Professional Documents
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region'i5 :
AN EXTERNALIST VIEW OF
GLOBALIZATION
tl" a. grouui
highlights
p*1aio ffiffi;T::
t' India
ffi:9.:*-e"!oo*i"
and chraa rn
policies rouowed
r
by
:IPpt ;-;;;;' posr-war
rhe
the period.
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704 IHE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZATION
:GHtr;ii
g"*.i.i
ffi::*'*;' *l;'f'ffi if H#
:[J"#
me demanaiH f;yl1,ilffi;;'i"l*l#"1:,I;::::T:*
g,v rn c o n s, d
interriarionar :financiar
instti;;'"oiy *r becoming y:ef;ned stapre Lr
the
of muu-h the
:1iff"ffifX.u****3:,:#:Tll :',f:::ffflf.ils*;;;#i,#ll n." ..o
if {i:.:.ffi *:;ml:::i*;:$#.i:::Tl"#'J};'ff #."?;ffi t,ri:,I j[:
fl{fi#ttr{' mln t^;"i*#"n ;:ffi:';:*"j;:;;;sJ:,'i; ;:i*;#i;;
jc_ommu:rs.rirhreat,.rn Asia, rn u,i, *urlffl
ilrlly:p:fra,.r.,ioffin,.iro'o,J***.0
;.ffitr,iffil"furi.,a-*1o,il il:
l,"?"
rhefoundation,"illsitionandultimatetvIaid
T *,;:#;:J
ii3r"yil.li"l.l,,.1, f;ll;;;oi
ts that western and
oanicu-
i.,, o, ;
ii:::T',nff*,ifr
-*,
frr:'.T"1'.{?"mliii:ffi L:f i3'f,,t3ll#iTf
rrn,iu&,ioif
i"r?'l;#T
Jrr"a i-apid expansioo "',Tr:."1f1? ^
b€eo
region.' Thelshare
orrrp"r*ritlffiH
,,me n orr^*^-: An
A alternative wav to see rh-
orr""";i'.i]-L]c: -^r^.:-
;;il*:::?i'#:r$i"ffi1[*#i.j:l
per cent in_EiritAsia.
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u e"ci or:nf
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il::T::rJrr"".:::"J:.,,,*. racle narrative rhar ;,t l:,.-*,.,r..i-,r,.
**i***iiffirf :flffi}kffi|
206 TI{E SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZAI'ION
history Asia led the global economy only Philippines before making,$einway back.to ,
'fallhg behind' from the eighteenth cen- the core (McCoy and Scarano, 2009). In the
tury. As Aethony Reid not-es, the Furopeans lields of medicine and public heaith,
did not create the spice trade. The thriving American scientists and physicians, in the
spice trade in the regior and beyond is what Philippines brought back colonial: bureau-
drew the European powers io the region' cratic practices,and. identities to.,urban
Circumlavigating the globe was ameans.to health .depar.tqen!$, !9, lbQ lUriied $taJpE m
fi:rd cheaper,an{ fastel ways 'to bring fhe the early, .twentieth, :celtu5y|r, (Audcrson,
goods back to Esrope (Reid, 1988),'Spices 2006). In.theDutoh East ltrdies thcpoloniai
were aiready making their way to various experiencel in ^the rrealm, of,rthi: intimate rand
parts of the giobe,, but the Europeans were . the,personal, influenrced Europeianr r aotions
interested in cutting ou!thq middlgman- of sexuaiity and, social..'r.eform"(Stbler, !
