1. Introduction:.

1.1 WHAT IS HVAC?

We have probably heard of the term from different contractors, engineers, or perhaps
colleagues and business partners; but you’re still wondering what the initialism means. Well,
HVAC (“H-V-A-C” or “H-VAK”) stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning—three
closely related fundamental functions found in homes, offices, and other building structures.

The beginning of HVAC is not clear, though as early as second century, a lot of Roman cities
were using a central heating system known as hypocaust. This is further popularized during
the Industrial Revolution as big factories used it. Now most modern buildings that you see
have integrated HVAC.

The HVAC system is also known as climate control. This is because these three functions are
essential in maintaining comfort in every dwelling.

The primary use of HVAC is to regulate room temperature, humidity, and air flow, ensuring
that such elements remain within their acceptable ranges. Effective control of such factors
minimizes health-related risks.

1.2 THREE FUNCTIONS OF HVAC

1.2.1 Heating

It is significant in maintaining adequate room temperature especially during colder weather

conditions. There are two classifications of heating: local and central. The latter is more
commonly used because it is more economical. Furnace or boiler, heat pump, and radiator
make up the heating system.
1.2.2 Ventilation,

On the other hand, is associated with air movement. There are many types of ventilation, but
they all function similarly. Ventilation is necessary to allow carbon dioxide to go out and
oxygen to get in, making sure that people are inhaling fresh air. Stagnant air causes the
spreading of sickness, usually airborne, and allergies. But it is also essential to maintain an
efficient ventilation system, especially in the attics. Insufficient ventilation usually promotes
the growth of bacteria and fungi such as molds because of high humidity. It will also decrease
the effectiveness of rafter and roof sheathing insulation because of water vapor
condensation.

1.2.3 The air-conditioning

system controls the heat as well as ventilation. They often come in different sizes. Most air
conditioners have large air ducts, so it is better to check out the building first to see if they
can be installed. Or else, you can use the split system or remote coils. It is necessary, though,
that air ducts are properly cleaned. Pathogens thrive in dirty air ducts. Return-air grills are
also vulnerable to chemical, microbiological, and radiological elements. Thus, HVAC return-
air grill height should be that it is not accessible but visible for any observation.

1.3 History of HVAC

The Greeks or the Romans were a smarter and they had some or the other means to bring
them thermal comfort. Let’s take a quick look as what form of HVAC system our history had,
if there were any. We definitely won’t find anything similar or even near to the technology
we use nowadays but there must be some form of comfort providing system.

1.4 NEED of HVAC

A very humid atmosphere impairs the body’s ability to regulate body temperature as it
prevents the evaporation of sweat. High humidity also decreases physical strength, which
usually leads to fatigue. An unhealthy surrounding can also affect people’s thinking abilities.
Hypothermia, heat stroke, and hyperpyrexia, among others, are some of the illnesses that
may also occur.

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems provide the people working inside
the buildings with “conditioned air” so that they will have a comfortable safe working
environment. People respond to their work environment in many ways and many factors
affect their health, attitude and productivity. “Air quality” and the “condition of the air” are
two very important factors. By “conditioned air” and “good air quality”, we mean that air
should be clean and odor-free and the temperature, humidity, and movement of air will be
within certain acceptable comfort ranges.

ASHRAE, the America Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, has
established standards which outline indoor comfort conditions that are thermally acceptable
to 80% or more of commercial building’s occupants. Generally, these comfort conditions,
sometimes called the “comfort zone”, are between 68°F and 75°F (20°C and 23.89°C) for
winters and 73°F to 78°F (22.78°C and 25.56°C) during the summers. Both these ranges are
for room air at approximately 50% Relative humidity and moving at a slow speed (velocity) of
30 feet per minute or less.
1.5 HOW AN HVAC SYSTEM WORKS

Filter

figure.1.SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

1.5 PARTS of HVAC Systems

An HVAC system is simply a group of components working together to move heat to where
it is wanted (the conditioned space) or remove heat from where it is not wanted (the
conditioned space), and put it where it is unobjectionable (the outside air).

The components in a typical HVAC system consists:

1. Fan: An indoor fan (blower) is to circulate the supply and return air.

2. Supply Air Ducts: Supply air ductwork in which the air flows from the fan to the room.
3. Air Distribution Devices: Air devices such as supply air outlets and return air inlets.
4. Return Air Duct: Return air ductwork in which the air flows back from the room to the
mixed air chamber.
5. Mixed Air Chamber: A mixed air chamber to receive the return air and mix it with outside
air.
6. Outside Air Device: An outside air device such as louver, opening or duct to allow for the
entrance of outside air into the mixed air plenum.
7. Filter Section: A filter section to remove dirt and dust particles from the air.
8. Heat exchangers such as refrigerant evaporator and condenser coil for cooling, and a
furnace for heating.
9. A compressor to compress the refrigerant vapor and pump the refrigerant around the
refrigeration system.
2. Scope
2.1.HEATING LOAD Calculations : -
heating load calculations are carried out to estimate the heat loss from the building in
winter so as to arrive at required heating capacities. Normally during winter months the
peak heating load occurs before sunrise and the outdoor conditions do not vary significantly
throughout the winter season. In addition, internal heat sources such as occupants or
appliances are beneficial as they compensate some of the heat losses. As a result, normally,
the heat load calculations are carried out assuming steady state conditions (no solar
radiation and steady outdoor conditions) and neglecting internal heat sources. This is a
simple but conservative approach that leads to slight overestimation of the heating
capacity. For more accurate estimation of heating loads, one has to take into account the
thermal capacity of the walls and internal heat sources, which makes the problem more
complicated.
2.1.1 Purpose :-
Accurate load calculations have a direct impact on energy efficiency, occupant comfort,
indoor air quality, and building durability.The loads modeled by the heating and cooling load
calculation process will dictate the equipment selection and duct design to deliver
conditioned air to the rooms of the house.

