Composites - I

Dr. Tayyab Subhani

Composite
Reinforcements and their forms
Commonly Used Reinforcing Fibers

Micro
Reinforcement
 Nano
Reinforcement
 Types of
Composite
1. Polymeric Matrix Composites (PMCs)
2. Metallic Matrix Composites (MMCs)
3. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
 Polymer Matrix
Composites (PMCs)
Metal Matrix Composites
(MMCs)
 Ceramic Matrix
Composites (CMCs)
 Other Types of
Composite
1. Hybrid Composites
2. Nanocomposites
3. Fiber Metal Laminates
4. Sandwich Structures
Hybrid Composites
Sandwich Structures
Nano Composites
Fiber Metal Laminates
Composites -II
Dr. Tayyab Subhani
Introduction
• Fractures and fracture surfaces have been examined for centuries; as a result failure
analysis procedures for metallic materials have been well established. However,
analogous procedures for composite materials are not as well defined.
• The rapid development of composites since 1960s has also made available the failure
analysis and fractography data, particularly for continuous fibers used for aircraft
industry.
• Although some of the knowledge of metals/alloys failure analysis is applicable to
composites, the vastly different nature of the two materials inhibits the transfer of the
information.
• Fractography of composite materials is complicated by the fact that these materials
exhibit failure modes that are not normally encountered in metallic materials. Failure
types and modes depend upon the direction of applied load and on the orientation of
the fibers.

Procedure (adopted)

• Collection and review of the component history information

• Nondestructive inspection
• Evaluation of component conformity to specifications
• Fractographic examination
• Stress analysis
Failure Causes
1. Design errors
• Material properties and configuration of the component are subject to design.
• Highly anisotropic coefficient of thermal expansion

2. Errors in Fabrication

• Improper impregnation of fibers

• 15o variation in unidirectional laminate can cause a decrease of 50% strength
• Improper curing temperature, time, pressure

3. Anomalous service conditions

• Temperature variation
• Foreign object impact damage
• Chemical attack in some cases
• Moisture absorption
Basic Failure Modes
Composites are heterogeneous on a macroscopic scale.

Individual laminate and individual long fiber is anisotropic.

Fibers in a ply are never perfectly straight.

No individual crack propagates like in metals/alloys but

• Matrix cracking

• Fiber breakage

• Delamination

• Debonding

Fibers carry the load in a composite material.

F/M Adhesion
Interface Shear Strength
Pull out of fibers
Interfaces
Distribution of fibers
• Introduction to the failure of composites

• Tools for failure analysis of composites

• Fiber dominated failures in composites

• Delamination dominated failures in composites

• Fatigue failures in composites

• Influence of Fiber architecture on failure of composites

• Role of defects in the failure of composites

1.Unidirectional Tension
Influence of Fiber Type
2.Unidirectional Compression
Unidirectional Compression
Unidirectional Compression
Unidirectional Flexure / Bending
4.Intralaminar Fracture
Intralaminar Fracture
Intralaminar Fracture
6.Failures in Cross-Ply Laminates
Tension Failure Compression Failure
a. Tension Failure in Multidirectional Laminates
b. Compression Failure in Multidirectional Laminates
Compression Failure in Multidirectional Laminates
c. Flexural Failure in Multidirectional Laminates
Ablation
Testing
 Publications in 2015
From Final Year Projects of BS Students
1. Tayyab Subhani, Munaisra Latif, Iftikhar Ahmad, Sobia A Rakha, Naveed Ali and Aqeel K Khurram, “Mechanical performance of epoxy matrix hybrid nanocomposites
containing carbon nanotubes and nanodiamonds”, Materials & Design, Volume 87, Issue 5, Pages 436-444, 2015, DOI:10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.059 (Impact Factor: 3.501).
2. Tayyab Subhani, Bushra Shaukat, Naveed Ali and Aqeel A. Khurram, “Toward improved mechanical performance of multiscale carbon fiber and carbon nanotube epoxy
composites”, Polymer Composites, 2015, DOI:10.1002/pc.23719 (Impact Factor: 1.632).