In the same vsin, some have argued that 20I0). Irr other words,,cplonialismrwas not i
Asia, not the West, was fhe cen-tral global simply a practice of, .Western:rdotination, ll
iorce i:r the early modem world economy. For but also productive,gf wlp!,qerthink;of as $
much of the early modem era, :t was the site we.plgm and modern ; rfj -. ,,.r ii:,i . irr | :;,;: l
of the world's rnost.important trade routes In the post-cglopral,9r4, rfle.ig$se[tion.that tr
.I
and in, some placds *op" t""l"9logrc.qlV .,t
,:l
lvfaachukuo,
thesph"ru ffio*r;3:, "r*;;;;;riJns (not crearry defined) tend
to respect uuttortlr hard
Manglang, (outer t work, thrift, and
the Republic or chini 's-"* tongo.ha), "*prrr.rir" ;J;.;"r_rriq, o'er the indivrd-
Republic of the prl,ppirlt,-
;;#", uar. Asia op"rur", on the
i-J#"ot basis of han,ony
Viuham'Kingdomoffi"*pu.i.;;5;;;"T -a **ri*J'iutr,", than majoriry rure,
concepts such-as rndividuar
iJ*il,;ffi3,."t0,
Kd;;;i,1,"L,,0 il;i,;, rights. poriticar
ffi ["*o",u", are wesrenr con_
rhe geography or the Sphere
, )iire was ;?J:,::til:"f*:: $i*::?l,ji:lfflr3
r}i[l*T,ffi:l
the
,
;r:";J',T;,::1"* i5lr:ffi,lTo"n ..gi,,"s based # i,,u,,
West. Japan's General
foi" *i."'ijr"",* To be sure, the concept ofAsian rzalues
rast 'Asia conference i" No"";t";';;;1 has
declared that Asia n"A ,rpi"it *a"r-nJlo* uotn within and ourside
"
that opposed the rmateriald.
li-;J;, "o*"
,rr" ."g."r. ai** *r*rrn.
Malaysian onuo_
the v/est'(Beaslev, zooo: "irir,r"rj"raf
ao). li" ajr,".
sitionTJ"o", *ri; l]tis altogeth". rrru,r."rut,
the co-prosperity sphere ia-G;;:l-rJ'"i*
"r
onlv of Japank ross in worra
*tttt-."*t r", Asian varues as
for autocratic practices and denial
an
war
the oveft racism of: Japan,ltr",f
ri;;;;d." "*.rrl"
basic rights unJ,iu"ni"r,.3 In fact,
of
slioposed co-members-It
,"*u,i, li, Asian firanciuil.ir* or
after rhe
anclthe emer-
soon u.."*" gence of poritical reform ',97
that the sphere was for
J"o;;n;;";;# "r*. in severar countries
in the regioi;-ri"iir.o.,.se
ontv often ar the exnens" of Asian vatues
rhe fellow members.
of th" ir,re*ri-"i ,;;;-";;', il:". ir poriticar.
Despite
the contiaued bitrer legacy
fi, r"ir*.'"# (Thompson, 2001). potency
w"liJ ** ii, Aaother way the region selves
"r as an arrer-
frffi",}:'i:::, ,lil:':, .
a";;".".i.;-;, ir^::. such exampie. Floared as ear.rv
as
,e?,:S: EAEC was pushed as an artenrarive
--- '\sian way is to reach to ApEC, **"
,.".;rrry an ApEC withour
210 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZAIION
Westem states. The proposed member states The alleged goals of, JI are territorial and
were ASEAN, Chi:ra, South Korea and aiso regionalis! namely to create an Islamic
Japan The United States strongly objected siate ia lndonesia followed by a pan-Islariic
and at the time, Japan,saw the exclusion of caliphateiricor-poraliqg,,!r,!a!ayqia;iSingapore,
tLe United States as a tbreat to their sfrategic Brunei and the southem Phiiippines. Certainly,
partnership and.effectively vetoed the idea. this notion of regionalism-is much flaJrower
Today's ASE.AN +3;(APT), which includes thanthe broad scope ofAsiaPacific and South
China, South Korea and Japaa, is sesn as a ' Asia, And, ultimhte$ rthe vi6ioa-,of the'i cali-
successor to the EAEC but because. it,is : phate is to,opand from,aiegionat b-a.fliobal
embedded in a slew of other institutiorral stmcfir-e. The point :heqetfu trat''fi iifiiillated
arrangements, is not seen as the radical alter- an, alternative, vision,':of ':political and,Socidl
native of the ear:lier vision (,Terada 2003). organization in the, region,I one rthat ,clasiles
A second urstitutional example along,the directly with the, paradigr:of globalization
same lines was the proposed Asian Monetary (icc,2002b). :
Fund (61,6';. \Yhile the idea had been gestat- A final way tci ,rhink' about rthe'region, as 'an
ing for several years,.Japan's, Mi:ristry of altemativq to globalization is to ,e4plore the
Fiaarce proposed itjn the, wake of the 1997 various iocal ,move,me,lrts tbat ha\re errerged.
financial crisis, suqprili"g maoy. The furd The movements are not exclusive:to. the Asia
was envisioned to have a capitalization of Facific and South Asia regioq but..they are
US$100 billion and hclude ten members'-. ch4racteristic of tends.thele yis.i.:vis the pro-
Chila, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, cess of globalization;,with,,respect to their
Arrstralia, lndonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, emphasis on disengage,ment from globaliztion.
