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2 | LAND SURVEYING
Construction Surveying. Field Manual 5-233
CURVES
Section I.
Simple Horizontal Curves
Section II.
Obstacles to Curve Location
Section III.
Compound and Reverse Curves
Section IV.
Transition Spirals
Section V.
Vertical Curves
FIGURE 3-2.
Elements of a simple curve
50 ft 15.24 m
R= or
Sin ½ D Sin ½ D
5729.58 ft 1746.38 m
R= or (arc definition)
D D
5729.58 ft 1746.38 m
D= or (arc definition)
R R
50 ft 15.24 m
R= or (chord definition)
Sin ½ D Sin ½ D
50 ft 15.24 m (chord
Sin ½ D = or Sin ½ D =
R R definition)
FIGURE 3-4. Deflection angles
T = R (Tan ½ I)
Chords
On curves with long radii, it is impractical to stake the
curve by locating the center of the circle and swinging
the arc with a tape. The surveyor lays these curves out
L=
(DI )100 ft or L = (DI ) 30.48m
by staking the ends of a series of chords (figure 3-4). L is the distance around the arc for the arc definition,
Since the ends of the chords lie on the circumference or the distance along the chords for the chord
of the curve, the surveyor defines the arc in the field. definition.
The length of the chords varies with the degree of
curve. To reduce the discrepancy between the arc PC = PI - T
distance and chord distance, the surveyor uses the PT = PC + L
following chord lengths:
(1) The angle to the PT is measured if the PT can be (4) Plunge the telescope, and set the remaining stations
seen. This angle will equal one half of the I angle if as if the instrument was set over the PC.
the PC and PT are located properly.
Laying Out Curve from PT
(2) Without touching the lower motion, the first
deflection angle, d1 (0° 39’), is set on the horizontal If a setup on the curve has been made and it is still
circle. The instrumentman keeps the head tapeman impossible to set all the remaining stations due to
on line while the first subchord distance, C1 (8.67 some obstruction, the surveyor can “back in” the
feet), is measured from the PC to set and mark remainder of the curve from the PT. Although this
station 16+50. procedure has been set up as a method to avoid
obstructions, it is widely used for laying out curves.
(3) The instrumentman now sets the second deflection
When using the “backing in method,” the surveyor
angle, d1 + dstd (2° 32’), on the horizontal circle.
sets approximately one half the curve stations from the
The tapemen measure the standard chord (25 feet)
PC and the remainder from the PT. With this method,
from the previously set station (16+50) while the
any error in the curve is in its center where it is less
instrument man keeps the head tapeman on line to
noticeable.
set station 16+75.
Road Curves to Right. Occupy the PT, and sight the PI
(4) The succeeding stations are staked out in the same
with one half of the I angle on the horizontal circle.
manner. If the work is done correctly, the last
The instrument is now oriented so that if the PC is
deflection angle will point on the PT, and the last
sighted, the instrument will read 0°00’.
distance will be the subchord length, C2 (16.33
feet), to the PT. The remaining stations can be set by using their
3-6).
FIGURE 3-8.
Inaccessible PT
FIGURE 3-9.
Obstacle on a curve
FIGURE 3-10.
Curve through a fixed point
(arc method) D = 5,729.58 ft/R If the limiting factor is ≤ the D is rounded to the
nearest ½ degree. For example, if M ≤ 45 feet, then
D = 1,746.385 meters/R D would be rounded up to the nearest ½ degree, M
would be recomputed, and the rest of the curve data
(chord method) Sin D = 2 (50 feet/R)
computed using the rounded value of D. The new
Sin D = 2 (15.24 meters/R) value of M will be equal to or less than 45 feet.
(6) Compute the remaining elements of the curve and The surveyor may also use the values from table A-5
the deflection angles, and stake the curve. to compute the value of D. This is done by dividing
the tabulated value of tangent, external, or middle
ordinate for a l-degree curve by the given value of the
limiting factor. For example, given a limiting tangent T
≤ 45 feet and I = 20°20’, the T for a l-degree curve from
table A-5 is 1,027.6 and D = 1,027.6/45.00 = 22.836°.
