Running head: THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 1

The Relevance of Ethics in Business Organizations

Business Ethics (HUM 4001) – Term Paper (Group Assignment)

Group Members:

Nadisha Cameron – 1306490

Keisha Card – 1206264

Simone Douglas – 1403742

Anthoy Fagan – 1303197

Tasha-Gay Henry – 1307465

Nyron Peat – 1706268

Nelvin Thyme - 1006676

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Business Administration Degree Programme, to Mr.

Winston Scott in the School of Business Adminstration, College of Business and
Management

Date of submission: Tuesday July 17, 2018

THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 2

The Relevance of Ethics in Business Organizations

Ethics is important within business organizations for many reasons. Business ethics

refers to the moral principles that guide the way a business behaves. Business can increase

sales or increase reputation. A company which sets out to work within its own ethical

guidelines is also less at risk of being fined for poor behaviour, and less likely to find

themselves in breach of one of a large number of laws concerning required behaviour

Schnebel, E., & Bienert, M. (2004). In the field of human resource development, ethics refers

to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually

in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues (Manuel,

Claire, Thomas, and Meyer 2010). Reputation is one of a company’s most important assets,

and one of the most difficult to rebuild should it be lost. Maintaining the promises it has

made is crucial to maintaining that reputation. Businesses not following any kind of ethical

code or carrying out their social responsibility leads to wider consequences. Unethical

behaviour may damage a firm’s reputation and make it less appealing to stakeholders. This

means that profits could fall as a result.

Additionally, the natural world can be affected by a lack of business ethics. For

example, a business which does not show care for where it disposes its waste products, or

fails to take a long-term view when buying up land for development, is damaging the world

in which every human being lives, and damaging the future prospects of all companies. When

working for a company with strong business ethics, employees are comfortable in the

knowledge that they are not by their own action allowing unethical practices to

continue. Customers are at ease buying products or services from a company they know to

source their materials and labour in an ethical and responsible way.

2
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 3

According to an ACCA publication on November 25, 2014, the relevance of ethics in

business is that it helps to attract customers to the firm’s products, which means boosting

sales and profits. It makes employees want to stay with the business, reduce labour turnover

and therefore increase productivity. It attracts more employees wanting to work for the

business, reduce recruitment costs and enable the company to get the most talented

employees. It also attracts investors and keep the company’s share price high, thereby

protecting the business from takeover.

Thesis Statement

In Jamaican businesses, the retention of staff, the need to attract customers to the

firm’s products, the need to attract new employees and investors and keeping the company’s

share price high are some of the major factors why ethical practices are important in

organizations.

Purpose of study

The purpose of this study seeks to examine the issue associated with ethics and

businesses and identifying the relevance of ethics within Jamaican organizations.

Describing the Issues

In just the same way that society needs laws to govern human behaviours and their

relationships with each other, businesses need laws and regulations to govern their behaviour,

and their relationship with the communities in which they do business. A business exists

mainly for the purpose of making profits for its shareholders, and without rules and

regulations, it is easy to see how a company can easily, disregard anything that stands in the

way of its business pursuits. These rules and regulations are referred to as business ethics or

corporate ethics. These are a set of organizational standards, principles, values and norms that

govern the actions and behaviours of an individual in the business organization. These ethics

3
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 4

originate from individuals, and can usually be found in organizational statements or imposed

by the legal system. These norms, values, ethical, and unethical practices are what is used to

guide businesses in their day-to-day operations.

They help those businesses maintain a better connection with their stakeholders. Some

investors, along with seeking to make money, are drawn to the idea of a company being a

responsible corporate citizen, who will take care of how it disposes wastes and pollutants.

Customers may choose only to spend their monies with entities that re-invest some if its

profits back into their communities, or support clean air and water policies. Employees will

be proud to be associated with a corporation that is regarded highly within the community,

and will treat them, not only as means of production, but as partners benefitting from profit-

sharing, and reasonable compensation. Such companies will, inevitably benefit from high

staff retention, higher levels of staff involvement in company activities and generally higher

staff morale. The ultimate result is the corporations bottom line will improve and if amicably

distributed will result in happy investors.