Thailand, and the Philippi:res Q,ipscy, 2003). Tle village. of Santi Suk,in,Thailan{ for
Notably absent from the proposed member- example,r created their own curency, following
ship rvas the United Slates. Furthermore, the the Asian financial cdsis that stnrck the region
iritial <iraft proposal suggested that the AIvIF in Thailaud:(Ilookrvay, 2009). The currenry is
would act autonomously from the IMF. called the iDlatr, lqgqely:::tanslated ias r:linerit'
Although the AMF proposal rqceived nearly and opglateg'tlrorrghr a :lcenhal :bankl located
univelsul ,ruise and.support queoup fts poten- in the village..The currency caq be ,used to
tial members, the United States rimmedately purchase various commodities, but cannot.be
sought to strike doy4 the proposal. US gppo- used outside of,participating and can-
sihon succeeded and the failure of the AIi,fF "itlag.r
not be exchanged for Thailandis n"tional c,ur-
neant a continuation of an,IN,F-centered rency, the baht. Homemade currencies are uot
neo-iiberal approach to financial govemance exclusive toAsia but they.did,take on a.new
(Lipscy,2003). I
prominencd 14 the wakq.of.economic. tumloii.
Another. more subversive arriculation of Community cumency is an gxample of a
regionalism pgsed a_s'an altirnative to the larger nend in self-sufrcie.ncy movements that
West is the emergence of regional terror net- emerged in Thailand after the As-iaaifinancial
''r;orks, sirch as Jeniaah,Islamiyan or II. The cris is. Related initatives inrcluded a ssociatioas
origias and the'extensivenqssbf JI a"" m*tiy, srth, G tarlitional herbal, practitioners,,
but its main operations have bebn in Indonesia lleli
suffici.ency' goups,,comilunit/ ggrned rice
with apparent links in Malaysia, philippines, milf S,,and cgoperative'bhops- Local, produotion
aod t halland among-others entemational movements are also in line with the overail
Crisis Group (ICG), 2OO2a). JI is iafamous philosophy of being an altemative to belng
for the 2002 Bab bombings which took place part cf a giobaiized system. ln
Japan, foi
h a night club in the resort town of Kuta and example, Commuaity Supported Agicuihue
killed mole than 2OO people, rnostly (CSA) and the Seikatsu CtoU Uotl
Ar-rstra,lian and other foreigt nationats 1lCG, "Io.o*ug"
consumers to buy ethically *a fo"ully fiii,
2002b). and Adams, 2OO3: 24). Examples abou:ld in
GLOBALIZATION
AND THE ASIA PAqFIC
AND SOUTH A5,A
211
India as well includir
Lok Samiti group
wiuch advoca*
,"*lt"'tl objecf simultaneously.
While rhis may be
iq r:,:,err*'# trff #':r*ffi' "'.":
fue, rhe benefit or tni, ,orJ,
m*.*.li
to disaggregate and ijlustrate n.,
'Ti"::[?:T*: I?l:tu'F,e"ifr perspectives instead. il;O*::,
of ,uUr*lng-o H;";;
qe'r r,
o, u. r".**TiollTiX,3,l::nl*t: onervhole theoretical.approach.
""
fili:Ii, "'.' ;;il;;;;
The chapter has ct
i; Hfffifi and tried .J;rr;;;:::l::'d* over dePtrr
*:y"Pilffi
ratect
# #"" frXl,lil'#I :
altematives to
,ou:.ry "r*rr, * ffi:f; ,,ffi'l;:Xil::
in the region,
m
r
ovements,il;ff::l;1,?.,:,li., , :ilzition
llon as a process occ
f, nur r..-, ffi;,:j;-
push back uguiort il:JJ e,.il ;il;;;.',fiIffiL,};,::: ::
tI d u r,i
;
:: T:i' from
I :;; -
;ffi::i: "Jj"H::T rn the past two
ery, it
decacles.
has tned to
o"J*i,*rl" *u','i1,,.,,1
lme.ge the percei tbreat of secuiar- off.. u ffi:";il"fi;
rsm' Not all of *
rew have ilthese ,lI:-1
il:.,,niiil ffi ;"'T[[",, .:1"n and
plere
iaterpret that process.
