Name of Teachers name: Koh K. W.

Subject: Chemistry Class: L6C4

Topic : Chemical bonding Lesson no: 13
Sub-topic: 1. Valence bond theory Date: 28 .08.07
2. Hybridisation Day/Time: Tue ( 4.30 - 6.30 pm)

Chemical Bonding

Valence Bond Theory]

1. According to the valence bond theory, when a covalent bond is formed between two
atoms:

(a)a valence atomic orbital (containing an unpaired electron) of one atom will
overlap with a valence atomic orbital (also containing an unpaired electron)
of the other atom to form a new molecular orbital containing the nuclei of
both the atoms; [ for coordinate bands both the electrons are from the same
orbital];

(b)the shared electrons have opposite spins,

(c)the electron density of the shared electrons will be concentrated between

the nuclei of the atoms;

(d)the greater the overlap of orbitals, the stronger the bond

2. (a) A sigma(σ) bond is formed when two atomic orbitals overlap ‘head-on'. The
orbitals that overlap can be an s-orbital and an s-orbital; an s-orbital and a
p-orbital; or a p-orbital and a p-orbital .

(b)A pi (π) bond is formed when two p-orbitals overlap 'sideways' (laterally)

(c)Example
 Atomic Shape Molecular orbital Type of bond
orbitals
S+s σ

s+P σ

p+p σ

p+p π

3. (a) The greater the overlapping, the stronger the bond.

(b) A 0--bond is stronger than a 7-bond. The strength of a bonds follows the order s-s
< s-p < p-p

4. (a) A single covalent bond is made up of a sigma bond.

(b) A double covalent bond is made up of one sigma bond and one pi bond.

(c) A triple covalent bond is made up of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

5. Examples:

(a) Chlorine molecule

Valence electronic configuration of the chlorine atom:

3s 3P
 The 3p atomic orbital of a chlorine atom containing one unpaired electron over-laps
with the 3p atomic orbital containing one unpaired electron of the other chlorine atom
to form a sigma bond. Formula: Cl2

(b) Hydrogen chloride Valence electronic configuration of the chlorine atom: 3s 3p

Valence electronic configuration of the hydrogen atom:

H atom

CI atom

H - CI 0-

The 3p atomic orbital containing one unpaired electron of the chlorine atom overlaps
with the Is atomic orbital of the hydrogen atom to form a sigma bond. Formula: HCI

(c) Oxygen molecule Valence electronic configuration of the oxygen atom: 2s 2p T

0 atom

0 atom 0 0

One 2p atomic orbital containing an unpaired electron of one oxygen atom overlaps
(head-on) with one 2p atomic orbital containing an unpaired electron of the other
oxygen atom to form one sigma bond. The other 2p orbital (also containing an unpaired
electron) of the 1st oxygen atom overlaps (sideways) with the other 2p orbital (also
containing an unpaired electron) of the 2nd oxygen atom to form one pi bond, resulting
in a double covalent bond. Formula: 02

(d) Nitrogen molecule Valence electronic configuration of the nitrogen atom:

Each of the three 2p atomic orbitals of one nitrogen atom overlaps with the
three 2p orbitals of the other nitrogen atom to form ( 0ne ) ( sigma) bond and
( two pie) bonds, resulting in a ( triple ) covalent bond.

Hybridisation of atomic orbitals

1. The concept of hybridisation is used to explain the structure of some molecules.

2. Hybridisation is the mixing of at least two non-equivalent atomic orbitals to form a
new set of equivalent atomic orbitals called hybrid orbitals.

3. The number of hybrid orbitals formed is equal to the number of atomic orbitals
intermixed in the hybridisation.

4. Generally, hybridisation only occurs between atomic orbitals having the same
quantum number.

5. Hybridisation does not take place in an isolated atom. It only occurs during bond
formation.

6. The arrangement of the resultant hybrid orbitals around the nucleus of the central
atom depends on the type of hybridisation. Hybrid orbitals of a given type are
geometrically equivalent. Three important types of hybrid orbitals are:

(a) sp3 hybrid orbitals : a set of four hybrid orbitals in a tetrahedral arrangement,
directed at 109.5°.

