CHAPTER 1

GERUND AS SUBJECT

Gerund as subject is placed in beginning of sentence.

Gerund as verb which is added ing (Verb + ing) and function
as noun. Gerund is almost the same as the form in present
participle (V + ing). The difference between present participle
is that gerund is a noun while the present participle is an
adjective.

Examples:

 Speaking too long makes us bored

 Reading is not his hobby
 Shopping in this town is good
 Smoking is not good for health
 Taking too much made Shinta thirsty
 Hunting tigers is dangerous
 Flying makes me nervous
 Playing football is not Jack’s hobby.

Exercises 1.

Direction: complete the sentences using gerund phrase as

subject.

1. … isn’t easy . → Climbing to the top of a mountain isn’t

easy.
2. … is hard.
3. … can be interesting.
4. … was a good experience.
5. Does … sound like fun to you?
6. … demands patience and a sense of humor.
7. … is a complicated process.
8. … is considered implode in my country.

Exercises 2.

Direction: complete the sentences below by using the ‘-ing’

gerund form of the verbs below.

1. lots of vegetables is important for good health.

2. _____ a parking space is difficult in the mornings.
3. _____ to work is a great way to get some exercise.
4. ______ books and magazines can help you to learn
English.
5. ______ is fun. I love making dinner for my friend.
6. ______ is a great way to a get fit, but I’m afraid of the
water !
7. ______ is an activity that all animals do. However, did
you know that cats sleep for two-third of their lives ?
8. ______ cigarettes is very bad for your health.
9. ______ TV is bad for my eyes. That’s what my mother
says.
10. ______ about other people and cultures is fascinating.
11. ______ is my sisters favorite hobby. She has a great voice.
12. ______ and _____ is a serious crime.
13. ______ is boring! I hate shopping malls!
14. ______ is not allowed during the exam.
15. ______ makes me nervous. I prefer travelling by train.

sleep Fly sing

eat drink/drive smoke
cook shop talk
read swim cycle
find watch learn
 CHAPTER 2

GERUND AS OBJECT

Object is a person or thing affected by the action or

verb. Gerund as object means gerund functions as an object /
behavior, so in a sentence, the location is after the verb.

Examples:

 I enjoy reading science fiction novels

 Kenny just finished baking the brownies. It smells so
good
 We are discussing moving to a bigger house and
nicer neighborhood
 He finally quit smoking after planning on doing so
for years
 Dad postponed visiting Grandma’s house because
our car broke down

Exercise 1.

Direction: complete these sentences with an appropriate

preposition and verb form.

1. Alice isn’t interested ______ (look) ______ for a

new job.
2. Henry is excited ________ (leave) __________ for
India.
3. You are capable ________ (do) _____________
better work.
4. I have no excuse _______ (be) _______ late.
5. I’m accustomed _________ (have) ________ a big
breakfast.
6. The rain prevented us _______ (complete) ________
the work.
7. Fred is always complaining _______ (have)
_________ a headache.
8. Thank you ________ (help) _________ me carry my
suitcases.
9. Mrs. Grant insisted _______ (know) _________ the
whole truth.
10. I believe ________ (be) _________ honest at all time.
 CHAPTER 3

GERUND AS NOMINAL PREDICATE

The gerund as part of the compound nominal

predicate (predicative) – As predicative the gerund expresses
either characterization or identity. In the latter case he
predicate reveals the meaning of the subject. The gerund as
predicative is usually used after the link verb to be, to mean,
to look and has appositive meaning.

In addition, we can place gerund in the position of

predicate noun in the sentence and we can still use simple
gerund and gerund phrase. Simple gerund is a simple form of
gerund which only uses one word gerund itself with the
pattern “Verb + ing” (e.g. playing, watching, reading, etc.)
while gerund phrase is a gerund that uses more than one word
wording. The gerund phrase pattern is usually “Gerund +
object”

Formula:

Subject + to be + Gerund + Complement

Examples:

 My hobby is fishing.
 His main interest is hunting.
 My favorite sport is playing football.
 His job is making a beautiful handicraft.
 Their problem is collecting the money.
Exercise 1.

Direction: fill in the gerund with the correct preposition.

1. He could not stop reading the novel because the story

is …. (interest).

2. My brother’s hobby is ……. (play) football.

3. Ria is …… (save) money to buy some novel books.

4. Lucas is …… (think) about their job.

5. I am ….. (listen) to a pop music.

6. His favorite sport was …… (ride) bicycle.

7. Mida is …. (eat) a fried chicken.

8. We are …. (finish) our homework in the library.

9. They are ….. (enjoy) their vacation in Sine Beach.

10. My sister is …. (swim) with me in the swimming

pool.
 CHAPTER 4

GERUND AFTER PREPOSITION

In this function, gerunds can be placed as objects of a

preposition. There are several prepositions that can usually be
followed by gerund, namely at, of, for, in, on, before, after,
about, to, without, etc.