2.2. Scope Heating load Calculation:-

The heating load calculation depends upon the following step given as:
 Heat through wall
 Heat through window
 Heat through glass
 Heat through ventilation
 Heat through Equipment
 Heat through lightning
 Heat through people

2.3.DESIGNING OF DUCT COMPONENTS & MATERIALS:

The air distribution system will have a designation depending on the function of the duct.
Broadly, there are five designations of ducts:
1. Supply air ductwork supplies conditioned air from the air handling unit to the conditioned
area.
2. Return air ductwork removes air from the conditioned building spaces and returns the air
to the air handling unit, which reconditions the air. In some cases, part of the return air in this
ductwork is exhausted to the building exterior.
3. Fresh air ductwork supplies outdoor air to the air handling unit. Outdoor air is used for
ventilating the occupied building space.
4. Exhaust (relief) air ductwork carries and discharges air to the outdoors. Exhaust air is taken
from toilets, kitchen, laboratories and other areas requiring ventilation.
5. Mixed air ductwork mixes air from the outdoor air and the return air then supplies this
mixed air to the air handling unit.
Figure.2.Schematic diagram of HVAC RTU Ducting
3. METHODS

3.1.HEATING LOAD : -
The heating load is the amount of heat energy that would need to be
added to a space to maintain the temperature in an acceptable range. The cooling load is the
amount of heat energy that would need to be removed from a space (cooling) to maintain
the temperature in an acceptable range.

3.1.2.AIM -
Accurate load calculations have a direct impact on energy efficiency, occupant comfort,
indoor air quality, and building durability. ... The loads modeled by the heating and
cooling load calculation process will dictate the equipment selection and duct design to
deliver conditioned air to the rooms of the house.

3.1.3 Calculation of Heating load:-

The heating load calculation depends upon the following step given as:
 Heat through wall
 Heat through window
 Heat through glass
 Heat through ventilation
 Heat through Equipment
 Heat through lightning
 Heat through people

3.1.4. Procedure of Heat Load Calculations:

1. Collect architect drawings for the building giving all details and dimensions of walls,
floors, windows, etc. If such drawings are not available, survey the place and get the
particulars.
2. For every application, there are certain things which the ultimate user has to specify.
These are
a) Temperature & humidity conditions to be maintained inside the space and
tolerance.
b) Occupancy – i.e. maximum no. of people likely to occupy the space and the nature
of their activity.
c) Lighting load and other internal source of heat generation.
d) Period of operation – e.g. 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. or 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. etc.
 e) For industrial application you require the HP load in the conditioned space and
diversity factor thereon.

3.1.5. Calculated Results

North side calculation
Qvent 2823.65 Btu/hr

Qwall 4248 Btu/hr

Qdoor 1065.54 Btu/hr

Qwindow 0 Btu/hr

Table.1. North side calculation

East side calculation

Qvent 1069.33 Btu/hr

Qwall 2259.93 Btu/hr

Qdoor 0 Btu/hr

Qwindow 2124.3 Btu/hr

Table.2. East side calculation

South side calculation

Qvent 3357.91 Btu/hr

Qwall 4885.26 Btu/hr

Qdoor 743.4 Btu/hr

Qwindow 4248 Btu/hr

Qglass 3964.8 Btu/hr

Table.3. south side calculation

West side calculation
Qvent 2208.9 Btu/hr

Qwall 0 Btu/hr

Qdoor 0 Btu/hr

Qwindow 0 Btu/hr

Table.4. west side calculation

3.1.6 Total heating load :

Q total =Qeast +Qwest+Qsouth+Qwest+Qfloor+Qslab
=32931.56+2208+17199.37+2208+200845+4970
=266291.23 Btu/hr

3.1.7.Losses :
Loss due to duct heat transfer = 3% of total load =266291.23 x 0.03 =7988.736 Btu/hr
Loss due to duct leakage = 8% of total load =266291.23 x 0.08= 21303.29 Btu/hr
Pick up factor =20% of total load =266291.23x 0.2=53258.246 Btu
Total load = 266291.23+7988.736+21303.29+53258.246
T .L = 43087.836 Btu/hr

3.1.7.Total Load with losses

=266291.23+43087.836 =309378.7Btu/hr

3.2.Cooling Load:
The total building cooling load consists of heat transferred through the building envelope
(walls, roof, floor, windows, doors etc.) and heat generated by occupants, equipment, and
lights. The load due to heat transfer through the envelope is called as external load, while all
other loads are called as internal loads. The percentage of external versus internal load varies
with building type, site climate, and building design. The total cooling load on any building
consists of both sensible as well as latent load components. The sensible load affects the dry
bulb temperature, while the latent load affects the moisture content of the conditioned
space.

