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Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Assignment- Week 2
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ
Number of questions: 10 Total mark: 10 X 1 = 10
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QUESTION 1:

p V2
Each term of Bernoulli’s equation stated in the form   gz  constant (where p is the
 2

pressure,  is the density, V is the velocity, z is the elevation, g is the acceleration due to

gravity), represents

(a) energy per unit mass

(b) energy per unit weight
(c) energy per unit volume
(d) energy per unit area

Correct Answer: a

Detailed Solution:

Bernoulli’s equation can be written in the following form:

p1 V12 p2 V22
  gz1    gz2
 2  2
The physical meaning of each and every term in the Bernoulli’s equation are as follows:
To understand the physical meaning of the first term, let us consider fluid flows through a pipe,
as shown in the figure below. For a flowing stream, a layer of fluid at any cross-section has to
push the adjacent neighbouring layer at its downstream in the direction of flow to make its way
through and thus does work on it. The amount of work done can be calculated by considering a
small amount of fluid of cross-sectional area A undergoes a small displacement x . Pressure
remains constant over the small displacement as p .
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Work done to maintain the flow in the presence of pressure is pAx . The work done to maintain
the flow in presence of pressure per unit mass is
pAx p
 
 Ax 

x

Fig. Work done by a fluid to flow against a pressure

Second term of the Bernoulli’s equation can be expressed as:

1 2 1 mV12
V1  which is nothing but the kinetic energy per unit mass.
2 2 m
Third term of the Bernoulli’s equation can be expressed as
mgz1
gz1  ; which is nothing but the potential energy per unit mass.
m
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QUESTION 2:

p1 V12 p2 V22
 z    z (where p is the pressure,  is the density, V is the velocity, z is
 g 2g 1  g 2g 2
the elevation, g is the acceleration due to gravity) is applicable between two points 1 and 2 in the
flow field under the following assumptions
(a) unsteady, constant density, inviscid flow along a streamline
(b) unsteady, constant density, inviscid, and irrotational flow

(c) steady, constant density, inviscid flow and V   is perpendicular to dl connecting 1
and 2.
(d) both (a) and (c) are correct

Correct Answer: c

Detailed Solution:

Bernoulli’s equation is valid only when the flow is inviscid, steady, and incompressible. In
addition, either of the following conditions needs to be satisfied: (i) points 1 and 2 are located

on the same streamline, (ii) flow field is irrotational, (iii) V   is perpendicular to dl .
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QUESTION 3:
See the demonstration of an inviscid, steady, constant density flow-field below.

Which among the below statements is correct regarding the application of Bernoulli’s equation
in this case:
(a) One cannot apply Bernoulli’s equation between points 1 and 2 since they are not on
the same streamline.
(b) One can apply Bernoulli’s equation between points 1 and 2 when the flow is
irrotational, even though the points are on different streamlines.
(c) Both (a) and (b) are wrong.
(d) None of the above.

Correct Answer: b

Detailed Solution:

When the flow is irrotational, the Bernoulli equation becomes applicable between any two points
along the flow (not just between two points on the same streamline).
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QUESTION 4:
The water level of a tank on a building roof is 20 m above the ground. A hose leads from the
tank bottom to the ground. The end of the hose has a nozzle, which is pointed straight up. The
maximum height (hmax) to which the water could rise is:
(a) hmax =20 m if frictional effects are not neglected
(b) hmax =20 m if frictional effects are neglected
(c) hmax < 20 m if frictional effects are present in the system.
(d) Both (b) and (c) are correct.

Correct Answer: d

Detailed Solution:

Applying Bernoulli's equation along a streamline between points 1 and 2:

p1 V12 p V2
  gz1  2  2  gz2
 2  2
Here we choose a common datum point to calculate the elevation of the two points as the dotted
line shown in the figure.
Now V1  0, p1  patm , z1  20 and V2  0, p2  patm , z2  h .(all in SI units).
Therefore we obtain h=20 m. Frictional effects being present in the system can reduce the
height of the jet.
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QUESTION 5:
A cylindrical tank of diameter D contains liquid to an initial height of h0 , as shown in figure
below.

At time t  0 , a small stopper of diameter d is removed from the bottom. For constant density,
inviscid flow with no losses, the differential equation describing the free-surface height h(t )
during draining can be obtained as:
dV1
h
dt dV
[Hint: 1 , and thus we can neglect the term 1 h . ]
gh dt

dh
(a)  C 2 gd
dt
dh
(b)  C 2 gDh / d
dt
dh
(c)  C 2 gh
dt
dh
(d)  C 2 gDd / h
dt
Correct Answer: c

Detailed Solution:

Applying continuity equation between sections 1 and 2: V2  V1 ( D / d )2

Next applying unsteady Bernoulli's equation between sections 1 and 2 along the streamline
connecting those points is,

p1 V12 p V2 2 V
  gz1  2  2  gz2   ds .
 2  2 1 t
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V dV

2
Now the integral term becomes ds  1 h also p1  p2  patm .
1 t dt

V22  V12 dV
Therefore we get  g ( z1  z2 )   1 h .
2 dt

dV1
h
dt dV1 V 2  V12
Now, 1 , and thus we can neglect the term h . Therefore 2  gh .
gh dt 2

