GENERAL

BIOLOGY 1
Learning Competencies:
At the end of this module students are able to:
a. identify the different inorganic and organic compounds
inside the body.
b. describe the different components of an enzyme
c. explain oxidation/reduction reactions
d. determine how factors such as pH, temperature, and
substrate affect enzyme activity.

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Lesson 6: Structures and
functions of Biological
Molecules
 Activity 1: Minerals in a
Pie
Illustrate the percentage of the given elements and
minerals in the body inside a pie graph given. Make
sure that the division of the graph correctly
corresponds to the element’s given percentage.

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 Element Symbol Percentage in the Body

1. Oxygen O 66.0
2. Carbon C 18.5
3. Hydrogen H 9.5
4. Nitrogen N 3.2
5. Calcium Ca 1.5
6. Phosphorus P 1.0
7. Potassium K 0.4
 Element Symbol Percentage in the Body
8. Sulphur S 0.3
9. Sodium
Na 0.2
10. Chlorine
11. Magnesium Cl 0.2
12. Trace Elements Mg 0.1
and Minerals such as
Fe, B, Cr, Cu, F and Less than 1.0
etc.
Percentage of Elements and Minerals inside the Body7
 Process Questions:
✘1. What happens if the elements Calcium, Iron,
and Potassium are deficient in the body?
✘2. What would happen if there is too much or
too little amount of metals in the body?
✘3. Why are minerals important among living
organisms?
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✘Compounds inside the body could be classified into
two: Inorganic and Organic. The next part of this
module will highlight the different organic
compounds inside the body and its role. Below are
examples of Inorganic Compounds and its
importance inside the body.
✘ 1.  Water— most abundant in organic
compound in the body making up 75 to 85
percent. 9
2.  Acid and Base— acids release hydrogen
ions in a solution while bases are substances
that accept hydrogen ions
3.  Electrolytes— examples are salts and
phosphates. It is important for cells and normal
functioning of chemical processes.
4. Carbon Dioxide— an inorganic compound
essential for organisms that undergoes
photosynthesis. 10
Biomolecules of
Life
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 Lesson 1 : Biomolecules of Life
Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson , you will
be able to describe the basic chemical structure of organic
compounds and their basic biological functions including
enzymes, lipid, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins
Learning Outline: Functions of Organic Compounds
inside the Body

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Terminologies:
1. Monomers—each sub-unit of a complex molecule.
2. Polymers—complex molecules that were formed when
monomers link together
3. Macromolecules—relatively large molecules as
compared to inorganic compound. Organic molecules are
also known as macromolecules.

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4. Dehydration— removal of water
molecules to connect monomers to form
polymers.
5. Hydrolysis—polymers are
disassembled or broken down by the
addition of water.
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Figure No. 1 The 4 Main Biomolecules of Life 15
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Proteins
Are the most abundant organic compounds in living
organisms that is responsible for as much as 15
percent of the body’s dry weight. Proteins are
polymers made up of a chain of the basic building
blocks called amino acids.

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Different combinations of the 20 amino acids are responsible for the
variety of proteins in living organisms. Your body is capable of
producing about 12 amino acids to form proteins. Food sources rich
in proteins include meat, fish, beans, milk products and certain
vegetables. However, a single food cannot provide all the amino
acids needed to build proteins. Observing a balance diet is very
important to provide the body with adequate supply of 20 amino
acids which are important in growth and maintenance of the body’s
activities.

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Figure No. 2 Protein rich foods 19
Carbohydrates
These are organic compounds that serve as the main
source of energy in all organisms. Together with
proteins, carbohydrates also function as structural
components of living cells. It is made up of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen molecules.

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Monosaccharides—are simple sugars with only one sugar unit.
Examples are glucose, fructose (sugar in fruits), ribose and
deoxyribose (forms the backbone of RNA)
Disaccharides—complex sugars made up of two molecules of
monosaccharides chemically joined together. Examples are maltose
(malt sugars) and lactose (milk sugar).
Polysaccharides—complex sugars made up of chains or branches of
monosaccharides formed by condensation reactions. Examples are
starch and glycogen.

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Figure No. 3 Carbohydrates rich foods 22
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Lipids
It includes fats and fat-like substances such as
phospholipid, wax, steroid and sphingolipid. These
are generally hydrophobic and are insoluble in water
but soluble in organic solvents, such as benzene,
ether, and chloroform. It functions as:

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1. Solvent for fat-soluble vitamins and hormones.
2. Prevents water loss from skin surface.
3. Essential parts of cell structures such as cell
membrane.
4. Insulating material to prevent heat loss and protection
against extreme cold.
5. Source and storage of energy.

