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G012414347 PDF
G012414347 PDF
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 4 Ver. I (Jul. - Aug. 2015), PP 43-47
www.iosrjournals.org
Abstract: This project utilizes the Microsoft Excel Software to display the graphical representation of (profile)
that shows the relationship between the ratio of belt tension and the lap angle. This work (experiment) was
carried out in the mechanics laboratory to investigate the ratio of belt tensions when a rope passes over a flat
pulley with a la angle of 1800 and also to determine the coefficient of friction between the mild steel surface of
the pulley and the cutting rope. Further investigation was also done on the variation in the ratio of belt tensions
with; change of lap angles and also a change of groove angles. At the end of the investigation, it was discovered
that; the ratio of the belt tensions gradually reduced over a constant lap angle of π in position on the wall plate.
It was also verified that, the ratio of the belt tensions increases with variation in the lap and groove angles while
the load, T, was kept constant on the slack side hanger.
Keywords: Rope-belt, Friction, Tension.
I. Introduction
The rope-belt friction apparatus borders on belt friction which describes the friction forces between a
belt and a surface, such as a belt wrapped around a bollard. When one end of the belt is being pulled only part of
this force is transmitted to the other end wrapped about a surface. The friction force increases with the amount
of wrap about a surface and makes it so the tension in the belt can be different at both ends of the belt. The
apparatus (Rope bet friction) consists of a wall mounted fixed pulley with a loaded belt, rope, flat belt, V-belts
(badly fitted and correctly fitted), weight hangers, weights of standard sizes. This equipment is part of a range
designed to both demonstrate and experimentally confirm basic Engineering Principles. The setting up time is
minimal, and all measurements are made with the simplest possible instrumentation, so that the student
involvement is purely with the Engineering Principles being taught.
In practice, the theoretical tension acting on the belt or rope calculated by the belt friction equation can
be compared to the maximum tension the belt can support. This helps a designer of such a rig to know how
many times the belt or rope must be wrapped around the pulley to prevent it from slipping. Mountain climbers
and sailing crews demonstrate a standard knowledge of belt friction when accomplishing basic tasks.
Experiment 1
For varying lap angles with a constant load, T1 on the slack side
300
600
From the diagram above
T1 = 2.45N and T2 = 4.12N, θ = 300
T1 4.12 900
T2 = 2.45
T1
T2 = 1.68
θ 1200
T
In 1 T = 0.52
2
Converting from degree to radians, we get 1500
π
θ = 30 × = π 6
180
θ = π 6 rad 1800
−1 −1
sin θ 2 = sin π 12
1
= 0.2588 −1 = M2 = 0.42kg
0.2588
−1
sin θ 2 = 3.86
M1 = 0.25kg
(0.42 x 9.81)= 4.12N
Experiment 2
T1 = 2.45N and T2 = 4.91N, θ = 600
T1 4.91 300
T2 = 2.45 600
T1 T2
T2 = 2.00
T1 900
In T2 = 0.69
π π
θ = 60 × =
180 3
θ=
π
rad θ 1200
3
−1 −1
sin θ 2 = sin π 6
1500
−1 1
= 0.5 =
0.5
−1
sin θ 2 = 2.00 1800
T1
M2 = 0.50kg
M1 = 0.25kg
4.91N
2.45N
Experiment 3
300
T1 = 2.45N and T2 = 5.98N, θ = 900
𝑇1 5.98 600
=
𝑇2 2.45
𝑇1
= 2.44 T2 900
𝑇2
𝑇1
In = 0.89 θ
𝑇2
𝜋 𝜋 1200
θ = 90 × =
180 2
𝜋
θ= rad
2 1500
−1 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 4
=
1 1800
0.7071 T1
−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 = 1.41 M2 = 0.61kg
M1 = 0.25kg
5.98N
2.45N
300
Experiment 4 600
0
T1 = 2.45N and T2 = 8.53N, θ = 120
𝑇1 8.53 900
=
𝑇2 2.45
𝑇1 T2
= 3.48 θ
𝑇2
𝑇1
1200
In = 1.25
𝑇2
θ = 120 ×
𝜋
=
2𝜋 1500
180 3
2𝜋
θ= rad 1800
3
−1 −1 T1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 6
1 M2 = 0.87kg
=
0.866
−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 = 1.15 M1 = 0.25kg
8.53N
2.45N
300
600
EXPERIMENT 5 900
T1 = 2.45N and T2 = 10.69N, θ = 1500
𝑇1 10.69
= θ
𝑇2 2.45
𝑇1 T2 1200
= 4.36
𝑇2
In
𝑇1
= 1.47 1500
𝑇2
𝜋 5𝜋
θ = 150 × = 1800
180 6
5𝜋 T1
θ= rad
6 M2 = 1.09kg
−1 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝜋 12
=
1 M1 = 0.25kg
0.9659 10.69N
−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 = 1.04
2.45N
Experiment 6
T1 = 2.45N and T2 = 12.95N, θ = 1800
𝑇1 12.95 300
= 600
𝑇2 2.45
𝑇1
= 5.28
𝑇2
𝑇1 900
In = 1.66
𝑇2
𝜋
θ = 180 × = 𝜋
180
θ 1200
θ = 𝜋 rad
−1 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 2
= 1 1500
T2
−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 =1
−1 1800
𝑇1 T1
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃
𝑇2
M2 = 1.32kg
Taking loge from both sides, we have
𝑇1 −1 M1 = 0.25kg
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑒 𝜇𝜃
𝑇2 12.95N
𝑇1 −1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = 𝜇𝜃 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑒
𝑇2
−1 2.45N
𝑇1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = 𝜇𝜃
𝑇2
Table 1: Test analysis result obtained for flat belt at constant lap angle
Lap angle Tension, T1 Tension, T2 𝐓𝟏 𝐍 In
θ0 θ(rad) (1x9.81)N (1x9.81)N 𝐓𝟐 𝐍 𝐓𝟏 𝐍
𝐓𝟐 𝐍
180 π 0.25 1.32 5.28 0.72
180 π 0.50 1.97 3.94 0.60
180 π 0.75 1.92 3.89 0.59
180 π 1.00 3.58 3.58 0.55
180 π 1.25 4.19 3.35 0.53
TABLE 2: Test analysis result obtained for flat belt at varying lap angles
In(T1/T2)
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8 In(T1/T2)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6 π
IV. Conclusion
T2
From the graph of In against θ, the relationship between the ratio of belt tension and the lap angle is linear
T1
T2
while the graph of against θ depicts a curvilinear relationship between the ratio of belt tension and the lap
T1
angle. Also, from this experiment, the coefficient of friction for flat belt = 0.53. Which means that the
coefficient of friction is influenced by the angle of contact between the belt and the pulley.
References
[1]. Ahaway, Stephen W (1999): The Mechanics of Friction in Rope, Tudor Times Ayer Publishing, dorth dakota.
[2]. Mann, Herman (2005): Belt friction, Ruhur University. http://www.esrruhur.nibochum.de/rt1/currentcourse/node57.html.
[3]. Durowoju M.O, Sangotayo E.O, Orowole I.A; Performance Evaluation of friction Belt Apparatus Using Indigenous Materials:
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER).
[4]. Chandoo (2010) Couloumb belt friction; Missori University of Science and Technology.
[5]. Belt tension theory (2010) CKIT – The Bulk Materials Handling knowledgebase.