INDEX

SERIAL PAGE
NUMBER
NUMBER CONTENT

1 CERTIFICATE 1

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

3 OBJECTIVE 3

4 THEORY 4-7

5 MATERIALS RECQUIRED 8

6 PROCEDURE 9-10

7 OBSERVATION 11-12

8 CONCLUSION 13

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SWAPNIL SAMBHAV, a bona fide student of

Delhi Public School, Ruby Park, Kolkata, class XII has successfully
completed his Chemistry Project “DETERMINATION OF MOLAR
MASS OF SOLUTE BY MEANS OF COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION” during the year 2019-20 as per CBSE
guidelines for the AISSCE Practical Examination 2020.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

Date: ___________ Date: __________
 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude towards my chemistry teacher who had

given us the opportunity and space to explore new avenues for the
chemistry project; chemistry laboratory assistant, for standing with us
throughout our endeavors; CBSE for providing us with a platform to
illustrate our creativities; my friends for their unconditional support and
cooperation. The book and websites need special mention here as they
laid the foundation to our projects. And of course, my parents, without
whose guidance and perseverance, the project would never have been
possible.
 2

OBJECTIVE

Determination of Molar Mass of Solute by means of Colligative

Properties of Solutions.
 3

THEORY
In chemistry, colligative properties are properties of solutions that depend
on the ratio of the number of solute particles to the number of solvent
molecules in a solution, and not on the nature of the chemical species
present. The number ratio can be related to the various units for
concentration of solutions. The assumption that solution properties are
independent of nature of solute particles is only exact for ideal solutions,
and is approximate for dilute real solutions. In other words, colligative
properties are a set of solution properties that can be reasonably
approximated by assuming that the solution is ideal.
Here we consider only properties which result from the dissolution of
non-volatile solute in a volatile liquid solvent .They are essentially
solvent properties which are changed by the presence of the solute. The
solute particles displace some solvent molecules in the liquid phase and
therefore reduce the concentration of solvent, so that the colligative
properties are independent of the nature of the solute. The word
colligative is derived from the Latin colligatus meaning bound together.

Colligative properties include:

▪ Relative lowering of vapor pressure
▪ Elevation of boiling point
▪ Depression of freezing point
▪ Osmotic pressure

For a given solute-solvent mass ratio, all colligative properties are

inversely proportional to solute molar mass.
Measurement of colligative properties for a dilute solution of a non-
ionized solute such as urea or glucose in water or another solvent can lead
to determinations of relative molar masses, both for small molecules and
for polymers which cannot be studied by other means. Alternatively,
measurements for ionized solutes can lead to an estimation of the
percentage of dissociation taking place.
 4

Colligative properties are mostly studied for dilute solutions, whose

behavior may often be approximated as that of an ideal solution.

1. Vapour Pressure Reduction:

Vapour pressure reduction occurs as the number of solute particles in a

solution increases. In effect, some solute particles displace solvent
particles at the surface of the solution (the liquid-gas boundary), making
fewer solvent particles available for vaporisation and thereby reducing the
vapour pressure.
Boiling point elevation is sometimes considered a separate colligative
property, but is in fact a special case of vapour pressure reduction. The
boiling point is reached at the temperature where the vapour pressure of
the liquid matches the pressure of the gas at the liquid-gas boundary.
Because the presence of solute particles reduces the vapour pressure of
the solution, it also increases the boiling point of the solution. Boiling
point elevation (ΔTb or ΔTbp) is the product of the van’t Hoff factor of
the solute, the boiling point elevation constant (also called the
ebullioscopic constant) of the solvent (Kb or Kbp), and the molality (m) of
the solution, and can be expressed as the formula:
ΔT = i.Kb.m
One familiar application of vapour pressure reduction is the use of
antifreeze (which could just as easily be called anti-boil) in automobile
radiators. The addition of high-boiling ethylene glycol and similar
chemicals to the water in the radiator raises the boiling point of the
solution above that of pure water, reducing the likelihood of the radiator
boiling over.

2. Freezing Point Depression:

Freezing point depression occurs as the number of solute particles in a

solution increases. One familiar application of freezing point depression
is the application of road salt (usually sodium chloride or calcium
chloride) to melt ice on streets and sidewalks. As the ice dissolves the salt
 5

(yes, one solid can dissolve another solid) the solid ice is converted to a
liquid solution of the salt, because the solution has a lower freezing point
than the essentially pure water that makes up the ice. Freezing point
depression is calculated in the same way as boiling point elevation, but
substituting the freezing point depression constant (Kf or Kfp) for the
boiling point elevation constant. Because the freezing point depression
constant is conventionally expressed as an unsigned value, the formula
for calculating freezing point depression is:
ΔT = – (i. Kf . m)
(a negative sign is added to indicate the reduction in freezing point).

3. Osmotic Pressure :
Osmotic pressure occurs when a differential concentration of solute
particles causes pressure to be exerted across a semi permeable
membrane. The phenomenon of osmotic pressure is exploited in many
chemical and industrial processes as well as in medical procedures such
as kidney dialysis, not to mention such routine bodily functions as your
kidneys extracting waste products from your bloodstream. The behavior
of solutions under osmotic pressure resembles the behavior of gases. In
fact, the formula for calculating osmotic pressure uses the ideal gas
constant:
𝑛. 𝑖. 𝑅. 𝑇
𝜋=
𝑉
, where π is the osmotic pressure, n the moles of solute, i the van’t Hoff
constant, R the ideal gas constant, T the absolute temperate in Kelvin, and
V the volume.

