Autocad Commands & Notes

1. Line command
Type <l> : enter
Specify first point:
Press F8 to lock the line to the vertical and horizontal
Type the line dimension <5000> and enter.

With LINE, you can create a series of contiguous line segments. Each single line
segment can be edited separately from the other line segments in a series. You can
close a sequence of line segments so that the first and last segments are joined.

2. Zoom command
Activate the command
View-toolbar- scroll and highlight the zoom box.

You can change the magnification of a view by zooming in and out. Like zooming in
and out with a camera, ZOOM does not change the absolute size of objects in the
drawing; it changes only the magnification of the view. When you work with minute
parts in your drawing, you may need to zoom out frequently to see an overview of your
work. Use ZOOM Previous to return quickly to the prior view. The options described
here are the options most commonly used. For a description of all ZOOM options, see

the Command Reference.

Zoom to Magnify a Specified Rectangular Area

You can quickly zoom on a rectangular area of your drawing by specifying two diagonal

corners of the area you are interested in.

The lower-left corner of the area you specify becomes the lower-left corner of the new
display. The shape of the zoom area you specify does not necessarily correspond exactly
to the new view, which must fit the shape of the viewport.

Zoom in Real Time

With the Realtime option, you zoom dynamically by moving your pointing device up or
down. By right-clicking, you can display a shortcut menu with additional viewing
commands.

Zoom to View All Objects in the Drawing

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 ZOOM Extents displays a view with the largest possible magnification that includes all
of the objects in the drawing. This view includes objects on layers that are turned off
but does not include objects on frozen layers.

ZOOM All displays either the user-defined drawing limits or the drawing extents,
whichever view is larger.

Zoom to Center a Point in the Drawing

You can move a specific point in your drawing to the center of the drawing area.
ZOOM Center is useful for resizing an object and bringing it to the center of the
viewport. You can specify size by entering either the number of vertical drawing units
or a magnification relative to the current view. The following example shows the effects
of using ZOOM Center to display a view at the same size and at twice the size.

3. Offset command
Type <O> and enter
Specify offset distance
Type the distance in mm and enter
Select object to offset.

Offsetting creates a new object whose shape parallels the shape of a selected object.
Offsetting a circle or an arc creates a larger or smaller circle or arc, depending on which
side you specify for the offset.

A highly effective drawing technique is to offset objects and then trim or extend their
ends. 2D polylines and splines are trimmed automatically when the offset distance is
larger than can otherwise be accommodated.

You can offset Lines Arcs

 Circles
 Ellipses and elliptical arcs (resulting in an oval-shaped spline)
 2D polylines
 Construction lines (xlines) and rays
 Splines

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4. Fillet command
Type < f> enter
Type the radius and enter
Select the objects (two in number)

Filleting connects two objects with a smoothly fitted arc of a specified radius. An inside
corner is called a fillet and an outside corner is called a round; you can create both

using FILLET in AutoCAD.

You can fillet

 Arcs
 Circles
 Ellipses and elliptical arcs
 Lines
 Polylines
 Rays
 Splines
 Xlines

Using FILLET is also a convenient method of creating an arc with a specified radius
that is tangent to two selected objects. FILLET can be used to round all corners on a
polyline using a single command.

If both objects being filleted are on the same layer, the fillet arc is created on that layer.
Otherwise, the fillet arc is created on the current layer. The layer affects object
properties including color and linetype.

Use the Multiple option to fillet more than one set of objects without leaving the
command.

Set the Fillet Radius

The fillet radius is the radius of the arc that connects filleted objects. Changing the
fillet radius affects subsequent fillets. If you set the fillet radius to 0, filleted objects are
trimmed or extended until they intersect, but no arc is created.

5. Extend command

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 Type <ex> enter
Select boundary edges (select object) and enter
Select object to be extended
Escape key

You can shorten or lengthen objects to meet the edges of other objects. This means you
can create an object such as a line first and then later adjust it to fit exactly between
other objects.