3.2.1 Assumptions behind design cooling load:

1. Design outside conditions are selected from a long-term statistical database. The conditions
will not necessarily represent any actual year, but are representative of the location of the
building. Design data for outside conditions for various locations of the world have been
collected and are available in tabular form in various handbooks.
2. The load on the building due to solar radiation is estimated for clear sky conditions.
3. The building occupancy is assumed to be at full design capacity.
4. All building equipment and appliances are considered to be operating at a reasonably
representative capacity.

3.2.2 Parameters of cooling Load calculation:

a) Heat transfer through opaque surfaces:
This is a sensible heat transfer process. The heat transfer rate through opaque surfaces such
as walls, roof, floor, doors etc. is given by:
Qopaque =U.A. CLTD

b) Heat transfer due to infiltration:

Heat transfer due to infiltration consists of both sensible as well as latent components. The
sensible heat transfer rate due to infiltration is given by:

c)Heat Transfer Calculation for People

Heat calculation through people are shown below. Heat transfer through people consist of
two parts which are sensible and latent part
People Q sensible = N (QS) (CLF) Q latent = N (QL) Where
• N = number of people in space from ASHRAE,
• QS, QL = Sensible and Latent heat gain from occupancy
d) Internal loads due to equipment and appliances:

The equipment and appliances used in the conditioned space may add both sensible as well
as latent loads to the conditioned space. Again, the sensible load may be in the form of
radiation and/or convection

e)ROOF

The basic conduction equation for heat gain is q = U A ∆T.

Where • q = Heat gain in Btu/hr
• U = Thermal Transmittance for roof in Btu/hr.ft².°F

• A = area of roof in ft2

• ∆T = Temperature difference in °F The heat gain is converted to cooling load using the room
transfer functions (sol-air temperature) for the rooms with light, medium and heavy thermal
characteristics. The equation is modified as Q = U * A * (CLTD) Where
• Q = cooling load, Btu/hr
• U = Coefficient of heat transfer roof or wall or glass, Btu/hr.ft².°F
• A = area of roof, ft2
• CLTD = cooling load temperature difference °F.

f)WALLS

The cooling load from walls is treated in a similar way as roof:

Q Wall = U * A * CLTD Wall Corrected Where
• Q Wall = Load through the walls in Btu/hr
• U = Thermal Transmittance for walls in Btu/ (h ft2 F)
• A = area of walls in ft2
• CLTD = Cooling Load Temperature Difference for walls in °F

g)Lights

The primary source of heat from lighting comes from light-emitting elements. Calculation of
this load component is not straightforward; the rate of heat gain at any given moment can be
quite different from the heat equivalent of power supplied instantaneously to those lights

Generally, the instantaneous rate of heat gain from electric lighting may be calculated from:
Q = 3.41 x W x FUT x FSA
Cooling load factors are used to convert instantaneous heat gain from lighting to the sensible
cooling load; thus the equation is modified to Q = 3.41 x W x FUT x FSA x (CLF) Where
• W = Watts input from electrical lighting plan or lighting load data
• FUT = Lighting use factor, as appropriate • FSA = special ballast allowance factor, as
appropriate
• CLF = Cooling Load Factor, by hour of occupancy. See 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals,

h)Infiltration

Air Q sensible = 1.08 x CFM x (To – Ti)

Q latent = 4840 x CFM x (Wo – Wi)
Q total = 4.5 x CFM x (ho – hi) Where
• CFM = Infiltration air flow rate.
• To, Ti = Outside/Inside dry bulb temperature, °F
• Wo, Wi = Outside/Inside humidity ratio, lb water/lb dry air
• ho, hi = Outside/Inside air enthalpy, Btu per lb (dry air)

3.3 Duct Calculation:

First step is to calculate Qs which is calculated by adding the walls which is facing the duct
and then CFM are calculated by the given equation. After calculating CFM, the graph shown
in figure 1 is used to find out friction loss per 100 ft by diameter of duct and CFM.
 Figure 3.Heat loss hL

3.3.1.Duct Work Designing:

A well-designed ductwork system should deliver maximum interior comfort at the lowest
operating cost while also preserving indoor air quality.
The chief requirements of an air conditioning duct system are:
Equal friction method uses a duct slide rule, duct calculator, or friction rate chart to determine
the relationship between duct size and air flow, i.e. how much air will come out of a given size
duct. The methodology is as follows:
a. Select maximum air velocity in main duct after fan outlet.
b. Enter the friction chart knowing the cfm and velocity to determine the friction rate per 100
feet of duct length and select the diameter (refer to chart below).
c. From the friction rate obtained in the previous step, use the same value to determine
diameters for all other sections of the ductwork.
d. The total friction loss in the duct system is then calculated by multiplying the friction loss
per 100-foot of length to the equivalent length of the most critical path of the ductwork
having maximum resistance.