• Van’t Hoff Factor :

The Van’t Hoff Factor depends on the nature of the solute, and takes into
account the fact that different solutes behave differently in solution. Ionic
solutes dissociate in solution, and therefore have van’t Hoff factors
greater than 1. (For example, one molecule of sodium chloride in aqueous
 6
solution dissociates fully into two particles, one Na+ ion and one Cl– ion,
so sodium chloride has a van’t Hoff factor of 2.) Some solutes, such as
sucrose in water, do not dissociate, and therefore have van’t Hoff factors
of exactly 1. A few solutes associate in solution, yielding fewer individual
particles than the molality of the solution suggests. These solutes have
van’t Hoff factors of less than 1. Some solutes, such as weak acids and
bases in aqueous solution, dissociate partially, giving fractional van’t
Hoff factors, typically greater than 1 but less than 2.
The van’t Hoff factor depends on both solvent and solute. For example,
when hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas dissolves in water, it dissociates
completely into H+ and Cl– ions, giving a van’t Hoff factor of 2.
Conversely, when HCl gas dissolves in benzene, it remains in molecular
form, giving a van’t Hoff factor of 1 for that combination of solvent and
solute.
 7

MATERIALS RECQUIRED

• Sodium chloride (Solid Form)

• Dextrose
• Spatula
• Bunsen Burner
• Thermometer
• Digital Balance
• Distilled Water
• Clamp Stand
• Borosil Beaker

8
 PROCEDURE
STEP I: DETERMINE THE BOILING POINT OF WATER
UNDER AMBIENT PRESSURE

The boiling point of water under standard conditions is 100°C, but as is

true of any liquid, the actual boiling point depends on the ambient
barometric pressure, which varies with weather and altitude. If the
barometric pressure is below the standard pressure of 1000 millibars
(mbar), the boiling point of water is less than 100°C; if the pressure is
greater than 1000 mbar, the boiling point of water is greater than 100°C.
Because barometric pressure is not constant, the actual boiling point of
water may differ significantly from place to place and from day to day at
a particular place.It’s important to know the actual boiling point of water
under ambient pressure, because we will use that boiling point as a
baseline reference datum to determine the boiling point elevation (ΔTb) of
the various molal solutions and from those data the molar masses of the
solutes. To determine the boiling point of water, take the following steps:

1. Fill the 250 ml beaker about halfway with water, place it on the heat
source, and heat the water until it comes to a full boil.
2. Immerse the thermometer in the beaker, making sure that it does not
contact the beaker itself (suspend it with a stand and clamp, or find
some other way), allow the thermometer to stabilize, and record the
temperature reading. (With most thermometers, we can interpolate a
reading to 0.5°C or closer.)
3. Empty and dry the beaker.

STEP II: PREPARE MOLAL SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE

AND DEXTROSE:

To test the effect of molality and dissociation on boiling point, we need to

prepare solutions of ionic and molecular (covalent) compounds of known
molality. I chose to use sodium chloride and dextrose because both of

9
these chemicals are inexpensive, readily available, and extremely soluble
in water. Sodium chloride is ionic. In solution, sodium chloride
dissociates into sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-), and should
therefore have a van’t Hoff factor of 2. Dextrose is molecular, and should
therefore have a van’t Hoff factor of 1.

PART III: DETERMINE THE BOILING POINT OF SODIUM

CHLORIDE AND DEXTROSE SOLUTIONS:

In this part of the experiment, we determine the boiling points of the

sodium chloride and dextrose solutions.

10
 OBSERVATIONS

Observation Table:

Amount Amount
Serial Solute Solvent of of ΔT
Number Solute Solvent
(in g) (in g)
1 Dextrose Water 36 100 1K

2 Dextrose Water 18 100 0.5K

3 Sodium Water 23.4 200 2K

Chloride
4 Sodium Water 5.85 100 1K
Chloride

Calculating the molar mass of the solution:

From the equation:

ΔT = i.Kb.m
We can write,
ΔT
m=
i.Kb

Since,
no.of moles of solute
m=
mass of solvent

We can calculate the number of moles in the given mass of solute and
thus obtain the molar mass.

11
 Serial Solute Calculated Original
Number Molar Mass Molar Mass
(in g) (in g)
1 Dextrose 180 180

2 Sodium Chloride 58.5 58.5

12
 CONCLUSION

The determined molar mass of NaCl (Sodium Chloride)

is 58.5g.

The determined molar mass of C6H12O6(Glucose) is 180g.

13
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Wikipedia
• www.slideshare.net
• Illustrated Guide to Home Experiments - Robert Bruce Thompson
• Google Search Engine
• Chemistry NCERT Text Book

________________*________________

THE END

14
 TOPIC :COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
OF SOLUTION

SUBMITTED BY: SWAPNIL SAMBHAV

AISSCE
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION 2019-20)

BOARD ROLL NUMBER :

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL,RUBY PARK

KOLKATA