[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoem.com on Thursday, November 28, 2019, IP: 43.249.228.

96]

Original Article

A Study of Stress, Coping, Social Support, and Mental Health in

Police Personnel of Uttar Pradesh
Shweta Singh, Bandna Gupta, Divya Sharma, Prem Chandra Mishra1
Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, 1Department of Psychology, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract
Background: Presence of enormous stress gives birth to a higher prevalence of mental health difficulties. Globally, the job of police
personnel is full of stress. Coping strategies and social support have a crucial role to play in the management of stress and mental health.
Objective: The objective of this study was to study stress, social support, coping, and mental health in the police personnel of Uttar Pradesh.
Methodology: The sample comprised 300 male police personnel including 100 constables, 100 inspectors, and 100 officers being incidentally
selected from six districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. Lucknow, Varanasi, Meerut, Raibareilly, Ghazipur, and Noida. The mean age of the sample was
40 years and average experience of 15 years of police service. They were assessed by using Occupational Stress Questionnaire (OSQ,   Gmelch
and Chan, 1994), Brief COPE Scale (Carver, 1997), Social Support Scale (Cohen et al. 1985), and Mental Health Inventory (Jagdish and
Srivastava, 1983). The results obtained were analyzed statistically, the mean score was calculated, and the independent t‑test was applied.
Results: Among the police personnel, inspectors scored highest mean occupational stress score (39.89 ± 13.17) with the lowest mean score
of active coping (17.40 ± 7.37), adaptive coping (23.81 ± 8.59), and the highest mean score in maladaptive coping (21.43 ± 7.89). Mental
health of inspectors was most adversely affected with highest mean score (97.81 ± 24.49). Conclusion: The study concludes that the amount
of stress experienced by all echelons of police is extremely high and almost of similar level except for inspectors showing highest among the
three groups, thus emphasizing the use of healthy coping mechanisms and modification in work environment promoting health and well‑being.

Keywords: Coping strategies, mental health, police personnel, social support, stress

Introduction situations regarded as difficult or stressful.”[4] Coping strategies

In this “stress age,” the impact of stress caused by work is
spiraling out of control. Researchers attempted to define
occupational or job‑related stress. Occupational or job‑related
stress refers to “a situation wherein job‑related factors interact
with the worker to change his or her psychological and/
or physiological condition such that the person is forced to
deviate from normal functioning.” It suggests that the effect
of job‑related stress can be multifactorial  (psychological
or physiological or both).[1] Investigations on the influence
of occupational stress on mental health reveal that stress
is detrimentally related to various aspects of mental health
like feelings of self‑esteem, accomplishment, personal
effectiveness, success, and happiness in life.[2,3]
Coping strategies are defined as “perceptual, cognitive or
behavioral responses that are used to manage, avoid or control
Received: 28-Aug-2018 Acceptance: 31-Jan-2019 Published: 25-Sep-2019
can be divided into active, adaptive, and maladaptive strategies.
The relationships between stress, mental health, and coping
strategies can be best understood by using classical models
of stress and mental health. The psychological model by Cox
hypothesizes that when there is prolonged exposure to stress
and the coping is not effective, it may affect the mental health
of the person as high levels of stress have the potential to cause
functional and structural changes within the individual.[5]
Globally, stress among police personnel is faced as an alarming
challenge.[6,7] The job of police personnel has many challenges
and adversities in the form of long duty hours with inadequate
facilities at the workplace, long distance traveling without proper
Address for correspondence: Dr. Bandna Gupta,
Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
E‑mail: drbandna@yahoo.co.in

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative
Access this article online Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix,
Quick Response Code: tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and
Website: the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
www.ijoem.com
For reprints contact: reprints@medknow.com

DOI: How to cite this article: Singh S, Gupta B, Sharma D, Mishra PC.
10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_184_18 A Study of stress, coping, social support, and mental health in police
personnel of Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2019;23:73-8.