3.4.Results and calculation:

Area Diameter Length Flow rate Q(CFM)

Duct(a) 12 in. 14 Qs=104949.9
Duct(b) 12 in. 14 Qs=105669.9
Du

ct(c) 12 in. 4 Qs=101421.9

Duct(d) 12 in. 4 Qs=102114.9
Table 5 Left zone duct calculation

Duct D
(in.) Q(CFM) Friction loss hL Length Heat loss HL
Duct(a)
12 7475.064 10.42 per 100 ft 14 1.458
Duct(b)
12 7526.34 10.562 per 100 ft 14 1.47
Duct(c)
12 7223.78 9.738 per 100 ft 4 0.398
Duct(d)
12 7275.06 9.876 per 100 ft 4 0.395
Table 6 Results of left side zone
 Area
Diameter Length Flow rate Q(CFM)
Duct(e) 12 in. 2.5 ft Qs=104826
Duct(f) 12 in. 2.5 ft Qs=102450.924
Duct(g) 9 in. 10 ft Qs=10291
Duct(h) 9 in. 4 ft Qs=14539
Duct(i) 6 in. 16 ft Qs=12163
Duct(j) 12 in. 12 ft Qs=106698.924
Table 7 Right zone duct calculation

Duct D Q(CFM) Friction loss hL Length Heat loss HL

Duct(e) 12 in. 7466.305 10.396 per 100 ft 2.5 0.26

Duct(f) 12 in. 7297.07 9.935 per 100 ft 2.5 0.248

Duct(g) 9 in. 732.97 0.491 per 100 ft 10 0.0491

Duct(h) 9 in. 1035.5 0.955 per 100 ft 4 0.038

Duct(i) 6 in. 866.31 5.42 per 100 ft 16 0.868

Duct(j) 12 in. 7599.638 10.76 per 100 ft 12 1.29

Table 8 Results of right side zone

4.Final Design and calculation:
4.1.Heating Load Design:

Detail of Project :

Latitude 390

Internal temperature 70 0F

External Temperature 11 0F

4.1.1 CALCULATION OF HEATING LOAD

Wall
Applying the formula U=(1/R) we get , U(1/16.41)=0.06

Uwall =0.06 (Btu/h*f*ft2)

A=3200 sq.ft

Adoor=(3*7’)=21 sq.ft

Awindiwr=(5’*7’)=35 sq.ft

Awallr=(75’*16’)=1200 sq.ft

The Walls Heating Load

Qwall =U*A*(to-ti) =(0.06*1200*59)=4248 Btu/hr

Qwall= 4248 Btu/hr

Roof
Finding the R value for the roof from table 7-1 and the roof area from

R=5.0 h*F.ft2 /Btu/in (x3 in) =15 h*F*ft2 /Btu

Uroof=(1/R)=1.066 Btu/h*F*ft2/Btu

Aroof = 3200 sq.ft

The roof heating load

Qroof = Uroof *Aroof *(to-ti) =1.066 *3200 *59 = 201260.8 Btu/hr
Qroof =27136.87 Btu/hr

Slab floor
Finding the Fs from table 7.5 and the perimeter of the building

Fs =0.36

Phldu =2(L+W)=234

The slab floor heating load

Qslab = Fs *Pbldg* (to-ti)= (0.36 *234*59)=4970.16 Btu/hr

Door
Finding the back door area and the U-factor from table 7-1

A door = (7*3)=21 sq.ft

U door =0.43 Btu/h*F*ft2/Btu

The back door Heating load

Q doors = U door * Area *(to-ti)= 2(0.43 *21*59)=1065.54 Btu/hr

Q doors = 1065.54 Btu/hr

Ventilation /Infiltration

Finding CFM from the equation and the store dimensions

Through door

A door = 21*2 sq.ft =42 sq.ft

Q inf/ven = Q L+ Q s

Q s =1.1 *CFM*(to-ti)=1.1*42*59 =2725.8 Btu/hr

Q L =0.68 *CFM*(Wo-Wi)=0.68*42*3.4 =97.11 Btu/hr

Q Inf/ven = 2725.8+97.11= 2822.91 Btu/hr

North side calculation
Qvent 2823.65 Btu/hr

Qwall 4248 Btu/hr

Qdoor 1065.54 Btu/hr

Qwindow 0 Btu/hr

Table.9. North side calculation

East side calculation

Qvent 1069.33 Btu/hr

Qwall 2259.93 Btu/hr

Qdoor 0 Btu/hr

Qwindow 2124.3 Btu/hr

Table.10. East side calculation

South side calculation

Qvent 3357.91 Btu/hr

Qwall 4885.26 Btu/hr

Qdoor 743.4 Btu/hr

Qwindow 4248 Btu/hr

Qglass 3964.8 Btu/hr

Table.11. south side calculation

West side calculation
Qvent 2208.9 Btu/hr

Qwall 0 Btu/hr

Qdoor 0 Btu/hr

Qwindow 0 Btu/hr

Table.12. west side calculation

4.2. Total heating load :

Q total =Qeast +Qwest+Qsouth+Qwest+Qfloor+Qslab
=32931.56+2208+17199.37+2208+200845+4970.16
=266291.23 Btu/hr

4.3.Calculation for Losses :

Loss due to duct heat transfer = 3% of total load =266291.23 x 0.03 =7988.736 Btu/hr
Loss due to duct leakage = 8% of total load =266291.23 x 0.08= 21303.29 Btu/hr
Pick up factor =20% of total load =266291.23x 0.2=53258.246 Btu/hr
Total load = 266291.23+7988.736+21303.29+53258.246

T .L = 43087.836 Btu/hr
4.2. Cooling Load Design

4.2.1. Load Calculation for Left Side

Climatic

Lat. Elev. Heating Cooling

Location (MWB)
(N) (Ft) (F)

Baltimore 39 154 11 75

Condition and Location

Table 1 Initial Condition for Heat Load Designing

The plan of WEST STREET VIDEO is shown in figure 2. Left side measure about 1600
sft. Having dimension of 40’x40’.

