Educational Timeline

Erin Quinn
11/25/18
Educational Timeline
I. 500 – 146 B.C. ~ Ancient Greece
 384 – 322 B.C. = Aristotle
i. Reality vs. Ideas
 Reality
 Values
 Knowledge
 428 – 348 B.C. = Plato
i. Education equals good of society
 Music
 Mathematics
 Gymnastics
 470 – 399 B.C. = Socrates
i. Socratic Questioning
 Truth
 Beauty
 Goodness
 Liberty
 Equality
 Justice
II. 146 – 395 A.D. ~ Ancient Rome
 Start of Elementary school
i. Consisted of the Ludus system, and a secondary grammar school
 Learned to read, write, and compute
 Girls – beyond the Ludus
 Boys (12-16)
 Taught grammar, Greek or Latin, and Literature
 Boys (16 – 20)
 Taught grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, music, arithmetic,
geometry, and astronomy
III. 476 A.D. – 1299 ~ Middle Ages
 Roman Catholic Church – Greatest Influence
IV. 1300 – 1500 ~ Renaissance
 During this period, they valued:
 Art
 Literature
 Learning
i. This period also brought about the transfer of power from church to people
V. 1712 ~ Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 The father of modern child psychology
 Believed that children progressed through stages of growth and development
 Believed in the innate goodness of children
 VI. 1746 – 1827 ~ Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
 Swiss Educator who contributed greatly to the development of elementary schools
 Believed that instructional practices and curriculum materials should be selected
in light of students’ natural abilities and readiness to learn
VII. 1776 – 1841 ~ John Friedrich Herbert
 The father of science, education, and modern psychology
 Moral character
i. Introduced the 5 step systematic approach:
 Preparation
 Presentation
 Association
 Generalization
 Application
VIII. 1620 – 1750 ~ American Colonies
 Primary roots of education in colonial America were in the English culture
i. Different schools created:
 Dame schools – classes were usually held in the kitchen, where
women were taught sewing and basic homemaking skills
 Parochial schools – religious belief based schools
 Latin Grammar schools – comparable to secondary school –
patterned after the classical schools of Europe
IX. 1642 – Massachusetts Act of 1642
 Required each town to determine whether young people could read and write
i. This act made clear that the education of children was a direct concern of
the local citizenry
X. 1647 – Massachusetts Act of 1647
 Mandated the establishment and support of schools
i. Towns were to appoint a person to instruct “all such children as shall
resort to him to read and write”
XI. 1704 – African American and Native American Schools
 Founded by Elias Neau in New York City
i. Neau spoke out against slavery and the lack of education for the children
of the slaves
XII. 1751 – Ben Franklin Academy
 Private school that replaced Latin Grammar school with a curriculum that was
broader, more practical, and that focused on the English language
i. Proposed educating youth with a wide range of subjects that emphasized
the classics as well as practical knowledge and skills
Sarah Pierce Female Academy
 Introduced a curriculum that emphasized practical knowledge and skills,
rather than the classics
  Started in the dining room of her own home with 2 students
XIII. 1779 – Thomas Jefferson Philosophy
 Believed that providing basic education to citizens was necessary in order “to
raise the mass of the people to a high ground of moral respectability necessary to
their own safety, and to orderly government”
 Viewed the education of common people as the most effective means of
preserving liberty
XIV. 1783 – Noah Webster’s Speller
 Purpose was to help teachers instill in students “the first rudiments of the
language, some just ideas of religion, morals and domestic economy”
i. Titled:
 A Grammatical Institute of English Language
ii. Later titled:
 American Spelling Book
 Elementary Spelling Book
XV. 1819 – Federal Funds for Reservation schools first granted
 Through the newly created office of affairs
XVI. 1821 – Boston English Classical School
 First State High school
i. Supported by:
 City residents
 Democratic leaders
ii. Opposed by:
 Tax payers
 Non- English speakers
1824 – Renamed English High school
XVII. 1837 – Horace Mann
 Became Secretary of Board of Education
i. Spokesperson for common schools
ii. Helped Elementary School become:
 Free
 Public
 Locally controlled
XVIII. 1838 – “Teachers need more than High School diplomas”
 Harriet B. Stowe (Uncle Tom’s Cabin) said:
