Calculus I – MTHN002

Course Description :
(1) Functions, Essential Functions (Linear, Power, Polynomial,
Rational, Algebraic, Trigonometric).
(2) New Functions from Old Functions (Graphing, Combined,
Composite Functions).
(3) Exponential Functions, Inverse Functions, Logarithmic and
Inverse Trigonometric Functions.
(4) Limits, One Sided Limits, Limit Laws, Squeeze Theorem.
(5) Limits Involving Infinity, Asymptotes of Graphs, Continuity.
(6) Differentiation, Differentiation Rules, Derivatives of Power
and Trigonometric Functions.
(7) Chain Rule, Implicit Differentiation, Higher Order
Derivatives, Parametric Differentiation.
(8) Derivatives of Exponential, Inverse Trigonometric and
Logarithmic Differentiation.
(9) Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions and Their
Derivatives.
(10) Indeterminate Forms and L'Hopital's Rule.
(11) Taylor and Maclaurin Series.
(12) Functions of Several Variables, Partial Derivatives and
Their Applications.
References :
(1) James Stewart, '' Calculus Early Transcendentals '',
Cengage Learning, 8th Edition , 2016 .
(2) Thomas, '' Calculus Early Transcendentals '', Pearson
Education Limited, 12th Edition , 2014 .
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 Some Notes of Lecture (1)
Precalculus Review
Sets of Numbers :
Natural numbers  = {1 , 2 ,3 ,4 ,...}

Integers = {..., − 2 , − 1 ,0 ,1 , 2 ,...}

p 
Rational numbers  
= p , q ∈ ; q ≠ 0 
q 
Irrational numbers {
′ = ..., 2 , 3 −5 , π ,e ,... }
Real numbers  =   ′

Intervals :
Notation Set description Picture

( a ,b ) {x a < x < b}

[a ,b ] {x a ≤ x ≤ b}

[a ,b ) {x a ≤ x < b}

(a , ∞ ) {x x > a}

( − ∞,b ] {x x ≤ b}

( − ∞=
,∞)  {x − ∞ < x < ∞}

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Rules for Inequalities :
If a , b and c are real numbers , then
(i) If a < b , then a ± c < b ± c .
(ii) If a < b and c > 0 , then a c < b c .
(iii) If a < b and c < 0 , then a c > b c .
1 1
(iv) If 0 < a < b , then > .
a b

Absolute Value Properties :

If a , b are real numbers , then
 a , a ≥0
(i) a=
2
a=  .
− a , a <0
(ii) − a =a .
(iii) a b = a b .
a a
(iv) = .
b b

Absolute Values and Intervals :

If a is any positive number , then
(i) x = a ⇔ x = ± a .
(ii) x ≤ a ⇔ − a ≤ x ≤ a .
(iii) x ≥ a ⇔ − a ≥ x or x ≥ a .

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 Chapter (1) : Fuctions
1.1 Functions and Their Graphs :
Definition :
A function f from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns
=
a unique (single) element y f ( x ) ∈Y to each element x ∈ D .

Arrow diagram for f

Machine diagram for f

* The domain of the function is the set D of all possible input

values of x .
* The range of the function is the set of all values of y = f ( x )
as x varies through D .
* The element x is called independent variable and y is called
dependent variable .

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Remark :
* The graph of a function f is the graph of the equation
y = f ( x ) for x in the domain of f .

The Vertical Line Test :

The graph of a function intersects any vertical line at most once.

(a) x 2 + y 2 =
1 (b) =
y 1 − x2 (c) y =
− 1 − x2
Not a function Functions

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Piecewise-Defined Functions :
A piecewise-defined function is a function defined by different
formulas in different parts of its domain.

* The absolute value function

 x , x ≥0
=
y x= 
− x , x <0

Domain =  , Range = [o , ∞ )

Symmetry :
(i) If f ( − x ) =
f ( x ) , then f is an even function and its graph is
symmetric about the y-axis.
(ii) If f ( − x ) =
− f ( x ) , then f is an odd function and its graph
is symmetric about the origin.

Even functions
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 Odd functions

Increasing and Decreasing Functions :

(i) A function f is called increasing on an interval I if
f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) whenever x 1 < x 2 in I .
(ii) A function f is called decreasing on an interval I if
f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 ) whenever x 1 < x 2 in I .

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* The function f (x ) = x 2 is decreasing on ( − ∞,0 ] and
increasing on [0 , ∞ ) .