Objects you select as cutting edges or boundary edges are not required to intersect the
object being trimmed. You can trim or extend an object to a projected edge or to an
extrapolated intersection; that is, where the objects would intersect if they were
extended.

If you do not specify a boundary and press ENTER at the Select Objects prompt, all
objects become potential boundaries. This is called implied selection.

To select geometry within blocks as boundaries, you must use single, crossing, fence, or
implied boundaries.

6 Trim command
Type <tr> enter
Select cutting edges (select object) and enter
Select object to be trimmed

You can trim objects so that they end precisely at boundary edges defined by other
objects. Cutting edges can be lines, arcs, circles, polylines, ellipses, splines, xlines,
regions, blocks, and rays. They can also be layout viewport objects in paper space. You
can extend objects without leaving the TRIM command. Hold down SHIFT and select
the objects to be extended.

In this example, you clean up the intersection of two walls smoothly by trimming. An
object can be one of the cutting edges and one of the objects being trimmed. For
example, in the illustrated light fixture, the circle is a cutting edge for the construction
lines and is also being trimmed.

When you trim several objects, the different selection methods can help you choose
the current cutting edges and objects to trim. In the following example, the cutting
edges are selected using crossing selection. The following example uses the fence
selection method to select a series of objects for trimming. You can trim objects to
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 their nearest intersection with other objects. Instead of selecting cutting edges, you
press ENTER. Then, when you select the objects to trim, AutoCAD automatically
chooses the nearest objects in the drawing as cutting edges. In this example, the walls

are trimmed so that they intersect smoothly.

7 Break command
Type <br> enter
Select object to break and enter
Specify the break point click on it

Using BREAK is a convenient way to create a gap in an object, resulting in two

objects with a space between them. BREAK is often used to create space for block
or text insertion. You can create breaks in

 Arcs
 Circles Ellipses and elliptical arcs
 Lines
 Polylines
 Rays
 Splines
 Xlines

When breaking an object, you can either

 Select the object at the first break point and then specify a second break
point

 Select the entire object and then specify two break points

8 Mirror command
Type<mi> and enter
Select object to mirror
Select mirror plane or line and enter
Delete source object yes/no type n for no and enter to retain original object

Mirroring creates a mirror image of objects. It is useful for creating symmetrical

objects because you can quickly draw half the object and then mirror it instead of
drawing the entire object. You flip objects about an axis called a mirror line to
create a mirror image. To specify this temporary mirror line, you enter two points.
You can choose whether to delete or retain the original objects. Mirroring works in

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 any plane parallel to the XY plane of the current UCS. When you mirror text,
attributes, and attribute definitions, they are reversed or turned upside down in the
mirror image. To prevent this, set the MIRRTEXT system variable to 0 (off). Text
then has the same alignment and justification as before the mirroring. Compare
the following illustrations.

9 Copy command
Type<co> enter
Select objects to copy and enter
Specify base point
Use the mouse to relocate the copied objects

You can create duplicates of objects at a specified distance from the original. You
specify the distance and direction by two points, a from point (1) and a to point (2),
called the base point and the second point of displacement, respectively. These
points can be located anywhere within the drawing.You can also copy an object
using a relative distance by entering coordinate values for the first point and
pressing ENTER for the second point of displacement. This instructs AutoCAD to
use the coordinate values as a relative displacement rather than a base point. The
objects you selected are copied to a new location determined by the relative
coordinate values you entered. Do not include an @ sign as you normally would for
relative coordinates because a relative coordinate is expected. To copy objects a
specified distance, you can use the direct distance entry feature together with Ortho
and polar tracking.

With the Multiple option, you can copy an object or a selection set multiple times
without leaving the COPY command.

