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Essay Answer1 PDF
Essay Answer1 PDF
(b)(i)
39 | S M K S u l t a n I b r a h i m K u l a i , J o h o r
Chapter 2: Cell Structure
1 Collenchyma are living cells that are polygonal in shape and are
(a)(i) elongated.
They are closely packed with little or no intercellular air space.
The primary cellulose cell wall are unevenly thickened at the corners with
deposits of cellulose and pectin.
This structure allows collenchyma acts as a supporting tissue in non-
woody plants.
It provides mechanical strength yet is flexible.
Collenchyma tissues can expand and stretch as the young stem grows.
(ii) Xylem vessels are formed by vessel elements arranged end to end with
the end walls perforated or broken down.
These vessels form long continuous tubes for transporting water and
minerals with less friction from the roots to all parts of the plant.
The cell walls are lignified, allowing mechanical strength and making it
waterproof.
Water will not seep out and at the same time this prevents xylem from
collapsing due to water tension within.
When mature, the dead cells have no protoplasm or organelles, leaving
a narrow empty lumen.
High capillarity in the narrow lumen allows water to be transported
upwards against gravitational pull.
Pits in the side walls allow lateral movement of water to neighbouring
vessels.
(b) The specimen must be dehydrated and thin sliced, which means only
dead specimen can be studied.
Complex preparation may cause distortion of specimen
The microscope is large in size and must be operated in special rooms
away from magnetic field.
Preparation of specimen is time consuming, expensive and requires
technical skills to operate the complex equipment.
40 | S M K S u l t a n I b r a h i m K u l a i , J o h o r
2(a) Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
Average diameter of cell 0.5 - 5µm Average diameter of cell 10 - 100µm
Genetic material is a circular double- Genetic material is linear
stranded, ‘naked’ DNA not chromosomes made up of DNA and
surrounded by a nuclear membrane histone protein, chromosomes
surrounded by a double nuclear
membrane.
Some bacteria have additional small No plasmids present
circular DNA called plasmids.
No mitosis or meiosis, division is by Mitosis and meiosis occur during cell
simple binary fission division.
No membrane-bound organelles Membrane-bound organelles present,
for example mitochondrion, vacuole,
ER
Cell wall contains peptidoglycan Cell wall if present contains cellulose
(plants and algae) or chitin (fungi)
Smaller 70S ribosomes present in Larger 80S ribosomes present either
cytoplasm freely in cytoplasm or bound to ER.
70S ribosomes found only in
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Respiratory enzymes embedded in Mitochondrion is respiratory site.
the infolding of the plasma
membrane, called mesosome. No
mitochondrion present.
Small flagella, if present contains Flagella, if present has a 9+2
flagellin microtubule arrangement
41 | S M K S u l t a n I b r a h i m K u l a i , J o h o r
The subunits move out through the nuclear pores where they combine to
form a functioning unit in cytoplasm during protein synthesis.
Contains binding sites for mRNA and tRNA, the ribosome moves along
the mRNA strand to translate the genetic code into a sequence of amino
acids during protein synthesis.
Ribosomes are either attached to ER forming rough ER or are found free
in cytoplasm.
Ribosomes attached to ER synthesis proteins to be transported out of the
cell through exocytosis.
Free cytoplasmic ribosomes synthesis proteins for intercellular use.
42 | S M K S u l t a n I b r a h i m K u l a i , J o h o r
Chapter 3: Plasma membrane
No. Answer
1. (i) Diffusion is the net movement of solute/ solvent molecules down a
concentration gradient while osmosis is the net movement of water
molecules down the water potential gradient.
In diffusion, membrane may or may not be present while osmosis
involves a partially permeable membrane (permeable to water but not
solute molecules)
2. (a)
(b) The biological cell membrane acts as barrier and are selectively
permeable.
The membrane consists of a fluid bilayer of phospholipids and various
protein molecules embedded in it. Some of these protein molecules act
as ion channels, carrier proteins or pumps.
The phospholipid bilayer has a hydrophobic middle region made up of
hydrophobic fatty acids tails.
The phospholipid bilayer is permeable to very small uncharged
molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide, steroid based hormones, fatty
acids and alcohol.
Simple diffusion of water molecules across the semi-permeable
membrane is called osmosis.
Some integral membrane proteins form hydrophilic ion channels. This
allows diffusion of various charged ions, eg K+, Na+, Ca2+ and HCO3-
down their concentration gradient.
Some of these ion protein channels can open or close called the gated
channels, eg voltage-gated channels and ligand-gated channel.
43 | S M K S u l t a n I b r a h i m K u l a i , J o h o r
Other large size hydrophilic molecules such as glucose are transported
across the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion using a protein
carrier molecules.
In facilitated diffusion, the binding of substances to the specific protein
carrier causes the carrier to change its shape and the substance is
released into the cell.
Transport protein on the cell membrane can also transport substances
across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient through
active transport.
In active transport, the shape of protein carrier changes using ATP
energy.
Exocytosis and endocytosis are active transport processes that move
material in bulk across the cell membrane.
Exocytosis involves the transport of substances out of the cell in bulk
through the fusion of vesicle membrane with the cell membrane.
In endocytosis, the bulk substances is transported into the cell through
the invagination of the cell membrane.
Pinocytosis occurs when the cell membrane invaginates to actively
transport a small amount of fluid into the cell.
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, ligand (cholesterol molecules) bind to
specific receptors in coated pits on cell membrane.
all these structures and its related process enable the cell membrane to
function as semipermeable membrane as well as enable the cell
membrane to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell
3.
*Any 4
44 | S M K S u l t a n I b r a h i m K u l a i , J o h o r
Chapter 4: Enzymes
2.
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3.
(a)
(b)
46 | S M K S u l t a n I b r a h i m K u l a i , J o h o r
Chapter 5: Respiration
1. (a)
NADH and FADH2 (produced during glycolysis, the link reaction and the
Krebs cycle) transfer the hydrogen atoms to specific carriers on the inner
membrane of mitochondrion.
The hydrogen atoms passed along carriers and then split into protons
(H+) and electrons along the pathway.
The electrons are passed from one carrier to another along the electron
transport chain at progressively lower energy levels, thus energy is
released.
Energy released is used to synthesis ATP.
3 ATP are produced for every NADH and 2 ATP for every FADH2 that
enter the electron transport chain.
(b) Similarities
The pyruvate formed in both plants and animal cells undergo further
reactions and do not accumulate in the cells.
Both reactions oxidise NADH and NAD+ is regenerated.
Differences:
In plant cells, pyruvate forms ethanol while in animal cells, pyruvate forms
lactate.
In plant cells, pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation to release carbon
dioxide while in animal cells, pyruvate does not undergo decarboxylation,
no carbon dioxide is released.
Plant cells involve pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase
while animal cells involves lactate dehydrogenase.
47 | S M K S u l t a n I b r a h i m K u l a i , J o h o r
2.
(a)
(b)
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3.
49 | S M K S u l t a n I b r a h i m K u l a i , J o h o r
Chapter 6: Photosynthesis
1(a)
(b)
Rate of photosynthesis
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2.(a)
guard cell
(b)
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3.(a)
(b)
(c)
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4.
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
5.(a)
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(b)
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6.(a)
(b)
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7.
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8.(a)
(b)
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9.
58 | S M K S u l t a n I b r a h i m K u l a i , J o h o r