V12
Next, substituting V2 in the above equation: (( D / d )4 1)  gh or V1  C 2 gh ,
2

where C  ((D / d )4 1)1/2 .

dh dh
Again substituting V1   we get the required differential equation as:  C 2 gh .
dt dt
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QUESTION 6:

Consider the steady flow in a water pipe joint shown in figure. The areas are: A1  0.2m2 ,
A2  0.2m2 , and A3  0.15m2 . In addition, fluid is lost out of a hole at 4 , estimated at a rate of
0.1 m3 / s . The average speeds at sections 1 and 3 are V1  5m / s and V3  12m / s , respectively.
The velocity at section 2 is

(a) V2  1.5 m / s
(b) V2  4.5 m / s
(c) V2  4.5 m / s
(d) V2  0.5 m / s
Correct Answer: b

Detailed Solution:

Choose a fixed control volume as shown. Make an assumption that the flow at section 2 is
outwards, and label the diagram accordingly (if this assumption is incorrect our final result will
tell us).
d
dt V (t )
 dV    (u  b)  ndA  0
A( t )

Since the chosen control volume is rigid and does not move or deform, we have b  0.
Therefore the mass conservation becomes: A( t )
 (u)  ndA  0

A1
 (u)  ndA  V1 A11 , A2
 (u)  ndA  V2 A2 1 , A  (u)  ndA  V3 A3 1 ,
3

A4
 (u)  ndA  Q4 1.
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or, Q4  V3 A3  V2 A2  V1 A1
0.1  1.8  1
Therefore, V2   4.5 m / s
0.2

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QUESTION 7:
Fluid flows through a variable head tank with cross-sectional are A as shown in the figure. Fluid
is entering the tank with a uniform velocity V1 through a pipe of cross-sectional area A1 and it
leaves with a uniform velocity V2 through a pipe of cross-sectional area A2 . At a particular time
instant, height of the tank from the bottom is h . For constant density flow, the change in fluid
height can be expressed as

V1  V2
h

dh AV  A2V2
(a)  1 1
dt A
dh AV  A2V2
(b)  1 1
dt A
dh V1  V2
(c) 
dt 2
dh V1  V2
(d) 
dt 2
Correct Answer: a

Detailed Solution:
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Choose a fixed control volume as shown by the dashed line in the figure.

V1  V2

Fig.
Flow within the control volume is unsteady. Writing the conservation of mass for the control
volume results in

0    d    ( V .nˆ )dA
t CV CS


0    d   1 AV 1 1  2 A2V2
t CV
Now if A is the tank cross-sectional area, the unsteady term can be evaluated as follows:
 d dh
  d     Ah    A
t CV dt dt
Substituting the unsteady term, we find the change of fluid height
dh 1 AV 1 1  2 A2V2

dt A
For constant density flow, 1  2   , and this result reduces to
dh AV  A2V2
 1 1
dt A

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QUESTION 8:
Compressed air exhausts from a small hole in a rigid spherical tank of diameter 60 cm as shown
in the figure. The initial pressure and temperature of compressed air in the tank are 400 kPa and
400 K. respectively. The mass flow rate of me through the hole is proportional to the density (
 ) of air in the tank. Initial exhaust rate of air through the hole is 0.02 kg/s. Assuming uniform
density within the tank, the time required for the tank density to drop by 60 % will be

(a) 8s

(b) 18 s

(c) 28 s

(d) 38 s

Correct Answer: b

Detailed Solution:

Choose a fixed control volume as shown by the dashed line in the figure.
Fig.

From the conservation of mass for the fixed control volume, we get
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
0  d CS (V .nˆ)dA
t CV
Assuming that the properties in the tank are uniform, but time–dependent, the above Eq. can be
written in the form
 
   d     (V .nˆ )dA  0
t  CV  CS
Now,  d  
CV
tank , is not a function of time and hence

d
tank
 me  0
dt
Since me   , we assume me  k  , where k is a proportionality constant. Thus,
d
tank  k  0
dt
Integrating,
 t t
d k

 

t 0 tank
dt
0

  k 
 exp  t
0  tank 

p0 400
Now, p0  400 kPa , and T0  400 K , then 0   =3.48 kg/m3
RT0 0.287  400
me0  k 0  0.02
0.02
or, k  0.005747 m3 /s
3.48
 
The tank volume is tank  D3  (0.6 m)3  0.113 m3
6 6
For the given final conditions,
  0.005747 
 0.4  exp  t
0  0.113 
t  18 s

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QUESTION 9:
In the figure a shaded area is shown in the velocity field where the velocity is given by
V  axiˆ  byjˆ; a  b  1 and the coordinates are measured in meters. The volume flow rate
through the shaded area is

(a) 35 m3 / s
(b) 45 m3 / s
(c) 50 m3 / s
(d) 30 m3 / s
Correct Answer: d

Detailed Solution:

First we define the vector normal to the shaded area and having value of a differential area
element as
dA  dydziˆ  dxdykˆ.
(note that this vector is evidently perpendicular to y axis and thus it has only x and z
components)
To perform an area integration we require the equation of the lines bounding the surface:
3
z  3 x .
4
Therefore the volume flow rate through the area:
 4 
3 5 3
Q   V  dA   ( xiˆ  yjˆ).(dydziˆ  dxdykˆ)   xdydz   5  4  z dz  30 m3 / s .
0 
A A 0 0
3 