4410 Thorn Thermochemistty 4111

(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of butane if the standard enthalpy of formation (b) The possible chlorides formed by an element W are WC1, WCI, and WC13. [Similar to S'PPM '91]
of water and carbon dioxide are - 286.0 kJ mol - ' and - 394.0 kJ mol -' respectively. Enthalpy of atomisation of W = + 326.4 kJ mol - '
1" ionization energy of W = + 577.4 kJ mol -'
2 (a) (i) Define standard enthalpy change of combustion for methanol, CHOH and write an equation for 2nd ionization energy of W = + 1816.6 kJ mol -'
the reaction. 31" ionization energy of W = + 2744.6 kJ mol -'
(ii) Using the following standard enthalpy of formation, calculate the standard enthalpy change of Enthalpy of atomisation of Cl = + 121 kJ mol - '
combustion for methanol. [6 marks] Electron affinity of chlorine = - 348.6 kJ mol - '
Compound AHD (kJ mot') Lattice formation energy of MC1 = - 780 kJ mol - '
CH3OH - 238.7 Lattice formation energy of MC1 2 = - 2550 kJ mol -'
Lattice formation energy of MC1 3 = 7 5492 kJ mol-'
H2O - 285.9
Using the data above,
CO2 - 393.5 [Similar to STPM '96] (i) Draw a Born-Haber cycle for the formation of WCI
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy of formation of WC1, WC1 2 and WC1 3
(b) (i) Define enthalpy of neutralisation. (iii) Compare the relative stabilities of all three chlorides
(ii) The standard enthalpies of neutralisation of some acids with potassium hydroxide are [16 marks]
shown in the table below.
Acid Enthalpy of neutralisation (kJ mot')
HI -57.2
HBr - 57.6
HCl - 57.9
HF - 68.5
Explain why the values of the standard enthalpies of neutralisation of the acids differ.
[8 marks]
(iii) In an experiment, 120 cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution was added to 180
cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrobromic acid, HBr. Calculate the change in temperature of the solution
mixture. [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.20 J g--1 °C -'; density of solution = 1.0 g cm -9

3 (a) (i) State Hess's Law. [2 marks]

[Similar to STPM `94]
(ii) Hydrazine, N2H4 is violentlyexplosive in the presence of oxidizing agents and is used as a rocket fuel.
2N2H4 (1) + N204(1) 3 N2(g)+ 4H20(g)
Using the data below, calculate the enthalpy change for the above reaction.
Enthalpy of formation of N 2H 4(1) + 50.63 kJ mol - '
Enthalpy of formation of N 204(1) = - 19.57 kJ mol -'
Enthalpy of formation of 11 20(g) = - 242.7 kJ mol -' [10 marks]
(b) Define (i) standard enthalpy change of combustion and (ii) standard enthalpy change
of formation for propane, C3F18.
(c) Propane and hydrogen can also be used as fuels due to their high enthalpy of
combustion. The standard enthalpies of combustion of propane and hydrogen are given below.
Ar e (Propane) = - 2220.0 kJ mol - '
Ali: (Hydrogen) = - 285.8 kJ mol - '
Calculate the enthalpy change per g of each fuel and explain which is a better fuel. [4 marks]

4 Explain each of the following observations as fully as you can:

(a) The ethanedioate ion C2042-, is isoelectronic with dinitrogen tetraoxide, N 204. When heated, N204 readily
dissociates to give nitrogen dioxide, NO 2. However, C2042- does not dissociate when heated.
[3 marks]
(b) At room temperature, the enthalpy of formation of hydrogen iodide is endothermic, but at much
higher temperatures, it is exothermic. [3 marks]
(c) The enthalpy of solution of lithium chloride is exothermic (- 37.2 kJ mol - ') but that of sodium
chloride is endothermic (+ 4.0 kJ mol -'). [3 marks]
(d) The lattice energy of Al 20 3 is much higher compared to the lattice energy of Mg0 but the melting
point of Al203 (2020°C) is lower compared to Mg0 (melting point 2800°C). [3 marks]
(e) Calcium chloride is more soluble in water at 20°C compare to calcium fluoride. [3 marks]

5 (a) Define (i) standard enthalpy of formation, and (ii) lattice formation energy of an ionic crystal.
[4 marks]