Business ethics have two dimensions, normative business ethics or descriptive

business ethics. As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily

normative. Academics attempting to understand business behaviour employ descriptive

methods. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflect the interaction of profit-

maximizing behaviour with non-economic concerns.

The development of formal ethics policies was driven largely by the emergence of

large corporations having limited relationships and sensitivities to the communities in which

they operated. During the 1980s and 1990s, interest in business ethics accelerated

dramatically both within major corporations and within academia. For example, most major

corporations today promote their commitment to non-economic values under headings such

4
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 5

as “code of ethics” and “social responsibility charters”. In addressing the subject, Adam

Smith wrote"People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and

diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some

contrivance to raise prices”. In this Smith postulated the need for government intervention as

a way of protecting unwitting consumers, who may otherwise be powerless against large

corporations. Governments therefore use laws and regulations to regulate business behaviour,

and hopefully to redirect actions and attitudes in ways they perceive to be beneficial to the

common good. Ethics implicitly regulates areas and details of behaviour that lie beyond

governmental control.

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on

outcomes. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the

greatest good for the greatest number of people. It is the only moral framework that can be

used to justify military force or war. It is also the most common approach to moral

reasoning used in business because of the way in which it accounts for costs and benefits.

However, because we cannot predict the future, it’s difficult to know with certainty whether

the consequences of our actions will be good or bad. This is one of the limitations of

utilitarianism.

Utilitarianism also has trouble accounting for values such as justice and individual

rights. For example, assume a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving

organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. If a healthy person wanders into the

hospital, hypothetically his organs could be harvested to save four lives at the expense of one

life. This would arguably produce the greatest good for the greatest number. But few would

consider it an acceptable course of action, let alone the most ethical one. So, although

utilitarianism is arguably the most reason-based approach to determining right and wrong, it

has obvious limitations.

5
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 6

Justice is the maintenance or administration of what is just especially by the impartial

adjudication of conflicting claims, or the assignment of merited rewards or punishments. It is

the quality of being just, impartial, or fair. Fairness is a vague term and can be very subjective

and often is interpreted very differently depending on who is the ultimate beneficiary.

Moral rights is a term used to attribute to creators, protection for their work, as well

as, their reputation. The suggestion here is that if a corporation authors a code of ethics

policy, its employees have a moral right to stand by them, and to observe the tenets of such

charter. In cases of government intervention, it is commonly understood that the government

has the moral right to intervene for the protection of the general good. This is more evident in

the provision of clean air and pure water.

6
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 7

Literature Review

The goal of any firm is to provide goods and services, and acquire profit through the

business’ sales and operations while maximizing shareholder’s wealth (Kalshoven et al,

2011). In spite of the business’ goal to acquire profit and their return of investment, it is

important that the strategies they employ in their operations are bounded by moral and ethical

standards for their stakeholders (Lewis, 2002).

Ethics is perceived to be a set of moral beliefs and conduct that discourages acts of

self-gain and encourages honest and modest ways of generating business income (Ghosh et

al., 2011). Ethics plays a vital role in achieving the firm’s strategic objectives. These

measures are not only applicable to their customers, but also to their employees, the

community they operate in, the government, and the media. In general, business practices

dictates ethics and corporate social responsibilities to be overlooked due to the firm’s drive to

increase sales and revenue (Ghosh et al., 2011). When companies launch campaigns for

advertising, marketing and sales they must be bounded by ethical guidelines to ensure the

safety of stakeholders without hindering the effectiveness of the company’s operations

(Lewis, 2002). Since businesses are a type of human activity, aside from evaluating them

from an economic perspective, one must also put into consideration the moral obligations.

