PREFACE

First of all, thanks to God because of the help of God, writer finished writing the
paper right in the calculated time. The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the
assignment English Paper.
In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but with
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all individuals who helps in the process of writing this paper. hopefully God replies all helps
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the next paper.last but not the least Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain
more knowledge about samantics major.

Denpasar, 25 November 2019

Author

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background
Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed plant growing to 60–100 cm
(24–39 in) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-
green, with some varieties showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem
surfaces. The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth. The flowers are
produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower being pendulous,
with a yellow tubular corolla2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long. Like other Aloespecies, Aloe
vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to
mineral nutrients in soil. It is found in many consumer products including beverages,
skin lotion, cosmetics, or ointments for minor burns and sunburns. There is
little clinical evidence for the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extract as
a cosmetic or medicine.

1.2 Formulation of the problem

1. What is the definition of aloe vera ?
2. What is the Scientific classification ?
3. What is the Description aloe vera ?
4. What is the Taxonomy and etymology ?

1.3 Purpose
1. To know What is the definition of aloe vera
2. To know What is the Scientific classification
3. To know What is the Description aloe vera
4. To know What is the Taxonomy and etymology

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition
Aloe vera (/ˈæloʊiː/ or /ˈæloʊ/) is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe.
An evergreen perennial, it originates from the Arabian Peninsula, but grows wild in
tropical, semi-tropical, and arid climates around the world. It is cultivated for
agricultural and medicinal uses. The species is also used for decorative purposes and
grows successfully indoors as a potted plant. Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-
stemmed plant growing to 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves
are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on
their upper and lower stem surfaces. The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small
white teeth. The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall,
each flower being pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long.
Like other Aloe species, Aloe vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis that
allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil. Aloe vera leaves
contain phytochemicals under study for possible bioactivity, such as
acetylated mannans, polymannans, anthraquinone C-glycosides, anthrones, and other
anthraquinones, such as emodin and various lectins.

2.2 Scientific classification

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Monocots

Order: Asparagales

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 Family: Asphodelaceae

Subfamily: Asphodeloideae

Genus: Aloe

Species: A. vera

Binomial name

Aloe vera

(L.) Burm.f.

Synonyms[1][2]

 Aloe barbadensis Mill.

 Aloe
barbadensis var. chinensis Ha
w.
 Aloe chinensis (Haw.) Baker
 Aloe elongata Murray
 Aloe flava Pers.
 Aloe indica Royle
 Aloe lanzae Tod.
 Aloe
maculata Forssk. (illegitimate
)
 Aloe perfoliata var. vera L.
 Aloe rubescens DC.
 Aloe
variegata Forssk. (illegitimate
)
 Aloe vera Mill. (illegitimate)

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  Aloe
vera var. chinensis (Haw.) A.
Berger
 Aloe vera var. lanzae Baker
 Aloe
vera var. littoralis J.Koenig ex
Baker
 Aloe vulgaris Lam.

2.3 Description
Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed plant growing to 60–100 cm
(24–39 in) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-
green, with some varieties showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem
surfaces. The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth. The flowers are
produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower being pendulous,
with a yellow tubular corolla2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long. Like other Aloespecies, Aloe
vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to
mineral nutrients in soil. It is found in many consumer products including beverages,
skin lotion, cosmetics, or ointments for minor burns and sunburns. There is
little clinical evidence for the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extract as
a cosmetic or medicine.
Aloe vera leaves contain phytochemicalsunder study for possible bioactivity,
such as acetylated mannans, polymannans, anthraquinone C-glycosides, anthrones,
and other anthraquinones, such as emodin and various lectins.

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 2.4 Taxonomy and etymology

Spotted forms of Aloe vera, also named Aloe vera var. chinensis

Historical image of aloe from Acta Eruditorum, 1688

The species has a number of synonyms: A. barbadensis Mill., Aloe

indica Royle, Aloe perfoliata L. var. vera and A. Vulgaris Lam. Common names
include Chinese Aloe, Indian Aloe, True Aloe, Barbados Aloe, Burn Aloe, First Aid
Plant. The species epithet vera means "true" or "genuine". Some literature identifies
the white-spotted form of Aloe vera as Aloe veravar. chinensis; and it has been
suggested that the spotted form of Aloe veramay be conspecific with A.
massawanaThe species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Aloe
perfoliata var. vera and was described again in 1768 by Nicolaas Laurens
Burman as Aloe vera in Flora Indica on 6 April and by Philip Miller as Aloe
barbadensis some ten days after Burman in the Gardener's Dictionary.
Techniques based on DNA comparison suggest Aloe vera is relatively closely
related to Aloe perryi, a species endemic to Yemen. Similar techniques,
using chloroplast DNA sequence comparison and ISSR profiling have also suggested
it is closely related to Aloe forbesii, Aloe inermis, Aloe scobinifolia, Aloe sinkatana,
and Aloe striata. With the exception of the South African species A. striata,
these Aloe species are native to Socotra (Yemen), Somalia, and Sudan. The lack of