 Heat Transfer through Roof

Roof description is given in this table. Some values are extracted from the table
which reflect the WEST STREET VIDEO roof description.
 DESCRIPTION WEIGHT U-VALUE CLTD
(lb/ft2) (BTU/h*ft2*℉ )

4-in. heavy concrete with 1 or 2- 54 0.090 38

in. insulation (Suspended Ceiling)

Table 13. From Table 6.1 CLTD CALCULATION

CLTDc = CLTD+(78-ti)+(tm-85) = 38+(78-70)+(83.5-85) = 44.5 ℉

Q roof = U*A* CLTDc = 0.090*1600*4.5 = 648 BTU/hr

Qroof = 648 Btu/hr

Store Ventilation/Infiltration Heating Load
CFM = ACH*V/60

Assuming ACH = 0.5 for tight construction we get,

CFM = 0.5*40*40*18/60= 240

Q sen = 1.08*CFM*(to- ti) = 1.08*240*(93-70) = 5961.6 BTU/hr

Q lat = 0.68*CFM*(Wo- Wi) = 0.68*240*(83-75) = 1305.6 BTU/hr

Q TOTAL = 5961.6 +1305.6 = 7267.2 BTU/hr

Qvent=7267.2 Btu/hr

Heat Load calculation for Wall

WALL FACING GROUP DESCRIPTION U-VALUE CLTD
(BTU/h*ft2*℉)

N A Insulation of air 0.200 10

space+8-in common
brick

S A Insulation of air 0.200 15

space+8-in common
brick

W A Insulation of air 0.200 18

space+8-in common
brick

Table.14. Wall Insulation

.

For North Wall:

CLTD =10 ℉

ti = 70 ℉

tm = to-DR/2 = 93-19/2 = 83.5 ℉

A = 40*18 = 720 ft2

CLTDc = CLTD+(78-ti) +(tm-85) = 10+(78-70) +(83.5-85) = 16.5

QN = U*A* CLTDc = 0.200*720*16.5 = 2376 BTU/hr

For South Wall:

CLTD =15 ℉

ti = 70 ℉

tm = to-DR/2 = 93-19/2 = 83.5 ℉

A = 40*18 = 720 ft2

CLTDc = CLTD+(78-ti) +(tm-85) = 15+(78-70) +(83.5-85) = 21.5 ℉

QS = U*A* CLTDc = 0.200*720*21.5 = 3096 BTU/hr

For West Wall:

CLTD =18 ℉

ti = 70 ℉

tm = to-DR/2 = 93-19/2 = 83.5 ℉

A = 40*18 = 720 ft2

CLTDc = CLTD+(78-ti)+(tm-85) = 18+(78-70)+(83.5-85) = 24.5 ℉

QW = U*A* CLTDc = 0.200*720*24.5 = 3528 BTU/hr

After calculating the load due to walls of different spacing, all the loads are added to get
resultant value which is as shown below.

Q walls = QN + QS + QW = 2376 + 3096 + 3528 = 9000 BTU/hr

Qwall=9000 Btu/hr

Heat Transfer Calculation for Equipment

Assuming W equip = 11600

W light = 24*80 = 1920

CLF = 1

Fbal = 1 for fluorescent light

W equip = 11600 from table 6.16

Q sen = 3.412*CLF*W equip = 3.412*1*11600 =39579.2 BTU/hr

Q lat = 3.412*CLF*F bal*W light = 3.412*1*1*1920 = 6551.04 BTU/hr

Q TOTAL = 39579.2+6551.04 = 46130.04 BTU/hr

QEquipment=46130.4 Btu/hr
4.2.2.Heat Transfer Calculation for People

Heat calculation through people are shown below. Heat transfer through people consist of
two parts which are sensible and latent part. Both of them are calculated below.

qs = 250 from Table 6.13 from ASHRAE

ql = 200 from Table 6.13 from ASHRAE

CLF = 1

Assuming maximum people in building at once may be as below.

Person = 100

Q sen = qs*CLF*Person = 250*1*100 = 25000 BTU/hr

Q lat = ql*Person = 200*100 = 20000 BTU/hr

Q TOTAL = 20000+25000 = 36000 BTU/hr

QPeople=45000 Btu/hr

4.2.3 Heat Load Calculation for Right Side

Heat Transfer due to People

Heat calculation through people are shown below. Heat transfer through people consist of
two parts which are sensible and latent part. Both of them are calculated below.

qs = 250 from Table 6.13 from ASHRAE

ql = 200 from Table 6.13 from ASHRAE

CLF = 1

Assuming maximum people in building at once may be as below.