10 Move command
Type<m> enter
Select objects to move and enter
Specify base point
Use the mouse to move objects

You can move objects without changing their orientation or size. By using
coordinates and object snaps, you can move objects with precision. You can also
recalculate objects by changing coordinate values in the Properties palette. In this
example, you move the block representing a window. After choosing Move, select
the object to be moved (1). Specify the base point for the move (2) followed by the
point of displacement (3). The object is moved from point 2 to point 3. You can
also move an object using a relative distance by entering coordinate values for the

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 first point and pressing ENTER for the second point of displacement. This
instructs AutoCAD to use the coordinate values as a relative displacement rather
than a base point. The objects you selected are moved to a new location determined
by the relative coordinate values you entered. Do not include an @ as you normally
would for relative coordinates, because a relative coordinate is expected.

11 Rotate command
Type <ro> enter
Select objects to rotate and enter
Specify base point
Type the angle and enter

You can rotate objects around a specified point. To determine the angle of
rotation, you enter an angle value or specify a second point. Entering a positive
angle value rotates the objects counterclockwise or clockwise, depending on the
Direction Control setting in the Drawing Units dialog box. The plane of rotation
and the direction of the zero angle depend on the orientation of the user
coordinate system.

Rotate an Object by a Specified Angle :You rotate objects by choosing a base point
and a relative or absolute rotation angle. Specify a relative angle to rotate the object
from its current orientation around the base point by that angle. Specify an
absolute angle to rotate the object from the current angle to a new absolute angle.
You can rotate an object by specifying a relative angle using one of two methods:

 Enter a rotation angle value from 0 to 360 degrees. You can also enter
values in radians, grads, or surveyor bearings.

 Drag the object around the base point and specify a second point. Turning
on Ortho and Polar Tracking, or using object snaps for the second point, is
often useful with this method.
 In this example, you rotate the plan view of a house by selecting the object
(1), specifying a base point (2), and specifying an angle of rotation by
dragging to another point (3).

12. Chamfer command

Type
Type <cha> and enter

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 Type <a> and enter
Specify the length and enter
Specify the angle and enter
Select to lines to chamfer

Using CHAMFER is a fast way of creating a line between two nonparallel lines. It
is usually used to represent a beveled edge on a corner. CHAMFER can also be
used to bevel all corners of a polyline. You can chamfer lines, polylines, xlines,
and rays. With the distance method, you specify the amount that each line
should be trimmed or extended. With the angle method, you can also specify the
length of the chamfer and the angle it forms with the first line. You can retain
the chamfered objects as they were before the chamfer, or you can trim or extend
them to the chamfer line.

If both objects being chamfered are on the same layer, the chamfer line is created
on that layer. Otherwise, the chamfer line is created on the current layer. The
layer affects object properties including color and linetype. Use the Multiple
option to chamfer more than one set of objects without leaving the command.

Chamfer by Specifying Distances

The chamfer distance is the amount each object is trimmed or extended to meet
the chamfer line or to intersect the other. If both chamfer distances are 0,
chamfering trims or extends the two objects until they intersect but does not
create a chamfer line.

The default setting for the first distance is the last distance specified. Because
symmetrical distances are common, the default setting for the second distance is
whatever you chose for the first distance. However, you can reset the chamfer
distances.

13 Array command
Type <ar> and enter
A) Highlight Rectangular array
Type number of rows and columns required
Type offset distances for the rows and columns
Select objects to array and enter
Click Ok for array to take effect
B) Highlight Polar array
Select rotation point
Type number of items to array
Type fill angle
Select objects to array and enter

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 Click Ok for array to take effect

You can create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern called an
array. For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the
distance between each. For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of the
object and whether the copies are rotated. To create many regularly spaced objects,
arraying is faster than copying.

Create Rectangular Arrays

AutoCAD builds a rectangular array along a baseline defined by the current snap
rotation angle. This angle is zero by default, so the rows and columns of a
rectangular array are orthogonal with respect to the X and Y axes. The default angle
0 direction setting can be changed in UNITS.

Create Polar Arrays

When you create a polar array, the array is drawn counterclockwise or clockwise,
depending on whether you enter a positive or a negative value for the angle to fill.
The radius of the array is determined by the distance from the specified center
point to a reference or base point on the last selected object. You can use the
default reference point (usually an arbitrary point that coincides with a snap point),
or you can specify a new base point to be used as the reference point.