© 2019 Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 73
[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoem.com on Thursday, November 28, 2019, IP: 43.249.228.96]
Singh, et al.: Mental health in police personnel of Uttar Pradesh
time and place to rest, and an excessive burden of work and
accountability.[8] Likewise, inadequate policies and procedures
of law enforcement, poor salary structure, and slow promotional
processes make police job all the more stressful.[9‑11]. As an
offshoot of police stress, ample of psychological research work
conducted throughout the world reveal many mental health
troubles in the form of anxiety, depression, aggression, substance
abuse, suicidal ideation, suicidal attempts, and higher suicidal
rates in policemen.[8,10,12‑15] In our country, police personnel in
each district are designated as constables, inspectors, and officers
starting from the lower rank and moving towards the higher level.
The difference in role, responsibility, and work profile of these
three groups of police personnel pose them to different levels
of work‑related stress.[8] At the district field level, Indian police
personnel can be broadly categorized into constables, inspectors,
and officers. Looking at the differences in the work pattern of
various police echelons, many suggest of differences in their
experience of occupational stress.[8] A recent study conducted
on Central Industrial Security Force has revealed that personnel
posted in stressful areas and the rank of constables perceived
more stress and psychiatric morbidity compared with those
posted in nonstressful areas.[16] A recent study on police personnel
showed that the relationship between work characteristics and
mental health outcomes was mediated by perceived stress.[17]
Job satisfaction mediated the relationship between positive work
characteristics and depression. Many recent Indian studies also
emphasize the positive role of active and adaptive coping. Rao
and Singh emphasized the role of coping in police stress and
well‑being by using correlational research.[18]
Keeping in view the impact of occupational stress on mental
health for police personnel, this piece of research has attempted
to investigate stress, coping strategies, social support, and
mental health in police personnel in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
Materials and Methods
Sample and study design
The sample was drawn from police department of six districts
of Uttar Pradesh. Thus, the sample comprised 300 male police
personnel including 100 constables, 100 inspectors (inspectors
and sub‑inspectors), and 100 officers (Circle Officers [COs]
and all officers of the rank Superintendent of Police [SP]). This
was a cross‑sectional study.
Measures
Occupational Stress Questionnaire (OSQ) developed by
Gmelch and Chan is a reliable and valid instrument and used
to assess the stress level among police personnel.[19] There are
78 items, however, in this study; 4 items were deleted from the
original questionnaire as they were not culturally suitable and
appropriate to our context. It has five areas, namely private
life, environmental, organizational, interpersonal, and personal
stress. The responses are given dichotomously in the form
of agree and disagree. For agree, 1 score is given, and for
disagree, 0 score is given for each of the 74 items. The higher
score indicates a high level of stress and vice versa. Overall,
74 Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ¦ Volume 23 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ May-August 2019
the reliability of the questionnaire range between 0.92 and
0.99 and validity of individual item range from 0.46 to 0.59.
Brief COPE Scale by Carver was used to assess the coping
strategies of police personnel.[20] The scale consists of 28
items used. In this study, three strategies of coping were used:
(a) active strategies, namely active coping, planning, and
positive reframing; (b) adaptive strategies, namely acceptance,
humor, religion, using emotional support, and self distractions;
(c) maladaptive strategies, namely denial, venting, substance
abuse, behavioral disengagement, and self blame. Response
options in the scale range from 1 (I have not been doing this
at all) to 4 (I have been doing this a lot). The responses are scored
accordingly. Reliability was determined using Cronbach’s alpha.
It was 0.602, significant at 0.001 levels. Content validity of the
Hindi version of the scale was authenticated by professionals.
Social support scale by Cohen and Wills was used to measure
the level of social support.[21] There are three areas in which
social support is measured: tangible support, appraisal support,
and belonging support. The tangible subscale measures
perceived availability of material aid, the appraisal subscale
measures perceived availability of confident and trusted
advisor, and the belonging subscale measures perceived
availability of someone with whom the respondent could
socialize and relax. The scale has 15 items, 5 in each area.
There are nine positive and six negative items. The response
alternatives are: completely true, somewhat true, somewhat
false, and completely false.
Mental Health Inventory (MHI) was used to assess the level
of mental health of the police personnel.[22] This inventory
consists of 56 statements with four alternative responses,
namely always, mostly, seldom, and never. The possible score
for each item is ranged from 1 to 4. The reliability of MHI
determined by computing split half method was found to be
0.73 as a whole. Construct validity determined by computing
the coefficient of correlation between mental health inventory
and personal adjustment was found to be 0.57.[23]
Procedure
A brief pilot study was conducted in Lucknow to determine
the characteristics of the sample that included age range, the
categories based on job hierarchy, income range, and years of
service. In the main study, the respondents were incidentally
selected from the identified areas. They were contacted at their
workplace and were informed about the purpose of the study.
After receiving their consent for participation in the study, they
were given appointments at the individual level for responding
to the questionnaire.
Data analysis
The results were obtained by analyzing the data statistically
in terms of means, and variables (stress, coping strategies,
social support, and mental health) were compared among
the three groups of police personnel using the independent
t‑test.
[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoem.com on Thursday, November 28, 2019, IP: 43.249.228.96]