Rounded up to the nearest half degree, D = 23°. Use
this rounded value to recompute D, T and the rest of
the curve data. Table A-5 from FM 5-233, is available
on the PDH website.
FIGURE 3-12.
Reverse curve between successive PIs
(2) Locate the PRC and measure m1 and m2. (If R1= R2 and I1= I2
so it can be made up of two equal arcs. The
degree of curve for both must be 5°. The
surveyor measures the distance p and
finds it to be 225.00 feet.
m 1 = m 2 a n d L1 = L 2
R 1= R2 a n d I 1 = I2
FIGURE 3-13.
Reverse curve connecting parallel tangents
(7) The PC and PT are located by measuring off L1and angle e = I1 (by similar triangles)
L2.
angle f = I1 (by similar triangles)
therefore, I2 = I + I1
Connecting Diverging Tangents
n = (R2 - m) Sin e
The connection of two diverging tangents by a reverse
curve is illustrated in figure 3-14. Due to possible p = (R2 - m) Cos e
obstruction or topographic consideration, one simple Determine g by establishing the value of I1.
curve could not be used between the tangents. The PT
has been moved back beyond the PI. However, the I R1 + p
Cos I1 =
angle still exists as in a simple curve. The controlling R 1 + R2
dimensions in this curve are the distance Ts to
locate the PT and the values of R1 and R2, which are Knowing Cos I1, determine Sin I1.
computed from the specified degree of curve for each
g = (R1 + R2) Sin I1
arc.
TL = g + n + L
(1) Measure I at the PI.
(4) Measure TL from the PI to locate the PC.
(2) Measure Ts to locate the PT as the point where the
curve is to join the forward tangent. In some cases, (5) Stake arc 1 to PRC from PC.
the PT position will be specified, but Ts must still be
(6) Set instrument at the PT and verify the PRC (invert
measured for the computations.
the telescope, sight on PI, plunge, and turn angle
I2/2).
FIGURE 3-15.
Simple curve connected to
its tangent with spirals
Spiral Formulas
50 ft
The following formulas are for the exact determination (12) R = (chord definition)
Sin ½ D
of the functions of the 10- chord spiral when the
central angle, Δ, does not exceed 45 degrees. These are (13) Z = X - (R Sin Δ)
suitable for the compilation of tables and for accurate
(14) o = Y - (R Vers Δ)
fieldwork.
(Vers Δ = 1 - Cos Δ)
kL
(1) d = ks = (15) Ts = (R + o) Tan (½ I) + Z
100
(16) Es = (R + o) Exsec (½ I) +o
kLs (Exsec (½ I) = Tan (½ I) (Tan (¼ I))
(2) D = kS =
100
2
ks ds kL2 DL
(3) G = = = = Empirical Formulas
2 2 20,000 200
For use in the field, the following formulas are
ks2 DS kLs DLs sufficiently accurate for practical purposes when Δ does
(4) = = = not exceed 15 degrees.
2 2 20,000 200
a = G/3 (degrees)
(5) A = (Δ/3) - 0.00297 Δ3 seconds A = Δ/3 (degrees)
(6) B = Δ - A a = 10 ks2 (minutes)
(7) C = Ls (Cos 0.3 Δ + 0.004 Exsec ¾ Δ) S = 10 kS2(minutes)
(Exsec Δ = 1 Tan ½ (Δ)
(8) X = C Cos A
(9) Y = C Sin A Spiral Lengths
Different factors must be taken into account when
(10) U = C
Sin B
Sin Δ
( ) calculating spiral lengths for highway and railroad
layout.
(11) V = C
Sin A
Sin Δ
( ) Highways. Spirals applied to highway layout must
FIGURE 3-17.
Staking a spiraled circular curve