Array in 3D

With 3DARRAY, you can create a rectangular array or a polar array of objects in
3D. In addition to specifying the number of columns (X direction) and rows (Y
direction), you also specify the number of levels (Z direction).

Limit the Size of Arrays

If you specify a very large number of rows and columns for an array, AutoCAD may
take a long time to create the copies. By default, the number of array elements that
can be generated by one command is limited to 100,000. This limit is controlled by
the MaxArray setting in the registry. You can change the limit by setting the
MaxArray system registry variable using (setenv "MaxArray" "n") where n is a
number between 100 and 10000000 (ten million).

14 Circle command
Type<c> enter
Specify center of the circle

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 Specify the radius and enter

To enter a command by using the keyboard, type the full command name on the
command line and press ENTER or SPACEBAR, or right-click your pointing
device. Some commands also have abbreviated names. For example, instead of
entering circle to start the CIRCLE command, you can enter c. Abbreviated
command names are called command aliases and are defined in the acad.pgp file.
To define your own command aliases, see Create Command Aliases .

Specify Command Options

When you enter commands on the command line, AutoCAD displays either a set
of options or a dialog box. For example, when you enter circle at the Command
prompt, the following prompt is displayed: Specify center point for circle or
[3P/2P/Ttr (tan, tan, radius)]: You can specify the center point either by entering
X,Y coordinate values or by using the pointing device to click a point on the screen.
To choose a different option, enter the letters capitalized in one of the options in
the brackets. You can enter uppercase or lowercase letters. For example, to choose
the three-point option (3P), enter 3p.

15 Solid command
Type<so> enter
Specify first point
Specify second, third and fourth points etc

To create a 2D solid object

1. At the Command prompt, enter solid.

2. Specify the first point.

3. Specify the second point, moving left to right.

4. Continue to specify points. Press ENTER when the object is complete.

When you create a quadrilateral solid-filled area, the sequence of the third and
fourth points determines its shape. Compare the following illustrations:Notice that
to create the quadrilateral area, both the top and bottom edges are specified from
left to right. If you specify the first point on the right and the second point on the
left, then the third and fourth points should also be in a right-to-left direction. As
you continue to specify pairs of points, be sure to continue this zigzag sequence to

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 ensure the results you expect.

Command line SOLID

16 Pan command
Type<p>enter
Hold the left mouse button without releasing at the same time move the mouse

You can shift the location of your view by using PAN or by using the window scroll
bars. With the Realtime option, you pan dynamically by moving your pointing
device. Like panning with a camera, PAN does not change the location or
magnification of objects on your drawing; it changes only the view.

By right-clicking, you can display a shortcut menu with additional viewing options.

17 Dimensions
Set dimension style
Linear
Aligned
Angular
Continue
baseline

Set dimension style

When you create a dimension, the current dimension style is associated with that
dimension. The dimension retains this dimension style unless you apply a new
dimension style to it or set up dimension style overrides. You can modify existing
dimensions by applying a different dimension style. If you make changes to a
dimension style, you can choose whether to update the dimensions associated with
that dimension style. You can restore an existing dimension style or apply the
current dimension style, including any dimension style overrides, to selected
dimensions.
Linear

Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, or aligned. With aligned dimensions,

the dimension line is parallel to the line (imaginary or real) between the extension
line origins. Baseline (or parallel) and continued (or chain) dimensions are series of
consecutive dimensions that are based on a linear dimension.

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Aligned
In aligned dimensions, the dimension line is parallel to the extension line origins.
The illustration shows two examples of aligned dimensioning. The object is selected
(1), and the location of the aligned dimension is specified (2). The extension lines
are drawn automatically.

Angular

Angular dimensions measure the angle between two lines or three points. To
measure the angle between two radii of a circle, you select the circle and specify the
angle endpoints. With other objects, you select the objects and then specify the
dimension location. You can also dimension an angle by specifying the angle vertex
and endpoints. As you create the dimension, you can modify the text content and
alignment before specifying the dimension line location.

