projection + A lane number of small meeting rooms (each with its own office and changing room) for unions, associations, and other groups All these rooms are located beneath a vas portico that provides a cov- cred promenade for the town center and a spacious area where people can meet, sheltered in ease of inclement weather. “To the south of ths portico is the clock tower visible along the length of the main stvet. Ie isa landmark indicating the center of town, The administrative services include: + A building containing municipal offices open to the public reconts (births, marriges, and deaths), and an arbitration eribunal: each of ‘hese will include rooms for the public, committes, and related offices ‘Time-Saver Standards for Urban Design 2234aUne Cité Industrielle Fig. 4 Pay School Gardn (PL. 39) Tony Garnier, Archies. 228 “Time-Saver Standards for Urban DesignUne Cité dust Une Cité Industrielle = 5 ~ iORE QUARTIER o HABITATION ON coke Rm ECHELUE Fig. 5, Pan Resdental Quarter (PL. 66). Tony Gamler, Architect. ‘Time-Saver Standards for Urban Design 225Une cis 6 Une Cité Industrielle + An office building forall chose branches ofcivie government that requite at leat one clerk in direct contact with the administation +A building for social research Abs ng for aechives, sted near the fre station: ‘There will ako be an office housing the labor organizations, which inclade employment registry office; information offices; offices for trade union organizations and asociations; eemporaty residences and lafecris, Thete we abu special avis ces lain « Luling fired out asa medical clinic. a pharmacy and a center for hydrotherapy. Farther south on the main stretis the central post and telecommnica- tions offic, with complete mal, telex and telephone facilities. Group Il: Museum buildings + Historical collections and important archaeological artistic, indus- trial and commercial documents relating to the city; permanent ‘monuments will be erected in the park surrounding the rooms containing the archives ‘Botanical collections inthe garden and in a lange greenhouse ‘The library, including a spacious reading room (one side devoted to library volumes. the other to periodicals and newspapers) anda lange map room (2 is center a vast globe fitted with a stair to facilate consultation). Located at the entrance to the library are service rooms for cataloging, book maintenance, book-binding, Industrielle 6, View Residential Quarter (P72). Tony Garner, Ache. archiving, printing, a book loan office, and so for these are the various storetoon surrounding A large separate hal or temporary exhibitions; with four entrances so that several small exhibits can be set up at once, or a large exhi- bicion can utilize the entire hall Group II: Public buildings for sports and entertainment +A ball for entertainment and theater (1,900 seats), with all neces sary support facilites; movable stage sets for quick scene changes (fo eliminate equipment above and holon the stage): green rmoms for performers, orchestra and for theater sets; cloakroom, toilets, foyer, and public restaurant A semicircular amphitheater (after the ancient Greek theater) for ‘open-air performances framed within 9 natural hndseape Gymnasia A large public bath building with heated and unheated pools chang Ing cabins and bathing pools, shower rooms, massage and relaxation rooms, a restaurant, fencing room, and tracks for athletic taining Actletic fields (tennis courts, football pitches, and so forth), tracks anid s forth this area will be bordered by covered grandstand ad rss terraces sereemed by tees 226 ring Li ing ary pune @ subject Downloaded top Dita Esai “Time-Saver Standards for Urban Design crawl (ww. il Companies. Al rut Ooe angen italengineeringlorary.com) igineeringlibrary.com) seeinUne cis Industrielle Une Cité Industrielle «7 Fig. 7. View Resdental Quarter (PL. Tony Gari Architect As explained above, Groups I] and IIL are situated in the midst of gantens. furnished with park benches, fountains, and so forth. All pub- lic buildings are constructed almost entirely in reinforced concrete and gh. ooo Conveniently located throughout the city’s neighborhoods are pri- mary schook for childeen up to approximately fourteen years of age Schools wll be cocducational: eoupine of children willbe by ase, ability and advancement A special hndscaped set wil separate the classes for smaller children from those oftheir elders, and wil provide «play area for aie between classes Recreation areas wil ako inchade arcades and open porticoes. Schools wil be equipped with projection theates in ation tothe neeessry’ elaseo and grounds attendants ae housed neath. Seconxlary schools willbe situated a¢ the most northeastern point of the town. The curriculum will be addresied to the need of an indss- trial town, For the majority of students, the education will involve general courses in vocational studies. A limited number of students will receive specials training in administration and trade (hati, pro= fessional arts insruction). All children attend the secondary schools between fourteen and twenty years of age. Those qualified for farther stages will enroll in professional school o colleges “The prnfossionsl ans schol ic intended prepare those seh will engage in artistic production—in architecture, painting, and sculpeure, as Well a related areas of design such as