There are also prepositional expressions followed by

gerund below:

PREPOSITIONAL
EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED
BY GERUNDS
be accused of
be accustomed to
in addition to
be afraid
apologize (to someone) for
believe in
blame (someone) for + GERUND
be capable for
be committed to
complain about
dream of
forgive (someone) for
be excited about
be guilty of
instead of
be interested in
look forward to
be opposed to
prevent (someone) from
be scared of
stop (someone) from
succeed in
+ GERUND
take advantage of
be terrified of
thank (someone) for
think of
be tired of
be worried about

There are four formulas:

Formula 1:

Verb + Preposition + Gerund

Examples:

 He thinks of studying abroad.

 Denny gave up smoking before breakfast.

Formula 2:

Adjective + Preposition + Gerund

Examples:

 The boy is afraid of falling off from the tree.

 Aren’t you ashamed of being so cruel?
 He is interested in drawing.

Formula 3:

Noun + Preposition + Gerund

Examples:

 You have no reason for leaving so early.

 I don’t like the idea of spending much money.
 I am glad to have this opportunity of visiting your
house.

Formula 4:

Preposition + Gerund

Examples:

 He goes out without saying anything.

 They went home after eating.
 He does not understand the music before listening.
Exercise 1.

Direction: Choose the best answer!

1. Please, take your bag before (go / to go / going) to

the school.

2. I am used (wearing / to wearing / to wear) jacket.

3. Thank you for (answering / to answer / answer) the

questions.

4. I was interested in (to learn / learning / to learning)

more about history.

5. It is difficult to get used (to eating / eat / eating) with

chopstick.

6. My father used (feeding / to feed / to feeding) his

hummingbirds three times a day.

7. My parents are looking forward (go / to go / going)

to Europe this Christmas.

8. Alice is not interested in (to look / looking / look) for

a new job.

9. Kostas went to bed instead of (finish / to finish /

finishing) his work.

10. Sonya has two jobs. In addition ( to work / to

working / work).
Exercise 2.

Direction: fill in the gerund with the correct preposition.

1. She is good at ……… (dance).

2. I am afraid of ………. (swim) in the swimming pool.

3. We insist on ………… (cook) the dinner ourselves.

4. Nina dreams of ………… (be) a musician.

5. He is crazy about …………. (sing).

6. Bayu is interested in …… (become) an actor.

7. I’m sick of ….. (eat) pizza every day.

8. We were all happy about ….. (celebrate) our

wedding anniversary in Raja Ampat.

9. Aliando is fond of ….. (have) party.

10. I’m not accustomed …. (live).

 CHAPTER 5

GERUND AS COMPOUND NOUN

Noun is a word that refers to a person, place/thing,

quality or activity. Noun consists of several types including
compound noun.

Compound noun is a noun consisting of two

words/more which can be a combination of one noun with
another noun. Nevertheless, gerund can also be used as a
compound noun which has a mean as a tool. Compound nouns
that use gerunds take position as noun not a repeated verb. In
compound structures, a gerund is often used before a noun to
modify it.

Gerund + Noun
OR

Noun + Gerund

Examples:

•Driving lesson •Cat walking

•Swimming pool •Day dreaming

•Running shoes •Ear piercing

Exercise 1.

Direction: complete the sentences below by using compound

nouns below!

1. Shanny wear a ________

2. Grand Indonesia is a _________ in Central Jakarta.

3. Dona left her ________on the table.

4. The first class _________has not change.

5. We have breakfast at ________

6. Our ________ at home is broken.

7. She looked at her reflection in the ________

8. No one wants to be ________ of their school.

9. I want to go _______ while on vacation.

10. Doing the laundry for the entire family is so _______

11. The doctor suggested that I use a ______ to help me

put less pressure on my legs.

12. The summers are so hot that the ______ is running

full blast nonstop.
shopping centre waiting room Dining room

drawing book swimming suit Dining table

Looking glass Time consuming Laughing stock

Air conditioning Horseback riding Walking stick

 CHAPTER 6

GERUND MODIFIED BY POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

Possessive adjective is used to show possession or

ownership of something. It is always located in front of the
noun they refer to.

Subject pronoun Possessive adjective

I My
You Your
They Their
We Our
She Her
He His
It Its

Gerund cannot take a grammatical subject as a finite

verb does. Normally the subject of the gerund is considered
unspecified, or is understood to be the same as the subject of
the main clause. However in other case it is necessary to
specify explicitly who or what is to be understood as the
subject of the gerund.

The subject of a gerund is expressed using the

possessive adjective, since the gerund clause serves as a noun
phrase. Hence:

 We enjoyed their singing.

  The cat’s licking the cream was not generally
appreciated.

 We were delighted at Paul’s being awarded the prize.

Exercise 1.

Direction: Combine the pairs of sentences. Change the fact to

a gerund phrase.

1. Mary won a scholarship. We are excited about that

fact
2. He didn’t want to go. I couldn’t understand that fact.
3. You took the time to help us. We greatly appreciate
that fact.
4. We talked about him behind his back. The boy
resented that fact.
5. They run away to get married. That fact shocked
everyone.
6. You are late to work every morning. I will no longer
tolerate that fact.
7. Ann borrowed Sally’s clothes without asking her first.
Sally complained about that fact.
8. Helen is here to answer our questions about the
company’s new insurance plan. We should take
advantage of that fact.