Note You can create baseline and continued angular dimensions relative to
existing angular dimensions. Baseline and continued angular dimensions are
limited to 180 degrees or less. To obtain baseline and continued angular
dimensions larger than 180 degrees, use grip editing to stretch the location of the
extension line of an existing baseline or continued dimension.

Dimension Lines

If you use two straight, nonparallel lines to specify an angle, the dimension line arc
spans the angle between the two lines. If the dimension line arc does not meet one
or both of the lines being dimensioned, AutoCAD draws one or two extension
lines to intersect the dimension line arc. The arc is always less than 180 degrees.

Dimension Circles and Arcs

If you use an arc or a circle or three points to specify an angle, AutoCAD draws the
dimension line arc between the extension lines. The extension lines are drawn from
the angle endpoints to the intersection of the dimension line arc.

AutoCAD uses the location you specify for the dimension line arc to choose
between the minor and major angles specified by the angle vertex and the extension
lines.

Continue

Baseline dimensions are multiple dimensions measured from the same baseline.
Continued dimensions are multiple dimensions placed end to end. You must
create a linear, aligned, or angular dimension before you create baseline or
continued dimensions. You create baseline dimensions incrementally from the

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 most recently created dimension in the current session.

Baseline

Baseline dimensions are multiple dimensions measured from the same baseline.
Continued dimensions are multiple dimensions placed end to end. You must
create a linear, aligned, or angular dimension before you create baseline or
continued dimensions. You create baseline dimensions incrementally from the
most recently created dimension in the current session. Both baseline and
continued dimensions are measured from the previous extension line unless you
specify another point as the point of origin.

18 Match properties

You can copy some or all properties of one object to other objects using Match
Properties. The types of properties that can be copied include, but are not limited to,
color, layer, linetype, linetype scale, lineweight, plot style, and thickness.

By default, all applicable properties are automatically copied from the first object you
selected to the other objects. If you don't want a specific property or properties to be
copied, use the Settings option to suppress the copying of that property. You can
choose the Settings option at any time during the command.

19 Text

After you create multiline text, you can use the Properties palette to change

 Text style assignment

 Justification
 Width
 Rotation

 Line spacing

In addition, you can use the Multiline Text Editor to modify individual formatting,
such as boldface and underlining and to change the width of the multiline text
object.

Change Text Location

You can use grips to quickly move multiline text or to resize the line width. A

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 multiline text object has grips at the four corners of the text boundary and, in some
cases, at the justification point. Commands such as DIMLINEAR or LEADER create
multiline text automatically without requiring that a bounding box be specified;
these objects have only a single grip at the justification point. If you use the
Properties palette to move multiline text, you can edit content and change properties
at the same time.

Find and Replace Text

To quickly search for and replace text word by word, use the find and replace feature
in the Multiline Text Editor. Replacement is based on text content only; character
formatting and text properties are not changed.

20 layers

Because everything in your drawing is associated with a layer, it's likely that in the
course of planning and creating a drawing, you'll need to change what you place on a
layer or how you view the layers in combination. You can

 Reassign objects from one layer to another

 Change the name of a layer

 Change the default color, linetype, or other properties of the layer

Reassigning an object to a different layer is useful if you create an object on the wrong
layer or decide to change your layer organization. Unless the color, linetype, or other
properties of the object have been set explicitly, an object that you reassign to a
different layer will acquire the properties of that layer.

You can change layer properties in the Layer Properties Manager and in the Layer
control. Click the icons to change settings. Layer names and colors can be changed
only in the Layer Properties Manager, not the Layer control.

Undo Changes to Layer Settings

You can use Layer Previous to undo changes you make to layer settings. For example,
if you freeze several layers and change some of the geometry in a drawing, and then
want to thaw the frozen layers, you can do this with a single command, without
affecting the geometry changes. In another example, if you changed the color and
linetype of several layers but later decide you prefer the old properties, you can use

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 Layer Previous to undo the changes and restore the original layer settings.