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Figure No. 5 Lipids 26
Nucleic Acid
Function for the storage of genetic information, which is
transmitted from one generation to the next in all living
organisms. It is the physical carrier of inheritance that is passed
from parents to offspring.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) - double stranded helix
molecule.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - single strand molecule.

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 Process Questions:
✘Process Question No. 4: Why are
carbohydrates universally important as
immediate energy source?
✘Process Question No. 5: What important role
do proteins and enzymes have in the body?

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Enzyme—A Catalyst
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by
decreasing the activation energy that is needed for the
occurrence of any chemical reaction. An enzyme requires
a binding site on the substrate, known as the “active
site”, as the area of attachment.

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Lock and Key Model was proposed by Emil
Fischer in 1894 which highlights the
specificity of the enzyme to the substrate by
having a complementary shape that forms the
enzymes-substrate complex perfectly.

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Figure No. 7 Lock and Key Model 32
 Factors Affecting
Enzymatic Activity 33
1. Increasing temperature also increases the vibrational
energy that puts strains on the bonds that hold them
together. The increase in temperature breaks bonds in the
enzyme and substrate structure leading to either a change in
the shape of the active site or a complete denaturation of
the enzyme. The temperature at which the maximum rate of
reaction occurs is called the Enzyme’s Optimum
Temperature.

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2. pH is the measure of the hydrogen ions indicative of the
concentration of hydroxides. The pH value ranges from 1
(acidic) to 14 (basic). An acidic pH (<7) means that there more
H+ concentration and lesser OH-; whereas, a basic pH (>7)
indicates the opposite trend. Both H+ and OH– ions are
charged particles which can interfere with the bonds that hold
the enzyme together. The interference results in a change in
shape of the enzyme.

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3. Concentration Range, generally an increase in
concentration leads to an increase in rate of reaction until
it reaches a threshold point. No further increase is
expected from the reaction rate at this point. For example,
increasing substrate concentration will increase the reaction
but it will also reach this threshold where the enzymes will
be saturated, and reach its maximum possible rate.

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3. Concentration Range, generally an increase in
concentration leads to an increase in rate of reaction until
it reaches a threshold point. No further increase is
expected from the reaction rate at this point. For example,
increasing substrate concentration will increase the reaction
but it will also reach this threshold where the enzymes will
be saturated, and reach its maximum possible rate.

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4. Redox (Reduction-Oxidation) reaction also
influence enzymatic activity. Oxidation is the
removal of one or more electrons from a substrate.
Reduction of a substrate refers to its gain of one or
more electrons. Each time a substance is oxidized,
another is simultaneously reduced.

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Figure No. 8 (a) Temperature. Enzymatic Activity increases with
increasing temperature until the enzyme is denatured by heat and
inactivated. At this point, the reaction rate falls steeply. (b) pH.
The enzyme is most active at about pH 5.0. ( c ) Substrate
Concentration. With increasing concentration of substrate
molecules, the rate of reaction increases until the active sites on all
the enzyme molecules are filled, at this point the maximum rate of
reaction is reached.

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 Generalization:
✘1. How does the presence or absence of one of the
building blocks affect an organism’s health?
✘2. Why would it be impossible to live if proteins do
not exist in the body?
✘3. Are fats bad for the body?
✘4. Why is it important that enzymes are not changed
by the reactions they control?
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minating Performance Standard

The learners shall be able to construct

a 3D model of a plant/animal/ bacterial
cell using recyclable materials.
Engaging Scenario:
The Department of Health (DOH) and the Department of
Education (DepEd) currently embark in a project that aims to
educate Filipinos about healthy eating practices and lifestyle. The
project aims to conduct workshops to rural communities in Bicol
Region where the rate of obesity and unhealthy life style is
significantly higher . This program arises from the need to promote
a healthier lifestyle in the country.

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 You are a creative consultant who works for a renowned advertising
firm, which was commissioned to make an advertising campaign material to
aid in the project. You were tasked by your superior to head the team in
charge of conceptualizing a poster, which will be used as the official
advertising material to educate members of rural communities and children
in public schools, about healthy eating practices. The poster must include
the following components: healthy lifestyle practices, healthy eating
practices, what comprises a balanced diet, and impacts of health to
economy and society.

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 Your poster will be presented and
evaluated by your supervisors, experts from
DOH, nutritionist and selected representative
from the local community. The rubric
includes: Content accuracy 60% and
Creativity and delivery40%.
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Fin.

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