When organizations endeavour to understand and identify the employees values and priorities

it determines the type of culture that exist within that organization (Koonmee, 2010). Due to

this belief, companies have then focused on instilling a company standard of work ethics to

employees. Business firms are motivated by profitability (Ghosh, et al., 2011). In his study,

Crea (2002) stated that the key responsibility of a firm is to achieve the maximization of the

business’s profits. In addition, he clarified that in doing so, it should overcome all the

obstacles from the surrounding environment. In order to achieve such outcomes, the approach

that most companies adopt is to make the firm’s employees work long hours, command a

7
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 8

high price in the market or even ignore the importance of environmental safety. In today’s

world of business, changes transpire with a quick pace, both in the internal and external

operations of an organization (Lewis, 2002). Crea (2002) indicated that if a company wants to

operate successfully in a specific environment, it has to bear the responsibility not only for its

own self, but of the society as well. In addition, the company needs to act responsibly

towards its customers, middlemen, employees and produce/ market products, in order to

secure environmental and consumer friendly practices. Ferrell (2011) believed that by

maximizing the business’s profits, it would also result in the improvement of the economy as

the latter would be dependent on the former for success in the long run. Maximizing the

profits of the firms should be transparent for open completion, and not to indulge in any kind

of fraud in achieving profits. Unfortunately, in the present corporate industry, emerging firms

and organizations tend to violate moral and ethical standards in their pursuit to achieve

corporate financial gains. A possible reason for this unethical business attitude is the common

misconception in the industry that adhering to social responsibility would imply a loss in the

company’s profit and a compromise in the firm’s Business Ethics and Corporate Social

Responsibility. Philosophers such as Aristotle, Mill and Hobbes have agreed that the purpose

of ethics is to provide an environment that allows people to live a more structured, happy life

as compared to an environment without ethics.

Ethics in the Business Culture is achieving competitive advantage of a product over

competitor’s products, to have a link with the customers and to derive profit out of doing

business. Components of culture consist of beliefs, values, norms, symbols, practices, and

physical artefacts. Business associations are like other organizations whose members have

shared beliefs, values, and formal and informal norms, and mechanisms for monitoring

member behaviour, sanctioning noncompliance, and rewarding compliance with norms.

There are three business ethics theories, namely: (1) virtue ethics, (2) deontological ethics,

8
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 9

and (3) consequential ethics. The three ethical theories represent intentions, actions, and

effects, respectively. This measures the perceptions of employees and managers on these

three theories to determine the degree of ethical culture that is present in their organization.

The business must fulfil the social obligations as a compensation for undermining the

legitimate interests of the society, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility

(Woolard, 1989). The social responsibility promotes economic objectives of business. When

the social life is improved, the business can have good customers, employees and community

(Lewis, 2002). Management is not interested in letting the board of directors know about

malpractice within the company. Even employees are pressured into lying or cover up

information on how the company handles its products. When an employee of a company has

decision making powers, he is able to identify the immediate corrective actions that would

ensure that virtues of ethics and morality are maintained. Organizations have cultures related

to, but distinct from, the broader society in which they are embedded (Tarí, 2011).

Components of culture consist of beliefs (agreements about what is time), values (agreements

about what is good and important), norms (behavioural expectations and patterns), symbols,

practices, and physical artefacts (Kalshoven et al., 2011). In relation to this, business ethics

are concerned with the moral and immoral behaviours that happen in the corporate industry.

The acts are based on the instilled values of the employees in the corporation. Companies are

responsible for not giving accurate and truthful information to their clients and customers. In

doing so, companies often look at their own interests and should not do so if it brings harm to

their organization. The main goal of an organization is to exercise proper business ethics and

give satisfactory and honest service to their clients, which will progress to employee loyalty

and trust. While admitting that competitive goals of the company is important to ensure that

business ethics and guidelines are followed and adhered to, it is often seen that different point

9
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 10

of views have no absolute but only relative values when it comes to their usage in terms of

morality and ethics.