When you use Layer Previous, it undoes the most recent change or set of changes
made using either the Layer control or the Layer Properties Manager. Every change
you make to layer settings is tracked and can be undone with Layer Previous. You can
use LAYERPMODE to suspend layer property tracking when you don't need it, such
as when you run large scripts. There is a modest performance gain in turning off Layer
Previous tracking.

Layer Previous does not undo the following changes:

 Renamed layers. If you rename a layer and change its properties, Layer
Previous restores the original properties but not the original layer name.

 Deleted layers. If you delete or purge a layer, using Layer Previous does not
restore it.

 Added layers. If you add a new layer to a drawing, using Layer Previous does
not remove it.

21 Stretching

Type <s> enter, select object to stretch and enter, specify base point of
displacement, enter, specify displacement distance (dimension)

You can resize objects to make them longer or shorter in only one direction or to
make them proportionally larger or smaller. You can also stretch certain objects To
stretch an object, you specify a base point and then a point of displacement.
Because stretching moves the endpoints that lie within the crossing selection
window, you must select the object with a crossing selection. To stretch with greater
accuracy, you can combine grip editing with object snaps, grid snaps, and relative
coordinate entry. By moving an endpoint, vertex, or control point.

22 Scale

Type <sc> enter, select objects to scale and enter ,specify base point, specify scale
factor and enter.

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 With scaling you can make an object larger or smaller, but you cannot alter its
proportions. You can scale it by specifying a base point and a length, which is used
as a scale factor based on the current drawing units, or by entering a scale factor.
You can also specify the current length and a new length for the object. Scaling
changes the size of all dimensions of the selected object. A scale factor greater than
1 enlarges the object. A scale factor less than 1 shrinks the object. You can also
scale by reference. Scaling by reference uses an existing measurement as a basis for
the new size. To scale by reference, specify the current measurement and then the
new desired size. For example, if one side of an object is 4.8 units long and you
want to expand it to 7.5 units, use 4.8 as the reference length.

You can use the Reference option to scale an entire drawing. For example, use this
option when the original drawing units need to be changed. Select all objects in the
drawing. Then use Reference to select two points and specify the intended distance.
All the objects in the drawing are scaled accordingly.

23 leaders

Type<le> enter, specify first leader point, specify next point, specify text height and
enter, type the text and enter.

You can create a leader line from any point or feature in a drawing and control
its appearance as you draw. Leaders can be straight line segments or smooth
spline curves. Leader color is controlled by the current dimension line color.
Leader scale is controlled by the overall dimension scale set in the current
dimension style. The type and size of arrowhead, if one is present, is controlled
by the first arrowhead defined in the current dimension style.

Associate Leaders with Objects

When the associative dimensioning is turned on ( DIMASSOC), the leader

arrowhead can be associated with a location on an object using an object snap. If
the object is relocated, the arrowhead remains attached to the object and the
leader line stretches, but the multiline text remains in place.

24. Polylines

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A polyline is a connected sequence of line segments created as a single object. You
can create straight line segments, arc segments, or a combination of the two.
Multisegmented lines provide editing capabilities unavailable for single lines. For
example, you can adjust their width and curvature. After you've created a polyline,
you can edit it with PEDIT or use EXPLODE to convert it to individual line and
arc segments. You can

 Convert a spline-fit polyline into a true spline with SPLINE

 Use closed polylines to create a polygon

 Create a polyline from the boundaries of overlapping objects

Create Arc Polylines

When you draw arc segments in a polyline, the first point of the arc is the
endpoint of the previous segment. You can specify the angle, center point,
direction, or radius of the arc. You can also complete the arc by specifying a
second point and an endpoint.

Create Closed Polylines

You can draw a closed polyline to create a polygon. To close a polyline, specify the
starting point of the last side of the object, enter c (Close), and press ENTER.