furniture, fabrics, linen, em= broidery, clothing, leatherwork; as in copper, in, iron, gas, pottery, enamel, printing, lithography; photography, engraving, mosaic, poster art and so forth ‘The professional industrial school is concerned primarily with sup- porting the two major industries of the region, metallurgy and silk production, and will offer specialized courses devoted to the study of production and procedures Bee ‘The hospitals (715 beds) are situated on the hillside north of che city center They are shekered fiom the cold mountain winds by tres Form = ing a terven vo the eatt and west. The complex contsine four main bol + Heliotherapy center + Hospital for contagious diseases + Hospital for invalids “The plan asa whole as wells in detail has heen designed according t ‘current standards of medical science. Each section is disposed €0 ac= ccommodate future expansion. GE “The district around the railway station is manly reserved for collective housing, such as hotel, and department stores, and so forth, so chat the ‘Time-Saver Standards for Urban Design Downloaded tom Digtl Engneeting Library @ vag os Te Mca yuoe @ eubjeu the Ten il Companies. Al 227 cca on Salenginernlary com) iu Gow eo yan ol de weuate,Une Cité hdustielle BaUne Cité Industrielle rest of the city s free of tll seructures-The railway station square will face an open-ait market. ‘The station is of average size and is sited at the intersection ofthe great artery leading out of town and the streets leading to the older devel- ‘oped area along the riverbanks. The main building opens onto the ‘quate and its clack tower is visible fom all over tsa, Public amenities are at street level and underground walkways are equipped with platforms and waiting rooms. The raikway’ yard i sita- ated father co the east, With the sings serving the Factory tothe West. ‘The rulway tacks are planned as straight lines, so that tains can move as rapidly a possible, eae (Certain basie services depend on the municipal adminisration and are subject to special requitements. These services include meat distribu tion, flour and bread production and storage, water supply the control of pharmaceutical and dairy products. The administration i in charge fof sewage and garbage disposal, and the recycling of refuse. It also conttols the water supplyelectrical power, and heating for industrial 3s ‘well a6 for private consumption, and requires a centralized plant 10 provide such municipal services to all buildings and areas of the city. Bios ‘The main factory is a metallurgy works. Nearby mines supply aw materials. Energy is generated from the local hydropower site and power plant. “The factory produces tel rods and pipes. olled-steel section, she metal, wheels, machine tools and agricultural machinery. In addition, it fabricate metalwork for railway stock and naval equipment and bodywotk for automobiles and airplanes. The factory complex includes blast furnaces, steel mills, workshops with lage presses and power hammers, assembly and repair shops, a dock for launching and repriring ship river port workshop» For ‘outfitting automobile bodies, and workshops for refactor. Ie also includes vehicle ceting tacks, numerous aboracories, and housing for engineering sat Support facilites will be distributed throughout the complex. including ‘est rooms, changing toons, cafeteria, and fis aid poins. Spacious roads with tres arranged in guincuns patterns will lead to the various ares ofthe industrial complex. Each department s arranged t0 allow for future expansion without curling other pars of the complex Around the center of the city other manufacturing facilites may be added, including farmstead for food production, silkworm produc- tion, spinning-mills, and so forth, Pou eu Materials used in building constuction include concrete for founda- ‘ions and wall, and reinforced concrete forthe sil and roofing, Im- portant structures ae to be bul in reinforced concrete. These two ‘materials are highly plastic, and require specially prepared formwork; with simple forms, che installation is easier and construction costs are lower. This simplicity of means logically leads to simplicity of struc- ‘ural expression, Note that if the construction remains simple, without ornamentation or moldings and with sheer surfaces, the decorative arts can be effectively employed in all their forms, and each artistic ‘object will maintain a cleaner and fresher expressiveness, die t0 it. independence from the constraction itself. Moreover, the use of cot crete and cement makes it posible to obtain large horizontal and ver~ leaves. enlrwving the building with 4 sense of eal and balnre in harmony with the natural contours of the landscape. Other con- struction methods and materiale will without doubt contribute to ‘other forms that will be equally interesting to study. ‘This concludes the summary of the planning of city an endesvor in which all can appreciate that work is 1 human law and that the cult of | beauty and onder can endow life with splendor. feed Mirani, Riccardo, ed.,1990.Tony Garnier: Une Cité industrielle, New York: Rizzoli International Publications. ‘Wiebenson, Dora, 1969, Tony Garnier: The Cité Industrielle, New York George Braziller 228 Dovnloaded tom Dia Enghesting Lay @ can il yee mug tts Fen ul Oot oo gon “Time-Saver Standards for Urban Design ilalenginoarncbrarycom) Companies, Al hs reson