From Final Year Projects of MS Students

3. Muhammad Maqbool, Rafi-ud-din, G. H. Zahid, Ejaz Ahmad, Z.Asghar, Tayyab Subhani, M. Shehzad and Imdad Kaleem, “Effect of saccharides as carbon source on the
synthesis and morphology of B4C fine particles from carbothermal synthesis precursors”, Materials Express, Volume 5, Number 5, 2015, DOI: 10.1166/mex.2015.1257
(Impact Factor: 2.299).
4. Rafi-ud-din, G. H. Zahid, Ejaz Ahmad, Muhammad Maqbool, Tayyab Subhani, Waqar Adil Syed, Syed Zahid Hussain, “Effect of cellulose-derived structural homogeneity of
precursor on the synthesis and morphology of boron carbide”, Journal of Inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials, Volume 25, Number 4, 2015, Pages 995-999,
DOI 10.1007/s10904-015-0181-x (Impact Factor: 1.160).
5. Shakeel Ahmad and Tayyab Subhani, “Thermal and ablative properties of binary carbon nanotube and nanodiamond reinforced carbon fiber epoxy matrix composites”,
Plastics, Rubber and Composites: Macromolecular Engineering, Volume 44, Issue 10, Pages 397-404, 2015, DOI:10.1179/1743289815Y.0000000036 (Impact Factor: 0.583).
6. Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Umar Farooq, Tayyab Subhani, “Effect of multiwall carbon nanotubes on the ablative properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix
composites”, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 40, Issue 5, May 2015, Pages 1529-1538 (Impact Factor: 0.367).
7. Usama Zulfiqar, Tayyab Subhani and S. Wilayat Husain, “Towards tuneable size of silica particle from rice husk”, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 429, Pages 61-69,
2015, DOI:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.08.037 (Impact Factor: 1.766).
8. Javeria Hashmi, Mahmood Khan, Mushtaq Khan, Syed Husnain Imran Jaffery, Liaqat Ali, Muhammad Nabeel Anwar and Tayyab Subhani, “Evaluation of eddy current
signatures for predicting different heat treatment effects in chromium-vanadium (CrV) spring steel”, Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 2015,
DOI:10.1002/pc.23719 (Impact Factor: 0.672).

From National Research Collaborations

9. Sobia A. Rakha, A. A. Khurram, Naveed Ali, Arshad Munir, Ahsan Iqbal, T. Subhani, I. H. Gul, “Prepararion of microwave absorbing E-glass/epoxy nanocomposites with low
content of binary carbon nanofillers”, Advances in Polymer Technology, 2015, DOI 10.1002/adv.21527 (Impact Factor: 1.100).
10. Z. Asghar, G.H.Zahid, E. Ahmad, Rafi ud Din, M. Noaman ul Haq, T. Subhani, Z. Hussain and S. Badshah, “Effect of particle morphology and coating thickness on fluorescent
behaviour of Ce doped yttrium aluminium garnet phosphor screens”, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2015, DOI: 10.1007/s10854-015-3279-6, (Impact
Factor: 1.966).

From International Research Collaborations

11. Iftikhar Ahmad, Mohammad Islam, Hany Sayed Abdo, Tayyab Subhani, Khalil Abdelrazek Khalil, Abdulhakim A Almajid, Bahareh Yazdani, Yanqiu Zhu, “Toughening
mechanism and mechanical properties of graphene nanosheet-reinforced alumina”, Materials & Design, Volume 88, Pages 1234-1243, 2015,
DOI:10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.125 (Impact Factor: 3.501).
12. Iftikhar Ahmad, Mohammad Islam, Tayyab Subhani and Yanqui Zhu “Characterization of GNP-containing Al2O3 nanocomposites fabricated via high frequency induction
heat sintering route”, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Volume 24, Issue 11, Pages 4236-4243, 2015, DOI:10.1007/s11665-015-1738-0 (Impact Factor:
0.998).
Thank you