1.2 Some Essential Functions

(a) Linear Functions :
A graph of a linear function is a straight line. The slope-
intercept form of the equation of a straight line is
=y f (=x ) mx + b ,
where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept.

* =
y 3x −2
m = 3 , b = −2

= ( − ∞ , ∞ ) , Range =  = ( − ∞ , ∞ )
Domain = 
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(b) Power Functions :
A function of the form f ( x ) = x n , where n is a constant,
is called a power function.

(i) n = 1 ⇒ Domain = , Range = 

(ii) n = 2 , 4 , 6 ,... ⇒ Domain =  , Range = [o , ∞ )

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(iii) n = 3 , 5 ,7 ,... ⇒ Domain =  , Range = 

1 1 1
(iv) n = , , ,... ⇒ Domain = [o , ∞ ) , Range = [o , ∞ )
2 4 6

1 1 1
(v) n = , , ,... ⇒ Domain =  , Range = 
3 5 7

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(vi) n =−1 , − 3 , − 5 ,... ⇒ Domain =  − {0 } , Range =  − {0 }

(vii) n =−2 , − 4 , − 6 ,... ⇒ Domain =  − {0 } , Range = (o , ∞ )

3 2
(viii) n = , ⇒ Range = [o , ∞ )
2 3

Domain = [o , ∞ ) Domain = 

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(c) Polynomials :
A function f is called a polynomial if
f ( x=
) an x n + an −1 x n −1 + ... + a 2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 ,
where n is a nonnegative integer and an , an −1 , ... ,a0 are
constants.
Remark :
* The domain of polynomial function is  or ( − ∞ , ∞ ) .

(d) Rational Functions :

A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials
P (x )
f (x ) = ,
Q (x )
where P and Q are polynomials.
Remark :
* The domain of rational function is
 − { zeros of Q } .

(e) Algebraic Functions :

A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be
constructed using algebraic operations (such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking roots) starting
with polynomials.

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Remark :
* A root function is in the form
f (x ) = n g (x )
where g ( x ) is a polynomial function , n is positive integer .
* The domain of root function is
  if n is od d .

 the solution set of inequality g ( x ) ≥ 0 if n is ev en .

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(f) Trigonometric Functions
Graphs of The Trigonometric Functions :
Function f Graph Domain and Range

Domain =  or (− ∞,∞)
Range = [ −1 ,1 ]
f ( x ) = sin x Period = 2 π
Odd function
sin ( − x ) =
− sin x

Domain =  or (− ∞,∞)
Range = [ −1 ,1 ]
f ( x ) = cos x Period = 2 π
Even function
cos ( − x ) =
cos x

Domain =
π
 − ( 2 n + 1 ) , n ∈  
f ( x ) = tan x  2 

=
sin x Range =  or (− ∞,∞)
cos x Period = π
Odd function
tan ( − x ) =
− t an x

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 Domain =
 − { nπ , n ∈  }
f ( x ) = cot x
cos x
Range =  or (− ∞,∞)
=
sin x Period = π
Odd function
cot ( − x ) =
− cot x

Domain =
π
 − ( 2 n + 1 ) , n ∈  
f ( x ) = sec x  2 
1 Range = ( − ∞ , −1]  [1, ∞ )
=
cos x or  − ( −1 , 1 )
Period = 2 π
Even function
sec ( − x ) =
sec x

Domain =
 − { nπ , n ∈  }
f ( x ) = csc x
Range = ( − ∞ , −1]  [1, ∞ )
1
= or  − ( −1 , 1 )
sin x
Period = 2 π
Odd function
csc ( − x ) =
− csc x

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Identities of The Trigonometric Functions :

* cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ =
1 ,
1 + tan 2 θ =
sec 2 θ ,
cot 2 θ + 1 =
csc 2 θ .
* Additional Formulas :
sin ( A=± B ) sin A cos B ± cos A sin B ,
cos ( A ± B ) =
cos A cos B  sin A sin B ,
tan A ± tan B
tan ( A ± B ) = .
1  t an A tan B
* Double-Angle Formulas :
sin 2 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ ,
=
cos 2 θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
= 2 cos 2 θ − 1
= 1 − 2 sin 2 θ ,
2 tan θ
tan 2 θ = .
1  tan θ
2

* Half-Angle Formulas :
1
cos=
2
θ ( 1 + cos 2 θ ) ,
2
1
sin=
2
θ ( 1 − cos 2 θ ) .
2

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