Singh, et al.: Mental health in police personnel of Uttar Pradesh

Results
The mean age of the sample was 40.8  ±  8.10  years and
mean duration of service was 16.2  ±  7.50  years. Most of
the participants were educated ranging from intermediate
to post‑graduation. In this study, the between‑group t‑tests
were conducted between the mean scores of occupational
stress, coping strategies, social support, and mental
health of the three groups of police personnel, namely
constables, inspectors, and officers. The means shown by
Table  1 indicate that inspectors have the highest level of
stress (39.89 ± 13.17) followed by officers (37.03 ± 16.22) and
constables (36.0 ± 12.10) and this difference is statistically
significant between inspectors and constables (P = 0.030).
Table 1 depicts that officers utilize the highest level of active
coping (21.03 ± 9.49), adaptive coping (26.97 ± 12.19), and
the lowest level of maladaptive functioning (18.18 ± 7.29)
followed by constables and inspectors. There is a significantly
lower level of active coping (P  =  0.002) and adaptive
coping  (P  =  0.035) and the highest level of maladaptive
coping  (P  =  0.002) used by inspectors compared with
offices and constables. In this study, we have classified
“social support” in terms of tangible, appraisal, and
belonging support. As apparent from Table 1, the officers
entertain the highest level of overall social support
(46.67  ±  15.12) followed by inspectors  (44.95  ±  17.10)
and constables  (40.99  ±  17.10). The difference between
officers and constables is statistically significant (P = 0.013).
In our study, mental health mean scores revealed that
mental health is significantly higher  (11.86  ±  35.22) in
the officers, followed by constables (101.98 ± 30.49) and
inspectors (97.81 ± 24.49).
Discussion
Stress in police personnel
The inspector is in‑charge of the police station of his area and
responsible for maintaining law and order in his jurisdiction.
Thus, supervision and personal leadership of all his subordinate
are required to promote their welfare and discipline. This
might explain the highest level of stress found in inspectors
in our study. For inspectors, the major sources of stress are
work overload, organizational structure, and interpersonal,
private, and personal stress.[8] A study in India which majorly
included the inspectors found that the organizational, social,
and political issues related to their department are more
stressful than the environmental and the physical aspects.[24]
The officers  (e.g.  COs, SP, Assistant SP, and Senior SP)
entertain administrative control over crime and law‑and‑order
situation of the town. The officers are shown to be stressed up
in the areas of managing people and ambiguity of roles. The
constables belong to lowest strata; they obey the commands of
inspectors/sub‑inspectors and impart assigned duties as part of
police work. They are significantly most stressed up in areas
of environmental stress, traveling away from the organization,
and work overload.[8]
Overall, the nature of job regarding work overload,
environmental stressors, traveling away from organizations,
organizational structure and role conflict, interpersonal
stressors, and private and personal stressors contribute to the
stress experienced by the police personnel at the workplace.[8]
Coping strategies in police personnel [Figure 1]
A literature search for stress‑coping strategies used by police
personnel define effective coping as efficacy with which the
individuals deal with their emotional responses to stressors