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 obvious natural populations of the species has led some authors to suggest Aloe
vera may be of hybridorigin. Distribution A. vera is considered to be native only to
the south-west Arabian Peninsula. However, it has been widely cultivated around the
world, and has become naturalized in North Africa, as well as Sudan and neighboring
countries, along with the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, and Madeira Islands. It is also
naturalized in wild areas across southern Spain, especially in the region of Murcia,
being the only place in Europe where it has been found naturalized. The species was
introduced to China and various parts of southern Europe in the 17th century. It is
widely naturalized elsewhere, occurring in arid, temperate, and tropical regions of
temperate continents. The current distribution may be the result of human cultivation.
CultivationEdit

Aloe vera as an ornamental plant

Aloe vera has been widely grown as an ornamental plant. The species is
popular with modern gardeners as a putatively medicinal plant and for its interesting
flowers, form, and succulence. This succulence enables the species to survive in areas
of low natural rainfall, making it ideal for rockeries and other low water-use gardens.
The species is hardy in zones 8–11, and is intolerant of heavy frost and snow. The
species is relatively resistant to most insect pests, though spider mites, mealy
bugs, scale insects, and aphidspecies may cause a decline in plant health. This plant
has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
In pots, the species requires well-drained, sandy potting soil and bright, sunny
conditions. Aloe plants can burn under too much sun or shrivel when the pot does not
drain water. The use of a good-quality commercial propagation mix or packaged
"cacti and succulent mix" is recommended, as they allow good drainage. Terra cotta
pots are preferable as they are porous. Potted plants should be allowed to completely
dry before rewatering. When potted, aloes can become crowded with "pups" growing

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 from the sides of the "mother plant". Plants that have become crowded should be
divided and repotted to allow room for further growth and help prevent pest
infestations. During winter, Aloe vera may become dormant, during which little
moisture is required. In areas that receive frost or snow, the species is best kept
indoors or in heated glasshouses. There is large-scale agricultural production of Aloe
vera in Australia, Bangladesh, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, India,
Jamaica, Spain, where it grows even well inland, Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa,
along with the USA to supply the cosmetics industry.

2.5 Research
Although there is little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety
of Aloe veraextracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes, the cosmetics
and alternative medicine industries regularly make claims regarding the soothing,
moisturizing, and healing properties of aloe vera. There is no good evidence aloe vera
is of use in treating wounds or burns, nor that topical application is effective for
treating genital herpes or psoriasis. A 2014 Cochranereview found insufficient
evidence for using aloe vera topically to treat or prevent phlebitiscaused
by intravenous infusion. Aloe vera gel is used commercially as an ingredient
in yogurts, beverages, and some desserts, but at certain high doses, its toxic properties
could be severe when taken orally.
1. Dietary supplement
Aloin, a compound found in the exudate of some Aloe species, was the
common ingredient in over-the-counter (OTC) laxative products in the United
States until 2002 when the Food and Drug Administration banned it because the
companies manufacturing it failed to provide the necessary safety data. Aloe
vera has potential toxicity, with side effects occurring at some dose levels both
when ingested or applied topically. Although toxicity may be less when aloin is
removed by processing, Aloe vera that contains aloin in excess amounts may
induce side effects.
Aloe vera juice is marketed to support the health of the digestive system, but
there is neither scientific evidence nor regulatory approval to support this
claim. The extracts and quantities typically used for such purposes appear to be
dose-dependent for toxic effects.

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 2. Traditional medicine
Aloe vera is used in traditional medicine as a skin treatment. In Ayurvedic
medicine it is called kathalai, as are extracts from agave.:196 for aloe for
agave Early records of Aloe vera use appear in the Ebers Papyrusfrom the 16th
century BC, and in Dioscorides' De Materia Medica and Pliny the Elder's Natural
History – both written in the mid-first century AD. It is also written of in
the Juliana Anicia Codex of 512 AD.
3. Commodities
Aloe vera is used on facial tissues where it is promoted as a moisturizer and
anti-irritant to reduce chafing of the nose. Cosmetic companies commonly add sap
or other derivatives from Aloe vera to products such as makeup, tissues,
moisturizers, soaps, sunscreens, incense, shaving cream, or shampoos. A review of
academic literature notes that its inclusion in many hygiene products is due to its
"moisturizing emollient effect".
4. ToxicityEdit
Under the guidelines of California Proposition 65, orally ingested non-
decolorized aloe vera leaf extract has been listed by the OEHHA, along
with goldenseal, among "chemicals known to the state to cause cancer or
reproductive toxicity". Use of topical aloe vera is not associated with significant
side effects. Oral ingestion of aloe vera is potentially toxic, and may
cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea which in turn can decrease the absorption of
drugs.
2.6 Gallery

Aloe vera buds

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

Aloe vera flower

Aloe vera gel used for desserts

Es lidah buaya, an Indonesian Aloe vera iced drink

Gelaloevera, a type of Aloe vera juice

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 CHAPTER III
COVER

3.1 Conclusion
3.2 Suggestion

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REFERENCES