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dmcv
m i m e (Eq. 4.1)
dt
Mass Rate Balance (2 of 3)
In practice there may be several locations
on the boundary through which mass enters
or exits. Multiple inlets and exits are
accounted for by introducing summations:
dmcv
m i m e (Eq. 4.2)
dt i e
Eq. 4.2 is the mass rate balance for
control volumes with several inlets and
exits.
Mass Flow Rate
(One-Dimensional Flow)
►Flow is normal to the boundary at locations
where mass enters or exits the control volume.
►All intensive properties are uniform with
position over each inlet or exit area (A)
through which matter flows.
AV
m (Eq. 4.4b)
v
where
V is velocity
v is specific volume
Mass Rate Balance (3 of 3)
(Steady-State Form)
►Steady-state: all properties are unchanging
in time.
►For steady-state control volume, dmcv/dt = 0.
m i m e (Eq. 4.6)
i e
(mass rate in) (mass rate out)
Energy Rate Balance
time rate of change net rate at which net rate at which net rate of energy
of the energy energy is being energy is being transfer into the
contained within transferred in transferred out control volume
the control volume by heat transfer by work at accompanying
at time t at time t time t mass flow
2 2
dEcv V V
Q W m i (ui i gzi ) m e (ue e gze ) (Eq. 4.9)
dt 2 2
Evaluating Work for a Control Volume
2 2
V V
0 Q cv W cv m i (hi i gzi ) m e (he e gze )
i 2 e 2
(Eq. 4.18)
Control Volume Energy Rate Balance (4 of 4)
(Steady-State Form, One-Inlet, One-Exit)
(V 2
V 2
) Eq.
0 Q cv W cv m (h1 h2 ) 1 2 g ( z1 z2 )
2 4.20a
or dividing by mass flow rate
Q cv W cv (V12 V22 ) Eq.
0 (h1 h2 ) g ( z1 z2 ) 4.20b
m m 2
Nozzles and Diffusers
► W cv 0.
►If the change in potential energy from inlet to exit is
negligible, g(z1 – z2) drops out.
►If the heat transfer with surroundings is negligible,
Q cv drops out.
V2 V2
0 (h1 h2 ) 1 2
(Eq. 4.21)
2
Turbines
W cv m (h1 h2 )
Heat Exchangers
► W cv 0.
►If the change in kinetic energy of flowing matter
upstream and downstream of the restriction is
negligible, ½(V12 – V22) drops out.
►If the change in potential energy of flowing matter is
negligible, g(z1 – z2) drops out.
►If the heat transfer with surroundings is negligible,
Q cv drops out.
h2 h1 (Eq. 4.22)
System Integration
►Engineers creatively combine components to
achieve some overall objective, subject to
constraints such as minimum total cost. This
engineering activity is called system integration.
►The simple vapor
power plant of Fig 4.16
provides an illustration.
The Mass Balance
(Transient Analysis)
►Transient: state changes with time.
►Integrate mass rate balance (Eq. 4.2) from time
0 to a final time t.
t dm t t
0 dt
cv
dt
0
i
m i dt
0
e
m e dt
This becomes
mcv (t ) mcv (0) mi me (Eq. 4.23)
i e
where
• mi is amount of mass entering the control volume
through inlet i, from time 0 to t.
• me is amount of mass exiting the control volume through
exit e, from time 0 to t.
The Energy Balance
(Transient Analysis)
►Integrate energy rate balance (Eq. 4.15), ignoring
the effects of kinetic and potential energy, from
time 0 to a final time t.
t dU t t t t
dt
0 dt
cv
0
Q cv dt W cv dt
0 0
i
m i hi dt
0
e
m e he dt