Person = 100

Q sen = qs*CLF*Person = 250*1*100 = 25000 BTU/hr

Q lat = ql*Person = 200*100 = 20000 BTU/hr

 Q TOTAL = 20000+25000 = 36000 BTU/hr

QPeople=45000 Btu/hr

Store Ventilation/Infiltration Heating Load

CFM = ACH*V/60

Assuming ACH = 0.5 for tight construction we get,

CFM = 0.5*40*40*18/60= 240

Q sen = 1.08*CFM*(to- ti) = 1.08*240*(93-70) = 5961.6 BTU/hr

Q lat = 0.68*CFM*(Wo- Wi) = 0.68*240*(83-75) = 1305.6 BTU/hr

Q TOTAL = 5961.6 +1305.6 = 7267.2 BTU/hr

Qvent=7267.2 Btu/hr

Cross Section Views Of walls

Heat Transfer through Wall

Description of wall which is assumed is given below in the table. Table also shows the facing
of wall and U-value of wall which is to be used in given calculation. CLTD value is also
determined from the given table which is an important factor for calculating load due to
wall

WALL FACING GROUP DESCRIPTION U-VALUE CLTD

(BTU/h*ft2*℉)

N A Insulation of air 0.200 10

space+8-in common
brick

S A Insulation of air 0.200 15

space+8-in common
brick
W A Insulation of air 0.200 18
space+8-in common
brick

Table 15 CLTD CALCULATION

Load due to walls with different spacing is determined by calculating correct CLTD( formula
is given below in calculation). Then CLTDc is multiplied by Area of wall and temperature
difference to get load due to wall of specified spacing.

For North Wall:

CLTD =10 ℉

ti = 70 ℉

tm = to-DR/2 = 93-19/2 = 83.5 ℉

A = 40*18 = 720 ft2

CLTDc = CLTD+(78-ti) +(tm-85) = 10+(78-70) +(83.5-85) = 16.5

QN = U*A* CLTDc = 0.200*720*16.5 = 2376 BTU/hr

For South Wall:

CLTD =15 ℉

ti = 70 ℉

tm = to-DR/2 = 93-19/2 = 83.5 ℉

A = 40*18 = 720 ft2

CLTDc = CLTD+(78-ti) +(tm-85) = 15+(78-70) +(83.5-85) = 21.5 ℉

QS = U*A* CLTDc = 0.200*720*21.5 = 3096 BTU/hr

For East Wall:

CLTDc = CLTD+(78-ti)+(tm-85) = 23+(78-70)+(83.5-85) = 29.5 ℉

QW = U*A* CLTDc = 0.200*720*29.5 = 4248 BTU/hr

Q walls = QN + QS + QW = 2376 + 3096 + 4248 = 9720 BTU/hr

Qwall=9720 Btu/hr

Heat Transfer through Roof

Roof description is given in this table. Some values are extracted from the table
which reflect the WEST STREET VIDEO roof description.

DESCRIPTION WEIGHT U-VALUE CLTD

(lb/ft2) (BTU/h*ft2*℉)

4-in. heavy concrete with 1 or 2- 54 0.090 38

in. insulation (Suspended Ceiling)

Table 16. CLTD CALCULATION

CLTD =38 ℉

ti = 70 ℉

tm = to-DR/2 = 93-19/2 = 83.5 ℉

A = 40*40 = 1600 ft2

CLTDc = CLTD+(78-ti) +(tm-85) = 38+(78-70) +(83.5-85) = 44.5 ℉

Q roof = U*A* CLTDc = 0.090*1600*4.5 = 648 BTU/hr

QRoof
QRoof=648 Btu/hr

Heat Transfer through Window

A = 2(9*8) = 144 ft2

CLTDc = CLTD+(78-ti) +(tm-85) = 12+(78-70) +(83.5-85) = 18.5 ℉

Q window = U*A* CLTDc = 0.116*144*18.5 = 309.024 BTU/hr

Heat Load=309.024
qwindow Calculation For Roof
Btu/hr
Btu/hr

4.2.4Total Head Load Calculation for Left Side

HEAT LOAD BTU/HR

Qvent
7267.2

Qequip 46130.7

Qpeople
45000

Qroof
648

Qwall
9000

Total
108045.9
Table 17 LHS Load Calculation

4.2.5.Total Head Load Calculation for Right Side

HEAT LOAD BTU/HR

Qequip 46130.7

Qwall
9720

Qpeople
45000

Qwindow
309.624

Qroof
648

Qvent
7267.2

Total 109075.524
Table 18RHS Load Calculation
4.2.6.Total Load Of The system
As we divided the total system into two zones zone 1 left side, Zone 2 right side

So the total of the system is Qs

Qs=Heat Load of Left side +Heat Load of Right side

Qs=108045.9+109075.524

Qs=217121.424 Btu/hr
Qs= 217121.424/12000 Ton of Refrigeration

Qs=18 ton

4.2.6. Equipment Sizing

Figure 5 Equipment and cooling cycle for air conditioning system

1. Fresh humid air coming from outside surrounding

2. After cooling the room if the temperature is high air will go outside otherwise it will
recirculate again in the system
3. Here fresh air mixes with recirculating room air.
 4. ) After fresh air mixes with recirculating room air it is pass through cooing coil in order
to decrease its temperature to desired cooling level .
5. (5)If the room mixed air temperature is bellow or same to desired temperature the
cooling coil will be off and mixed air supply to room
6. Supply air then absorbs the sensible and latent load from the space, becoming the
space air

4.2.7.Air need to maintain a constant Temperature

The air quantity required offsetting simultaneously the room sensible and latent
loads and the air quantity required through the apparatus to handle the total
sensible and latent loads may be calculated, using the conditions on their
respective RSHF and GSHF lines. For a particular application, when both the
RSHF and GSHF ratio lines are plotted on the psychrometric chart, the
intersection of the two lines represents the

Figure 6.GSH and RSH ratio Lines

Where RSH = ql=1.08×Q(cfm)×(Treturn-Tsupply)

So

CFM = total volume /60

Also we can calculate cfm from

Qcfm= ql/(1.08* (Treturn- Tsupply)

4.2.8. flow rate (CFM)

Assumptions

Let Relative humidity =50%

Supply temperature = 57 0F

We know return Temperature =77 0F

Qtotal= 217121.424 Btu/hr

Air flow rate (CFM) = 217121.424/ [1.08 x (77 - 57)]

Air flow rate (CFM) =10051.91778 cfm

4.2.9.Estimation of required specific humidity of the supply air using

The simplified psychrometric equation ql=4680×Q (cfm) ×(Wreturn-Wsupply).