Analysis
The goal of Vision 2030 Jamaica – National Development Plan is to enable Jamaica

to achieve developed country status by the year 2030. The ethical responsibilities of

companies are encapsulated in goals three and four. Goal three states: Jamaica’s economy is

prosperous. This involves charting a path for businesses and individuals to create wealth

through productivity and fair trade and competitiveness. Goal four states: Jamaica has a

healthy natural environment. The quality of the environment determines the quality of life.

Therefore, responsibility should be taken with the use of natural resources, raw materials,

waste disposal, and developmental activities in conjunction with sustainability, human well

fair, social systems and operational activities (Vision 2030, 2010).

Ethical considerations and written ethical rules, based on chosen ethical principles,

will always be of benefit to any organization – from health care to business corporations.

When an employee knows not only how to carry out tasks, but also why, they will become

more involved in the processes that contribute to the growth and success of the organization.

Employees are important resources which management can use for the success and image of

the organization. This can be achieved through employee engagement, encouraging

organizational citizenship behaviour and reward initiative while incorporating the culture and

code of conduct of the organization. Employees will willing participate in the endeavours of a

company that take explicit ethical responsibility.

Business decisions influence employees, customers, suppliers and competitors, and its

operations affect communities, governments and the environment. The society expects

businesses to conduct their affairs responsibly and not cause harm to their immediate

10
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 11

surroundings or the environment. In order to evaluate the social and ethical impact of such

decisions and activities, they are placed in several categories.

Economic

Business has an economic impact on society. They determine the wages paid to employees,

the type of materials purchased from suppliers, as well as the price of goods and services.

Businesses have the opportunity to make a positive and lasting impact on shareholders,

stakeholders, and legislative precedent. They ensure job satisfaction for employees, uplift the

standard of living for communities through outreach projects, impact on the society by

producing quality goods and services, along with performing exemplary acts of philanthropic

initiatives and programmes. Businesses can also positively affect suppliers by honouring

contractual agreements, paying on time and ensuring that they only do business with

suppliers who are ethical, supply quality raw materials and are on schedule with their

deliveries. On time deliveries not only affect the company receiving the deliveries but it

impacts through put time and the delivery schedule to consumers. Everything a supplier does

have the potential to impact the end user of goods and services.

Governance

The government uses regulations and legislations to enforce the law and ensure the protection

of fair competition, employers’ responsibility, workers’ rights and benefits, and the protection

of the environment. The social impact of corporate governance contributes to the ethical

climate of society. If businesses offer bribes to engage in unconstitutional acts or

endangerment to the environment, to secure contracts or other forms of hireage, engage in

accounting fraud, or break regulatory and legal constraints on their operations, the ethics of

society suffer. In addition to a deteriorating ethical environment, such corruption may raise

the price of goods to consumers. An example of one such unethical conduct is price fixing.

11
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 12

Price fixing is the result of businesses colluding to set prices so that they do not fall below a

specified minimum amount.

Privacy

To process orders and deliver services, companies have to collect personal information about

their customers. Some information may be sensitive, such as the medical history or medical

condition or ailment of the client. Chapter three of The Charter of Fundamental Rights and

Freedoms (Constitutional Amendment) Act 2011, states that every citizen has the right to (1)

protection from search of the person or property; (2) respect for protection of private and

family life, and privacy of the home; (3) protection of other property and of communication

(Jamaican Constitution, 2011). Therefore, there can be negative consequences and

implications for businesses and the society as a whole, if the rights of clients are infringed.

This can take the form of companies being negligent with their clients’ personal data, embark

on selling clients’ data or employees lacking confidentiality.

Intellectual Property

Respect of patents and copyrights is both a social and ethical issue. Even though

businesses own intellectual property and they also use that of others. Businesses must operate

with a balance that protects their own interests in a responsible way while avoiding infringing

patents and copyrights. If businesses either act excessively in protecting their intellectual

property or actively use that of others without permission, they risk alienating their customers

and hurting their public image.

Environment

Environmental responsibility and management requires businesses to make economic

decisions which accounts for the social costs or benefits of their business activities.