Create Wide Polylines

You can draw polylines of various widths by using the Width and Halfwidth
options. You can set the width of individual segments and make them taper
gradually from one width to another. These options become available after you
specify a starting point for the polyline. The Width and Halfwidth options set the
width of the next polyline segments you draw. Zero (0) width produces a thin line.
Widths greater than zero produce wide lines, which are filled if Fill mode is on
and outlined if Fill mode is off. The Halfwidth option sets width by specifying the
distance from the center of the wide polyline to an outside edge.

Taper

When you use the Width option, AutoCAD prompts for both a starting and an
ending width. By entering different values, you can taper the polyline. The starting
and ending points of wide polyline segments are in the center of the line.
Intersections of adjacent wide segments are usually beveled. However, AutoCAD
does not bevel nontangent arc segments, acute angles, or segments that use a dash-
dot linetype.

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 Create Polylines from the Boundaries of Objects

You can create a polyline from the boundaries of overlapping objects that form a
closed area. A polyline created using the boundary method is a separate object,
distinct from the objects used to create it. You can edit it using the same methods
used to edit other polylines.

To expedite the boundary selection process in large or complex drawings, you can
specify a group of boundary candidates, called a boundary set. You create this set
by selecting the objects you want AutoCAD to examine as it defines the boundary.

25 Spline

AutoCAD uses a particular type of spline known as a nonuniform rational B-spline

(NURBS) curve. A NURBS curve produces a smooth curve between control points.
Splines are useful for creating irregularly shaped curves, for example, drawing
contour lines for geographic information system (GIS) applications or automobile
designs. You create splines by specifying points. You can close the spline so that the
start and endpoints are coincident and tangent.

Tolerance describes how closely the spline fits the set of fit points you specify. The
lower the tolerance, the more closely the spline fits the points. At zero tolerance, the
spline passes through the points. You can change the spline-fitting tolerance while
drawing the spline to see the effect.

With AutoCAD, there are two methods for creating splines:

 Create spline curves with the Spline option of PEDIT to smooth existing
polylines created with PLINE. Such spline-fit polylines are created with
uniform knot vectors and are more likely to be included in drawings created
with earlier versions of AutoCAD.

 Create splines, which are NURBS curves, with SPLINE. Drawings

containing splines use less memory and disk space than those containing
spline-fit polylines of similar shape.

You can easily convert spline-fit polylines into true splines with SPLINE.

27 Grips

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 Small squares that appear on objects you select. After selecting the grip, you edit
the object by dragging it with the pointing device instead of entering commands.

Grips are small squares that appear at strategic points on objects selected with a
pointing device. You can drag these grips to edit objects directly and quickly.

 You can drag grips to perform stretch, move, rotate, scale, or mirror
operations. You choose the editing operation to be performed by specifying
a grip mode.
 You can create multiple copies of objects as you modify them with any of
the grip modes.

28. Lengthening

You can resize objects to make them longer or shorter in only one direction or to
make them proportionally larger or smaller. You can also stretch certain objects by
moving an endpoint, vertex, or control point.

Lengthen Objects

You can change the included angle of arcs and the length of some objects. You can
change the length of open lines, arcs, open polylines, elliptical arcs, and open
splines. The results are similar to extending and trimming. You can alter length in
several ways:

Dragging an object endpoint (dynamically)

 Specifying a new length or angle as a percentage of the total length or

angle
 Specifying an incremental length or angle measured from an endpoint

 Specifying the object's total absolute length or included angle

28 . Isometrics

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 The Isometric Snap/Grid mode helps you create 2D isometric images that
represent 3D objects.

By setting the Isometric Snap/Grid, you can easily align objects along one of
three isometric planes; however, although the isometric drawing appears to
be 3D, it is actually a 2D representation. Therefore, you cannot expect to
extract 3D distances and areas, display objects from different viewpoints, or
remove hidden lines automatically.

 Set Isometric Grid and Snap

Simulate a 3D object from a particular viewpoint by aligning along three
major axes.
 Draw Isometric Circles
Represent circles on isometric planes using ellipses.

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