As From previous data

Dry bulb temperature =930F

Wet bulb temperature =750F

So from the psychometric chart

Relative humidity =80%

As we have to maintain 50%

So

Wreturn=80

Wsupply=50

So Given equation

ql=4680*Qcfm*( Wreturn - Wsupply )……………..eq(15)

So putting values in eq 15 we have

ql=4680*10051.91778*(80-50)

Specific Humidity =1411185363

4.2.10.Total Energy Consumption through COOLING

As we know

12000Btu/hr =1ton=3.5KW

So

18 ton = 18*3.51

Total Energy consumption = 63.18 KW

Total Energy Consumption by Air Flow

As Power Required by a fan = CFM*dp/(3969*fan efficiency)

Total CFM= 10051.91778

Let dp=14.7 psi

And

Fan efficiency=80%

So putting values in we have

Fan Hp =10051.91778*14.7/(3969*0.8)

Fan Power= 46.54HP

4.3.Calculation and Designing of Duct:

4.3.1.Equipment Specification:
Equipment specification is important aspect of designing HVAC system. RTU as
shown in Figure 1.0 is the RTU designed on the basis of phase 1 and phase 2 calculation.
Phase 1 has load of 7.5 tonn while of phase 2 has load of 16.5 tonn. While zone 1 has
maximum load of 8.3 ton same as in case of zone 2. Hence 10 tonn of RTU of TRANE is used
for building. The ducts shown are return air and supply air duct. Blue represent the supply
air while red return air. Specification is given in manual attached below.

4.3.2.Air Distribution:
4.3.2.1.Left Side Zone Calculation:
In the first step of air distribution network from duct, we will use the total load of
the building Qs and will divide it to four to calculate each duct

Roof cooling load 648 BTU/hr

People cooling load 45000 BTU/hr
Ventilation cooling load 7267.2 BTU/hr
Lighting cooling load 46130.7 BTU/hr
Total cooling load 99045.9 BTU/hr
Table 19 Load of different component from Phase 2

Area(A) Qwall Qs(BTU/hr)

qwall(north) 2376
Duct(a)
qwall(west) 3528

qwall(west) 3528
Duct(b)
qwall(south) 3096
 Duct(c)
qwall(north) 2376
Duct(d)
qwall(south) 3096
Table 20Left zone load due to wall data

4,.3.3.Duct Calculation:
First step is to calculate Qs which is calculated by adding the walls which is facing the duct and then
CFM are calculated by the given equation. After calculating CFM, the graph shown in figure 1 is used
to find out friction loss per 100 ft by diameter of duct and CFM.

Qwall(north)+Qwall(west)+Qtotal = Qs

2376+3528+99045.9 = Qs

Qs = 104949.9 BTU/hr

Qs = 1.08*CFM*(Treturn-Tsupply)

104949.9 = 1.08*CFM*(70-57)

CFM = 7475.064
 Figure 7 Heat loss hL

First step is to calculate Qs which is calculated by adding the walls which is facing the duct and then
CFM are calculated by the given equation. After calculating CFM, the graph shown in figure 1 is used
to find out friction loss per 100 ft by diameter of duct and CFM.

Qwall(south)+ Qtotal = Qs

3096+99045.9 = Qs

Qs = 102141.9 BTU/hr

Qs = 1.08*CFM*(Treturn-Tsupply)

102141.9 = 1.08*CFM*(70-57)

CFM = 7275.06
From figure 1 hl = 9.876 in water per 100ft

HL = hL (l/100)
HL = 9.876(4/100)

HL = 0.395 in water

Area Diameter Length Flow rate Q(CFM)

Duct(a) 12 in. 14 Qs=104949.9

Duct(b) 12 in. 14 Qs=105669.9

Duct(c) 12 in. 4 Qs=101421.9

Duct(d) 12 in. 4 Qs=102114.9

Table 20 Left zone duct calculation

D
Duct
(in.) Q(CFM) Friction loss hL Length Heat loss HL
Duct(a)
12 7475.064 10.42 per 100 ft 14 1.458
Duct(b)
12 7526.34 10.562 per 100 ft 14 1.47
Duct(c)
12 7223.78 9.738 per 100 ft 4 0.398
Duct(d)
12 7275.06 9.876 per 100 ft 4 0.395
Table 21 Results of left side zone

4.3.4.Right side Zone Calculation:

In the first step of air distribution network from duct, we will use the total load of
the building Qs and will divide it to four to calculate each duct

Roof cooling load 648 BTU/hr

People cooling load 45000 BTU/hr
Window load 309.024
Ventilation cooling load 7267.2 BTU/hr
Lighting cooling load 46130.7 BTU/hr
Total cooling load 99354.924 BTU/hr
Table 22 Load of different component from Phase 2

Area(A) Qwall Qs
 Duct(e)
qwall(north) 2376
Duct(f)
qwall(south) 3096
Duct(g)
qwall(north) 2376
Duct(h)
qwall(south) 3096
Duct(g)
qwall(north) 2376

qwall(north) 2376
Duct(h)

qwall(east) 4248
Duct(i)
qwall(east) 4248
Duct(j)
qwall(south) 3096

qwall(east) 4248
Table 23 Right zone load due to wall data

Duct (e) Calculation:

First step is to calculate Qs which is calculated by adding the walls which is facing the duct and then
CFM are calculated by the given equation. After calculating CFM, the graph shown in figure 1 is used
to find out friction loss per 100 ft by diameter of duct and CFM.