Environmental protection is a major area of business influence on society. Most

12
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 13

manufacturing and mining companies adds to a substantial and direct contribution to the

greenhouse effect, as well as the production of waste materials. In order for businesses to act

responsibly, it is pertinent that they implement environmental policies. Such policies can

include not only conserving energy but using it more efficiently, generating by-products, and

in general lighten their environmental footprint. This can also result in reduced cost for

utilities and other internal costs, as well as promoting a positive image for the company. The

environmental initiatives of a market leader often force competitors to take similar action for

an increased beneficial effect on the environment.

Conclusion

It is the thought of many business owners that practising good business ethics is costly

and unnecessary to become a profitable in operation. This kind of thinking is most

susceptible to small businesses and micro-enterprises. Actually, small and medium-sized

businesses (SMEs) often find a start-up opportunity by avoiding certain standards and

ignoring established business ethics. It is vital that organizations set ethical standards for

their employees alongside providing an environment that fosters trust and commitment,

providing leadership, and creating a high quality workforce in order to improve effective

organizational performance.

The rationale for this type of conduct is that the firm is too small to afford the best

practices of business ethics. The reputation of many small and medium-sized businesses are

dependent upon the owner or founder of such business and therefore, this is indeed

unfortunate and short-sighted. Business ethics practices are not at a disadvantage; neither is

it at an additional or a waste of time. On the contrary, business ethics is essential for the good

reputation of both the business, particularly for SMEs and the country at large and is good for

13
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 14

businesses overall. As a result, this makes goods and services from SMEs more desirable for

local consumers and in export markets. It also makes SMEs more attractive as joint-venture

partners and for strategic business alliances.

Business ethics also create an environment based on trust and make economic

transactions more predictable for producers and consumers. Improving business ethics needs

to be matched by greater transparency and integrity. This is commendable, and more effort

needs to be devoted to ensure that these lofty measures are actually implemented on a

continuous basis. It is essential that all businesses in Jamaica will develop the habit of

practicing the highest level of business ethics. In fact, with the availability of this training

course there is no excuse to claim ignorance.

Recap of the Main Points

The value of practicing good ethics and the importance relevance of having ethics in the

organization

Organizational ethics are the policies, procedures and culture of doing the right things in the

face of difficult and often controversial issues. Ethics topics that challenge organizations

include but aren't limited to discrimination, social responsibility and fiduciary issues. Ethics

issues and how any organization practices ethics are more important than ever because social

media readily exposes issues that might have been swept aside in previous generations.

Positive Corporate Culture

An organization devoting resources to developing policies and procedures that encourage

ethical actions builds a positive corporate culture. Team member morale improves when

employees feel protected against retaliation for personal beliefs. These policies include anti-

discriminatory rules, open door policies and equal opportunities for growth. When employees

feel good about being at work, the overall feeling in the organization is more positive. This

14
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 15

breeds organizational loyalty and productivity, because employees feel good about showing

up for work.

Consumer Confidence

An organization can gain consumer confidence very quickly with online reviews while

working on the few grey areas. Organizations have to retain consumer loyalty through ethical

practices that start with fair and honest advertising methods and continue through the entire

sales and service process. One area that organizations can increase consumer confidence is to

honour guarantees or negatively deal with complaints. This is why consistent policies and

employee training is imperative. Companies must direct employees on how to treat customers

according to its core values.

When an organization takes the time to identify what is important to consumers and its target

market, it is better able to set value statements and protocols to meet higher ethical standards.

For example, a coffee distributor that focuses on fair trade and farming sustainability, builds a

brand supporting environmental and social responsibility.

Reduced Financial Liabilities

Organizations that don't develop policies on ethical standards risk financial liabilities. The

first liability is a reduction in sales. For example, a real estate development company can lose

customer interest and sales if its development reduces the size of an animal sanctuary. This

doesn't mean a company must abandon growth. Finding an ethically responsible middle

ground is imperative to sway public opinion away from corporate greed and toward

environmental responsibility.

