Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations

2D Unsteady Flow Hydrodynamics

Introduction

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 Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations
H(x, y, t) = z(x, y) + h(x, y, t)

Hydraulic Equations

Mass Conservation

H hu hv
q 0
t x y

H
hV q 0
t

/ x, / y

d V ndS Q 0
t S

Sub-grid Bathymetry.

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Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations

Hn 1
Hn
d
t t

V ndS Vk nk Ak H
S k

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 Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations

Figure 2-15. Cell Face Terrain Data and Property Table.

Hn 1
Hn
Vk nk Ak H Q 0
t k

Ak ( H ) k h k

Momentum Conservation

2 2
u u u H u u
u v g vt cf u fv
t x y x x2 y2

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Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations
2 2
v v v H v v
u v g vt 2
cf v fu
t x y y x y2

V 2
V V g H vt V cfV fk V
t

/ x, / y

Acceleration.

DV V
V V
Dt t

Gravity.

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 Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations

1 k sin 2
g go
1 e 2 sin 2

Eddy Viscosity.

vt Dhu

g n g
u* gRS V V
C R1 / 6

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Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations
Table 5. Eddie Viscosity Transverse Mixing Coefficients

D Mixing Intensity Geometry and surface

Bottom Friction.
gV
cf V
C 2R

n2 g V
cf
R4 / 3
Coriolis Effect.

f 2 sin

Diffusion Wave Approximation of the Shallow Water Equations

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 Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations

Diffusion-Wave Form of the Momentum Equation.

n2 V V
H
(R H ) 4 / 3

(R H ) 2 / 3 H
V 1/ 2
n H

Diffusion-wave approximation of the Shallow Water Equations.

H
H q 0
t

(R H )5 / 3
1/ 2
n H

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Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations

Hn 1
Hn
H n Q 0
t k

( R H ) 2 / 3 Ak H
H 1/ 2
n H

Boundary Conditions

Water surface elevation: The value of the water surface

elevation H=Hb is given at one of the boundary edges.
Water surface gradient: The slope of the water surface Sb in
the direction normal to the boundary is imposed. This condition
is expressed as:
H n Sb (2-142)
Flow: The flow Qb that crosses the boundary is provided. In the
continuity equation 2-125, this condition is implemented by
direct substitution into the flow formula of the corresponding
boundary faces. More formally, the surface integral in equation
2-125 is constrained by the condition:

V n dS Qb (2-143)
b

Vb nb Ab H Qb

Grid and Dual Grid

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Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations

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Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations

Numerical Methods

Finite Difference Approximations

Hn 1
Hn
t t

H H2 H1
H n
n n

Figure 2-16. Cell Directional Derivatives

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 Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations

Finite Volume Approximations

H n dL
L
H
A

Figure 2-17. Cell and Dual Cell Finite Volume Formulation

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Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations

H cjH j
j

cj nk1 lk1 nk 2 lk 2 / 2 A

lk1 , lk 2 nk1 nk2

H
H T cjH j
T j

cj nk1 l k1 nk2 l k2 T /(2 A )

Hybrid Discretization

H H H
n n n T
n n T

H
H n cj H j
n j

1/ n

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 Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations

Numerical DSW Solver

Discrete Scheme for DSW Equations.

Hn 1
aj 1 H nj H nj 1
d
j

aj
d Hn tQ

Hn 1
a j H nj 1
d 1 a j H nj
j j

H H b

1
Hm 1
Hm P Hm Hm Hm b

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Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations
Robustness and Stability.

H 1 H nj H nj 1

1/ 2 1 1/ 2

t 1
2
x 2 4

Discrete Boundary Conditions.

The water surface elevation boundary condition is directly

implemented as Hn+1=Hb.
The water energy gradient condition is carried out simply as the
finite volume approximation of equation 2-142.
The flow boundary condition is similarly implemented as a
condition on the water surface gradient using equation 2-
154Error! Reference source not found., a finite volume
approximation of Manning equation 2-139. A rotation of the local
coordinate system is necessary since in general the direction
normal to the boundary does not coincide with the Cartesian
directions.

Solution Algorithm.

1. The geometry, local orthogonality and sub-grid bathymetry data is

obtained or pre-computed.
2. Solution starts with H0 as the provided initial condition at time-step
n = 0.
3. Boundary conditions are provided for the next time step n+1 .
4. Initial guess Hn+1=Hn.

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 Chapter 2– Theoretical Basis for One-Dimensional Flow Calculations
5. Compute the -averaged water elevation H = (1- )Hjn j
n+1

and sub-grid bathymetry quantities that depend on it (face areas,

fluid surface areas, hydraulic radii, Manning’s n, etc.).
6. The coefficients aj are computed and the system of equations 2-
154 is assembled.
7. The system of equations 2-154 is solved iteratively using the
Newton-like algorithm with the given boundary conditions to obtain
a candidate solution Hn+1.
8. If the residual (or alternatively, the correction) is larger than a
given tolerance (and the maximum number of iterations has not
been reached), go back to step 5; otherwise continue with the next
step.
9. The computed Hn+1 is accepted and the velocities Vn+1 can be
calculated using the discrete version of equation 2-139, using
equations 2- 146 and 2-148.
10. Increment n. If there are more time steps go back to step 3,
otherwise end.

H (1 ) H nj H nj 1

Numerical SW Solver
Discrete Scheme for SW Equations.

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