Table 1: Mean scores of study measures among groups of police personnel and independent t‑test between the groups
Study Groups of police personnel Independent t‑test between the groups
measure
Constables (C), Inspectors (I), Officers (O), C vs I C vs O I vs O
n=100 M±SD n=100 M±SD n=100 M±SD
Occupational 36.0±12.10 39.89±13.17 37.03±16.22 t=2.17, t=0.50, t=1.36,
stress P=0.030* P=0.611 P=0.172
Active 19.93±4.66 17.40±7.37 21.03±9.49 t=2.90, t=1.04, t=3.02,
coping P=0.004* P=0.299 P=0.002*
Adaptive 24.93±5.65 23.81±8.59 26.97±12.19 t=1.08, t=1.51, t=2.11,
coping P=0.277 P=0.130 P=0.035*
Maladaptive 20.59±8.12 21.43±7.89 18.18±7.29 t=0.74, t=2.20, t=3.02,
coping P=0.459 P=0.028* P=0.002*
Tangible 14.08±5.38 14.20±5.45 16.71±8.12 t=0.15, t=2.70, t=2.56,
support P=0.875 P=0.007* P=0.011*
Appraisal 14.35±5.20 16.75±5.58 15.62±3.40 t=3.14, t=2.04, t=1.72,
support P=0.001* P=0.042* P=0.085
Belonging 12.56±4.12 14.00±4.89 14.34±3.75 t=2.25, t=3.19, t=0.55,
support P=0.025* P=0.001* P=0.581
Social 40.99±17.10 44.95±17.10 46.67±15.12 t=1.63, t=2.48, t=0.75,
support P=0.103 P=0.013* P=0.452
Mental 101.98±30.49 97.81±24.49 111.86±35.22 t=1.06, t=2.12, t=3.27,
health P=0.287 P=0.035* P=0.001*
*P<0.05, M: mean, SD: standard deviation.

Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ¦ Volume 23 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ May-August 2019 75