(b) sp2 hybrid orbitals : a set of three hybrid orbitals in a trigonal planar
arrangement, directed at 120°

(c) sp hybrid orbitals: a set of two hybrid orbitals in a linear arrangement, directed at
180°.

7. The hybrid orbitals can accommodate both bonding electron pairs as well as non-
bonding pairs of electrons at filled. Different types of electron pairs will affect the
overall molecular shape.

8. Hybrid orbitals tend to remain far apart. Repulsion between hybrid orbitals
containing pairs of electrons follows the order: lone-pair — lone pair > lone-pair —
bond pair > bond-pair — bond-pair

9. During bond formation, `head-on' overlapping of hybrid orbitals will result in sigma
(a) bonds. In sp2 and sp hybridization, unhybridised 'p' orbitals will overlap laterally
forming pi (1) bonds if electrons are present.

10. (Summary

Type of hybridization

sp3

sp2

sp

Atomic orbitals

Hybrid orbitals and unhybridised orbitals .

Arrangement of orbitals after hybridization

Four sp3 hybrid orbitals

 Three sp2 hybrid orbitals

One unhybridised V orbital

Two sp hybrid orbitals Two unhybridised orbitals

Exercise :

Use the concept of hybridisation to explain the shapes of the following molecules.
Guidelines:

(a) Draw the Lewis structure of molecule

(b) Determine the arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom (VSEPR)

(c) Deduce the type of hybridization for the central atom.

(d) Use diagrams to show how hybridization occurs

(e) Show formation of bonds through overlapping of orbitals.

(g) Show / state shape of resultant molecule

BeH2 BCl3

Lewis structure: Lewis structure:

Structure(VSEPR): Structure(VSEPR):

Hybridisation: Hybridisation:

Shape of molecule Shape of molecule

H2O NH3

Lewis structure: Lewis structure:

Structure(VSEPR): Structure(VSEPR):

Hybridisation: Hybridisation:

Shape of molecule Shape of molecule

Exercises)
1. The diagram below shows the structure of the 2-hydroxyethanamide molecule

(a) State the type of hybridization at each of the labeled atoms.

(b) Arrange the bond angles in ascending order.

2. (a) Disulphur dichloride, a yellowish liquid, is used in the vulcanization of natural rubber. Its
structural formula is CI - S - S - CI .

(i) Draw the Lewis structure for disulphur dichloride.

(ii) State the number of lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons surrounding each sulphur atom.

(iii) Use the electron-pair repulsion theory to predict the arrangement of the electron pairs
around a sulphur atom.

(iv) State the type of hybridisation undergone by the sulphur atom in sulphur dichloride

(v) Draw the shape of the disulphur dichloride molecule.

(b) Sulphur hexafluoride is absorbed together with oxygen during X-ray of the lungs to produce
a sharper image. However, sulfur hexachloride does not exist

(i) Write the electronic configuration of the sulphur atom in sulphur hexafluoride.

(ii) State why sulphur hexachloride does not exist.

3. (a) Sodium-24 isotope is used in medicine to study the blood circulatory system.

(i) Write the electronic configuration 1 of sodium-24 isotope.

(ii) How many orbitals of sodium-24 isotope are fully filled?

(iii) State the orbitals of sodium-24 ion that contain valence electrons.

(iv) State one reason why sodium-24 isotope is rarely found in its natural state?

(b) Sulphur tetrafluoride is a reactive, stable and highly poisonous gas.

(i) Draw the Lewis structure of Sulphur tetrafluoride.

(ii) What is the shape of a Sulphur tetrafluoride molecule?

(iii) Is Sulphur tetrafluoride a polar or non-polar molecule?

(c) Cyanide ion can act as a monodentate ligand. Draw an orbital overlap diagram for a cyanide
ion.