While iacorrr-
contradictory, this is
essence of globalizatir .f*" ,fr"
CONCLUSION
ro tr," a,lu ;ffi
ilf3"1l,fl,ti,I,"'ionship
grobalizatiou is a
co.grpte- p;;;;r;';ilr"
}Z,ff:;:fr:[:: ]yii-,,",;:."11,,,i.",,
b".".;";'i;.';;;;;
4 About us, Lok#::,.
::flJ *'fffiffi#L:; *d"[','"d ;' ;ffiT " l';",':],ii;.f'f,;ffi t?,,ffi :ffii.?i:{ ; [:;
,r.o^.^.jl}.rchapterfocusesparticularlvon
',1._"""l""rr.or a region and the
*uy ro *io_
to grobarz#; il; REFERENcEs
;:".,:T"Y"rronshrp
,v,rr .L)) ru quesDon tbe.
category cf regrotr
and L\e delineation
o,i,,,*.^.o?ffi
|:lht.*" region ":,.Tr:;LtiiH,;*i,i::F":{!?:,,,,,#,{;:!0,:rili:::;,:,,1::,;i,,
ana uying-out;i,#;;: Verso presl
perspecives. The essay hu" Anderson B (2007) rJnder
ot theAsia Pacific ffir"ifi,il)
*o!""tuir]I::;
Three Frags Anarchisn
.* the Anti-CotoniutiiJq,.rrr,on London Verso and
"r# ', -
;::::!; W ;
:i9'* Tlffi:i,L t
il,,i,L:,i$;ft:ffi
, Lt so cioiag, it has"a
l::;;, :i,
Durham:oule'ur;r.,riii;;;;;J;*,'"
f i
;i : i: n:
1n.
rc,, rr1;; "i,"]:,ifl lll,
iu
Detween region
wnat we see todav
L: A:,f ::
^
^^'-!i,iPPll*
h its new h ei gh ts
Financial fi mes, l? )aiiary.[icdssea
\over-ber 27, 2012. http:/,!uww.ft.com/intl/cmV
stal488c60f 4:228 1 - i 1 e0-b6a2-00 1 44fea b49 a.
\ rrl{avzlDSOyvcLm
Furnivall lS (1956) Colonial Policy and fraclice: A
Comparative Study of Burrna and Netherlands lndia.
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clopedia Accessed Novenrber 27, 2012. http://en
wi kipedia.org/rui h/G angna m_Style.
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economic thought about East Asla,. Asian-Pacific
Economic Literatuie t Z(t): i-l 1.' '
Curder 'rai< A (1998) ReOR/ENT: Globat Econo,my in
the Asian Age. 1st ecin, Berkeley: University of
Californra Dress
ean r,,rr.ri^^',^i,l
of rn r t m ac,t i n u o n n' ^9! ^E
Wis.: i'i],..11-?.'*
Jn, Madison, .
Historv Durham
Wisconsin press. University of Duke urru,.,i,1,;;;';;?,"'"n
Mori H, Lowe E. Clason D
-
,rll?n, M (2007) Open regronaJrsm
and the Asra pac
tir
, na
;;;ffiil[':"JH ] ff fl? :;l,J
r,,si,
rng Japanese
oirooi' lmplications for
the riie qf an East a.,r, ,.^i^_ -
consumr
:rol?,rn,,y.
Rirsu neik r,r,rr',,l rr, ai, i;:l:;,,1,
."t::y,axtiiiffi,:;:xij':;!iii,ll Terada T (2C03) (en511u6trng
an .Easr Asran. .onre0r
_ transition and Develoomen-r *i^l'
::::::ru^non,
bl9tl, An and growing rggigns
.,,
Pin p
sa ti fz odziwi,t.liiiill th
Asia n diets
em Press
.^
s.1 i - : ii'. ;':,';;'
ii, :[[,'j; io ilff l,
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