[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoem.com on Thursday, November 28, 2019, IP: 43.249.228.96]
Singh, et al.: Mental health in police personnel of Uttar Pradesh
and act to resolve the stressors and “the cost‑effectiveness
to the individual.”[25] The active coping strategies make use
of action‑oriented methods and strategies which involve
“concentrating one’s efforts on doing something about the
situation,” “taking action to try to make the situation better,”
“planning strategies about what to do,” and “thinking hard about
what steps to take.” While using adaptive coping strategies, the
person tries positive reframing about the situation by seeing
it in a “different light,” “looking good in what is happening,”
and “acceptance of the fact that something has happened and
one has to live with it.” In contrast, the maladaptive strategies
involve passive and avoidant methods, aggression, substance
use, behavioral disengagement, self‑blame, and denial of
reality. Problem‑focused coping strategies are found to be
superior to emotion‑focused strategies as emotionally focused
coping often entails avoidance‑oriented fantasy and self‑blame
leading to depression.[26] Poor coping skills appear to be a
significant cause behind stress and suicidal thoughts in the
police.[15,27,28]
The officer’s exercise of more efficient strategies of coping
could be attributed to many favorable coping opportunities
associated with higher educational and social background,
having a powerful and influential position, availability of
various facilities, and good support from social networks.
The constables come next regarding using active and adaptive
coping methods. The main reason for such a finding could be
that there is lesser demand on their coping capacity as their
level of stress is the lowest. The reason why inspectors are
found to use lower levels of active and adaptive strategies
and higher levels of maladaptive coping methods could be
the experience of highest levels of stress and work overload
in their work profile. Another probable reason could be that
they have direct exposure to crime and criminals which agitates
them the most.
There is plenty of evidence provided to support the positive
role of adaptive and active coping styles and the negative
impact of maladaptive coping styles in the stress and mental
health link. For instance, Pandey and Srivastava identified
that coping strategies related to active and adaptive styles
play a buffering role in mitigating work stress–illness
Figure 1: Coping strategies in three groups of police personnel
76 Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ¦ Volume 23 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ May-August 2019
connection.[29] A study by Mostert and Joubert, aimed to
determine if coping strategies could moderate the relationship
between occupational stress and burnout in a sample of
police officers, showed that occupational stress because of
job demands and a lack of resources leads to burnout. Two
coping strategies were identified, namely avoidance coping
and approach coping (consisting of active coping, emotional
support and turning to religion). Avoidance coping moderated
the relationship between occupational stress and burnout
approach coping had an independent effect on burnout.[30]
The study by Kaiseler et al. showed that stress appraisal and
coping are important variables influencing work engagement
among police recruits. Findings suggested that future applied
interventions fostering work engagement among police recruits
should reinforce perceptions of control over a stressor and
active coping strategies.[31]
Social support [Figure 2]
To understand, what contributes to such outcomes, we need
to appreciate how the three groups differ regarding various
dimensions of social support and work profile. Our finding
that overall social support is highest in officers could be
explained by the fact that being the highest in the hierarchy,
they have highest social acceptance from all strata of society.
Because they are influential, they have a large social network
and most people are willing to impart various social support
and services to them.
Tangible support refers to the material aid that includes one’s
requests for money, tools, and assistance with a task. The
officers are shown to receive the maximum level of tangible
support. Most of them are confident that when they are sick
or out of town, someone is there for them to look after their
house or to take them to doctor, or when they have to stay
somewhere in an emergency, someone is here to help them out.
The officers also experience a sense of contentment more
than the inspectors and constables regarding having
someone with whom they can socialize and relax, receive
empathy, trust, and concern, and thus, give them a feeling
of “belongingness.” This feeling is also an essential source
of emotional support.
Figure 2: Domains of support scales in three groups of police personnel
[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoem.com on Thursday, November 28, 2019, IP: 43.249.228.96]
Singh, et al.: Mental health in police personnel of Uttar Pradesh
The appraisal support refers to the presence of a confident and
trusted advisor. The person is given a positive evaluation by
the verbal feedback approving the actions which can increase
their self‑esteem and self‑worth. On the measure of social
support, the category of inspectors and sub‑inspectors is found
to receive greater appraisal support followed by officers and
constables. The interpersonal stress felt by inspectors is higher
than constables and officers. A classical study conducted at
NASA found that poor relationships because of a lack of
trust, support, and interest in listening may bring about more
psychological stress.[29]
Mental health of police personnel
The relationships between stress mental health and coping
strategies can be best understood by the classical models
of stress and mental health.[32,33] Studies have shown an
inverse relationship between occupational stress and various
aspects of mental health like self‑esteem, frustration, and
powerlessness.[2] There are numerous studies in the area
of police stress revealing the effect on mental health in the
form of depression, aggression, anxiety, substance abuse,
psychosomatic problems, suicidal ideation, and attempt.[13,34]
There are several variables to be considered to explain this
difference. The constables are shown to have the lowest levels
of stress with a moderate level of active and adaptive coping
and moderate use of maladaptive coping than inspectors. The
lowest level of mental health in inspectors can be attributed to
the highest level of stress experienced by them, with the use of
rather lower levels of active and adaptive coping and maximum
usage of maladaptive coping. For the inspectors, hence, we
can say that the type of coping strategies has been crucial in
determining mental health. The officers are noticed with lesser
stress than inspectors. They utilize maximum levels of active
and adaptive coping strategies that contribute to a better level
of mental health than the other two categories.
Limitations
Small sample size limits the generalizability of the study.
Selection of the districts was as per the convenience of the
investigator. A random selection of the districts might limit
the selection bias.
Conclusion
The study concludes that the amount of stress experienced
by all echelons of police is extremely high and almost of
similar level except for inspectors showing highest among
the three groups. Inspectors had highest mean stress score
and maladaptive coping scores. They scored poorly in active
coping and adaptive coping score, thereby having highest level
of stress and poor mental health as compared with officers
and constables.
Implication
The study findings lay emphasis on the use of active
and adaptive coping strategies for the management of
workplace‑related stress and promotion of health and
Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ¦ Volume 23 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ May-August 2019
well‑being in police personnel of our region. Workshops
and orientation programmes should be organized at regular
intervals for stress management and promoting healthy ways
of life like yoga, meditation, and relaxation exercises. The
department should plan social get together and other leisure
activities to enhance well‑being and positivity. This piece of
research also encourages initiating future research in the field
of stress, coping, and mental health of police personnel of
various other regions of the country.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References
1. Newman  JE, Beehr  TA. Personal and organizational strategies for
handling job stress: A  review of research and opinion. Pers Psychol
1979;32:1‑43.
2. Mehra G, Mishra PC. Mental health as a moderator variable of intrinsic
job satisfaction and occupational stress. Psychol Stud 1991;36:198‑202.
3. Srivastava  AK. A  study of role stress‑mental health relationship as
moderated by adopted coping strategies. Psychol Stud 1991;36:192‑7.
4. Ebata AT, Moos RH. Personal, situational, and contextual correlates of
coping in adolescence. J Res Adolesc 1994;4:99‑125.
5. Cox T. Stress, coping and problem solving. Work Stress 1987;1:5‑14.
6. Brown  J, Cooper  C, Kirkcaldy  B. Occupational stress among senior
police officers. Br J Psychol 1996;87:31‑41.
7. Sigler RT, Thweatt DR. Religiosity and stress for police officers. J Police
Crim Psychol 1997;12:13‑24.
8. Singh S, Kar SK. Sources of occupational stress in the police personnel
of North India: An exploratory study. Indian J Occup Environ Med
2015;19:56.
9. Roosendaal  P. SAPS officials—victims of crime: The end result…
suicide. Servamus 2002;98:20‑4.
10. Madu  SN, Poodhun  SEA. Stress symptoms and substance use among
police officials in the central region of Limpopo Province, South Africa.
J Soc Sci 2006;12:213‑24.
11. Mathur P. Perceptions of police stress: An empirical study of stressors
and coping response among police personnel in India. Indian J Criminol
1995;23:9‑19.
12. Violanti  JM, Aron  F. Sources of police stressors, job attitudes, and
psychological distress. Psychol Rep 1993;72:899‑904.
13. Hem  E, Berg  AM, Ekeberg  AO. Suicide in police‑‑a critical review.
Suicide Life Threat Behav 2001;31:224‑33.
14. Shiozaki M, Miyai N, Morioka I, Utsumi M, Hattori S, Koike H, et al.
Job stress and behavioral characteristics in relation to coronary heart
disease risk among Japanese police officers. Ind Health 2017;55:369‑80.
15. Miller  L. Line‑of‑duty death: Psychological treatment of traumatic
bereavement in law enforcement. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2007;9:13.
16. Rao GP, Moinuddin K, Sai PG, Sarma E, Sarma A, Rao PS. A study of
stress and psychiatric morbidity in the central industrial security force.
Indian J Psychol Med 2008;30:39.
17. Nelson KV, Smith AP. Occupational stress, coping and mental health in
Jamaican police officers. Occup Med 2016;66:488‑91.
18. Rao V, Singh S. Job stress, well-being and coping: A correlational study
among police personnel. The Int J Indian Psychol 2017;4:30-4.
19. Gmelch WH, Chan W. Thriving on Stress for Success. California:
Corwin Press Inc.; 1994.
20. Carver  CS. You want to measure coping but your protocol’too long:
Consider the brief cope. Int J Behav Med 1997;4:92.
21. Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis.
Psychol Bull 1985;98:310.
22. Singh J, Srivastava AK. Construction and standardization of a mental
health inventory: A pilot study. Perspect Psychol Res 1983;6:35-7.
77
[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoem.com on Thursday, November 28, 2019, IP: 43.249.228.96]