The second area of financial liability exists with potential lawsuits. No organization is exempt

from a disgruntled employee or customer who claims discrimination. Sexual discrimination

15
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 16

in the workplace is costing CEOs, politicians and celebrities their livelihood because they are

not appropriately dealing with accusations and harassment claims. Organizations must

maintain policies and procedures addressing various types of harassment and discrimination.

Moreover, organizations must remain consistent in the execution of policies dealing with

accusations. This helps reduce frivolous lawsuits that could bankrupt smaller organizations.

Recommendations

1) An organization’s board of directors and management must comply with the

organization’s rules. Creating clear boundaries for risks and ethical business standards

provides a framework for employees to make the right decisions.

2) Character evaluation should be a part of hiring, retention, and promotion practices.

Employees need to understand what the organization values from the start, and this

should be embedded into the performance evaluation and reward system.

3) Leaders should convey, through their actions, that the organization’s reputation and

long-term success are more important than short-term gains.

4) Leaders should regularly examine complaints by employees and other stakeholders to

determine whether the organization’s operations are in alignment with its values.

5) Leaders can establish trust through transparency and accountability. They should

provide open access to information about strategies and performance, keep their

promises and commitments, be open about decision making, accept responsibility for

wrongdoing, and reward behavior that supports transparency and truthfulness.

6) In short, they must lead by example, provide a safe mechanism for reporting

violations, and reward integrity.

16
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 17

Training can also help instil an ethical culture and training programs should be monitored and

updated frequently to incorporate changes in society’s values. Training can also help staff

members understand the importance of accepting responsibility for their conduct.

References

ACCA publication (2014) Why is ethics important in business?

Retrieved from: https://blogs.accaglobal.com/2014/11/25/why-is-ethics-important-to-
business/

Business ethics is good for business. (2011, September 11). Retrieved from

http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/editorial/Business-ethics-is-good-for-

business_9738873 .

Emma L. (2018) The Advantages of a Code of Ethics in Organizations

Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-code-ethics-
organizations-10802.html

Ghosh, D, Ghosh, D. K., and Zaher, A. A. (2011). Business, ethics, and profit: Are they

compatible under corporate governance in our global economy? Global Finance

Journal, 22, 72-79

Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N., and De Hoogh, A. H. B. (2011) Ethical leader behaviour

and big five factors of personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(2), 349–366.

Lewis, B. (2002). The moral compass: Corporations aren’t moral agents, creating interesting

dilemmas for business leaders. InfoWorld, 24(10), 54.

17
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 18

Koonmee, K., Singhapakdi, A., Virakul, B., and Lee, D. J. (2010). Ethics institutionalization,

quality of work life, and employee job-related outcomes: A survey of human resource

managers in Thailand. Journal of Business Research, 63, 20-26.

Leonard K. (2018) The Importance of Ethics in Organizations

Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-ethics-organizations-
20925.html

Manuel, Claire, Thomas, and Meyer, (2010) What is Ethics?

Markula Center for Applied Ethics
Retrieved from: https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-
making/what-is-ethics/

Schnebel, E., & Bienert, M. (2004). Implementing Ethics in Business Organizations. Journal
of Business Ethics, 53(1/2), 203-211.
Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25123293

Tarí, J. J. (2011). Research into quality management and social responsibility. Journal of
Business Ethics, 102(4), 623–638.

The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (Constitutional Amendment) Act 2011.

Retrieved from

https://japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/341_The%20Charter%20of%20Fundamental

%20Rights%20and%20Freedoms%20(Constitutional%20Amendment)%20Act,%20

2011.pdf

The Importance of Ethical Environment to Organizational Performance in Employment at

Will States - Imane Hijal-Moghrabi, Meghna Sabharwal, Evan M. Berman, 2017.

(2015, April 16). Retrieved from

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0095399715581043

18
THE RELEVANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 19

Vision 2030 Jamaica – National Development Plan. Chapter 2. National Goals. Retrieved

from http://www.vision2030.gov.jm/Portals/0/NDP/Chapter%202%20(web).pdf

19