i. Woman needs access to same education as men and recruited women into
the teaching profession
XIX. 1839 – First Public School
 Lexington Massachusetts
XX. 1848 – Massachusetts established public school system
XXI. 1857 – National Education Association (NEA)
  Professional teacher organizations began to have a great influence on the
development of schools in America
i. Labored diligently to professionalize teaching and to increase teachers’
salaries and benefits
ii. Appointed Committee of Ten and Committee or fifteen
 To make recommendations for secondary and elementary curricula
XXII. 1862 – Morrill Land-Grant Act
 Provided federal land for states either to sell or to rent in order to raise funds for
the establishment of colleges of agriculture and mechanical arts
XXIII. 1865 – African American leaders in Georgia formed Education Association
 To raise money and supervise their own schools
XXIV. 1873 – Susan Blow
 Established first successful public kindergarten in United States
 United States Bureau of Education recorded a total of 12 kindergartens with 72
teachers and 1,252 students
XXV. 1880 – Booker T. Washington
 Helped fund Tuskegee Institute
i. Industrial school for African American in Alabama
XXVI. 1896 - John Dewey’s Lab School
 Created for testing progressive principles in the classroom
i. The children learned traditional subjects by working cooperatively in
small groups such as:
 Cooking
 Wearing
 Carpentry
 Sewing
 Metalwork
ii. Dewey’s school had two purposes:
 To exhibit, test, verify, and criticize theoretical statements and
principles
 To add to the sum of facts and principles in its special line with
question marks, rather than fixed rules
XXVII. 1900 – Progressive Movement
 Supporters intent on social reform to improve the quality of American life
i. Founded in the Progressive Education Association
ii. Devoted to implementing progressive theories in the classroom that they
believed would lead to the improvement of society
iii. Progressives opposed teaching styles that:
 Relied almost exclusively on textbooks, recitations, and rote
memorization
 The relative isolation of the classroom from the real world
 Classroom discipline based on fear or physical punishment
XXVIII. 1900 – Montessori Method
  Belief that children’s mental, physical, and spiritual development could be
enhanced by providing them with developmentally appropriate educational
activities
i. Teachers create learning environments based on students’ levels of
development and readiness to learn new material
XXIX. 1916 – American Federation of Teachers founded (AFT)
 Professional teacher organizations began to have a great influence on the
development of schools in America
i. Labored diligently to professionalize teaching and to increase teachers’
salaries and benefits
XXX. 1941 – Lanham Act
 Provided funds
 The construction of schools
 Childcare for the children of working parents
XXXI. 1944 – G.I. Bill of Rights
 Provided veterans with payments for tuition and room and board of colleges and
universities
XXXII. 1954 – Desegregation in Schools
 Supreme court rejects “separate but equal” doctrine
i. Justification for excluding African Americans from attending school with
the Whites
ii. Desegregation resulted from Brown vs. Board of Education
XXXIII. 1958 – National Defense Education Act
 Sponsored research and innovation in:
 Science
 Math
 Modern Foreign Languages
 Guidance
XXXIV. 1975 – Title IX of Education Amendments Act
 Stated that “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded
from participating in, be denied benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination
under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance”
XXXV. 1975 – Education for All Handicapped Children Act
 Guarantees that children with special needs will receive free, appropriate
education in the least restrictive education environment
XXXVI. 1983 – Nation at Risk Report: The Imperative for Educational Reform
 Nation debate was begun on how to improve the quality of schools
i. Calls for 5 new basics
 English
 Math
 Science
 Social Studies
  Computer Science
XXXVII. 1990 – Goals 2000
 Introduced by George H. Bush
i. Identifies 6 educational goals
 Readiness for school
 High school completion
 Student achievement and citizenship
 Science and mathematics
 Adult literacy and lifelong learning
 Safe, disciplined, drug-free schools
XXXVIII. 2002 – No Child Left Behind
 Introduced by George W. Bush
 Reauthorizes ESEA
i. Calls for all students to make “adequate yearly reports”