Qwall(north)+Qwall(south)+Qtotal = Qs

2376+3096+99354.924 = Qs

Qs = 104826 BTU/hr

Qs = 1.08*CFM*(Treturn-Tsupply)

104826= 1.08*CFM*(70-57)

CFM = 7466.305

4.3.5.Duct Specification For Roof Top Unit

 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Duct.

PVC duct is not widely used in Reclamation projects. The most common applications
for PVC duct are systems exhausting corrosive fumes. PVC duct can be used for 2-inch,
6-inch, and 10-inch negative and positive pressure applications in round and rectangular
 shapes. Because PVC material is seldom used, no further discussion is included in this
manual. Designers should refer to SMACNA Thermoplastic Duct PVC Construction
Manual for PVC duct construction standards, guide specifications, and material
specifications.

 Galvanized coating.
Sheet steel should be G-60 (for dry or low humidity) or G-90 (for damp or wet areas) coated
galvanized steel of lock forming grade conforming to American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) A653 and A924 standards.

 Reinforcement.
Depending on the pressure class, duct dimensions, and metal gauge, duct may or may
not require reinforcement. SMACNA Duct Construction Standards – Metal and
Flexible, dictates when and what type of reinforcement is required. Therefore,
designers may select the pressure class, metal gauge thickness and reinforcement
requirements or choose to specify the pressure class requirements and leave the
details to the contractor. The latter has been the more common approach on
Reclamation jobs.
 Leakage class.
All duct constructed for 2 and 1-inch pressure classes should be sealed to Class C
requirements. Standard sealants are not intended for extreme applications such as
weatherproof, waterproof, or ultra-violet resistant; temperatures above 120 ºF;
submerged below water; or totally leak free. Where any of these conditions are to be
encountered, special sealants should be specified. (5) Leakage testing.
V.Recommendations
 DUCT WORKING:

(1) Minimize the number of fittings.—Fittings are expensive and cause significant increases in
pressure loss compared to straight duct.
(2) Use semi-extended plenums.—Plenums reduce the number of transition fittings and
facilitate balancing. Figures 1, 2, and 3, illustrate how use of the extended plenum concept
can reduce the number of fittings and simplify a duct design.
(3) Seal ductwork.—Standard duct sealing requirements air leakage from the longitudinal
seams of unsealed ductwork. The Longitudinal seam leakage for metal duct is approximately
10 to 15 percent of the total duct leakage.

 Hidden Air Leaks

Be sure to look for and seal air leaks before you install insulation because it performs best
when air is not moving through or around it. Many air leaks and drafts are easy to find because
they are easy to feel—like those around windows and doors. But holes hidden in attics,
basements, and crawlspaces are usually bigger problems. Sealing these leaks with caulk, spray
foam, or weather stripping will have a great impact on improving your comfort and reducing
utility bills.

 Adding Insulation
Insulation keeps your home warm in the winter and cool in the summer. There are several
common types of insulation—fiberglass (in both batt and blown forms), cellulose, rigid foam
board, and spray foam. Reflective insulation (or radiant barrier) is another insulating product
that can help save energy in hot, sunny climates. When correctly installed with air sealing,
each type of insulation can deliver comfort and lower energy bills during the hottest and
coldest times of the year

 ENERGY STAR Qualified Windows:

Windows are an important part of your home’s envelope. ENERGY STAR qualified windows
feature advanced technologies such as invisible glass coatings, vacuum-sealed spaces filled
with inert gas between the panes, improved framing materials, better weather stripping, and
warm edge spacers, all of which reduce undesirable heat gain and loss. Increase savings. With
more efficient windows, you can save money and use less energy. Installing ENERGY STAR
qualified windows can reduce energy bills by about 7 – 24 percent compared to non-qualified
windows. Your estimated savings will vary depending on current heating and cooling costs in
your region.
  Maintain Your Equipment

Dirt and neglect are the top causes of heating and cooling system inefficiency and failure. To
ensure efficient system operation, it’s important to perform routine maintenance. Dirt and
neglect are the top causes of heating and cooling system inefficiency and failure. To ensure
efficient system operation, it’s important to perform routine maintenance.

 Change your air filter regularly.

A clean filter will prevent dust and dirt from building up in the system, which can lead to
expensive maintenance and/or early system failure. Check your filter every month, especially
during winter and summer months, when use tends to be heavier. Change your filter if it's
dirty— or at least every three months. Tune up your HVAC equipment. Proper maintenance
by a qualified technician is one of the most important steps you can take to prevent future
problems. Contractors get busy during summer and winter months, so it is best to check the
cooling system in spring and the heating system in the fall. Plan the checkups around the
beginning and end of daylight-saving time each spring and fall. For tips on hiring the right
contractor, see page 18, “Work with a Heating and Cooling Contractor.” M