Singh, et al.: Mental health in police personnel of Uttar Pradesh

23. Pestonjee  DM. Organizational Structures and Job Attitudes. Calcutta:
Minerva Associates; 1973.
24. Suresh  RS, Anantharaman  RN, Angusamy  A, Ganesan  J. Sources of
job stress in police work in a developing country. Int J Bus Manag
2013;8:102.
25. Evans BJ, Coman GJ, Stanley RO, Burrows GD. Police officers’ coping
strategies: An Australian police survey. Stress Med 1993;9:237‑46.
26. Endler NS, Parker JD. Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical
evaluation. J Pers Soc Psychol 1990;58:844.
27. Anshel  MH. A  conceptual model and implications for coping with
stressful events in police work. Crim Justice Behav 2000;27:375‑400.
28. Beehr TA, Johnson LB, Nieva R. Occupational stress: Coping of police
and their spouses. J Organ Behav 1995;16:3‑25.
29. Pandey  S, Srivastava  S. Role of coping in work stress–health
relationship: A  study on Career woman. Akbar Husain and Tabassum
Rashid. Stress Behav Coping Strateg 2004;2:169‑208.
30. Mostert K, Joubert AF. Job stress, burnout and coping strategies in the
South African Police Service: Management. South Afr J Econ Manag
Sci 2005;8:39‑53.
31. Kaiseler M, Passos F, Queirós C, Sousa P. Stress appraisal, coping, and
work engagement among police recruits: An exploratory study. Psychol
Rep 2014;114:635‑46.
32. Cox T, Mackay CJ, Cox S, Watts C, Brockley T. Stress and well‑being
in school teachers. In: Psychological response to occupational stress
conference conducted at the meeting of the Ergonomics Society,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, 1978.
33. Veninga RL, Spradley JP. The work stress connection: How to cope with
job burnout. Boston: Little, Brown and Company; 1981.
34. Channabasavanna  SM, Gururaj  G, Chaturvedi  SK, Chandra  PS,
Subbakrishna  DK. Occupational Stress and Mental Health of Police
Personnel in India. Banglore: NIMHANS Publ., 1996.

78 Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ¦ Volume 23 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ May-August 2019