   

 
  
        
     
 
      
         
     
      
 Si  I 2
 P  Rb
4

 SiC  LiBr

   (NH ) PO 4 3 4
 
   
 Si     
 I
2
      
 P 4
      
 Rb    
 SiC     
 LiBr   

    
(NH ) PO
4 3 4

 
     
      
      
     
     
        

 CsCl  Cs   Cl    Cs 
+ - +

     

       
     
      
      
      
 


 
        
    

    

         
   
     
 P 4
 Rb
 LiBr
  (NH ) PO 4 3 4
   
 
   
     
     
   
       
 

  

   

       
       
   
   
          

  Cl    Cs   

- +

      

     
      
      
     
        
     

      

   



 

  


     

   
  

 
     
 
       
        

     
   
   -    
     ABABAB....  

    ABCABCABC....  
     
      
      
     
       
i     =8×1/8 =1
ii     =6×1/2 =3
   (z) =1+3 =4
      
      

    

 1 3  4
      
        =8
  
 11  1
     
    
11  2
     10 ohm m   
 4 -1 -1


     
      
        
       
   
     
  NaCl, KCl,CsCl,AgBr   
       
    

        


      
 ABABAB....         

ABCABCABC....  

      
        
      
       
        
 =8×1/8 =1
 =6×1/2 =3

      

       6  1  3

      

   =8×1/8 =1

 

       

 

          

          
   
 
  

     

      

  

   

   
 
 

  

  

     

  
     
  
      
      
      
  AgCl,AgBr,AgI 
      
       
  
   
     
      
     
      
 F-    
 F- 
      
 
 F-   
     
      
 NaCl  Na-    NaCl 
    
       
      
 Fe,Cr,Ni,Gd,CrO 
2

     


    
 
    
   
  
   
    
   
 O NO,Na 
,

    

      
      
   Fe O ,MgFe O ,ZnFe O   
3 4 2 4 2 4

 

     

      
      
  MnO

     X- 

    X-  
     
    
     
      
   
  
        
 
     

  

   F    

    
  NaCl    
  
       
  

  

       

  

         
        
      

   

         
      

 X-    

X-    X-    
       
    

  
     

     



  

   

  
 
    
  

 
   1.0×10 m
-10


 
   
       
     
       
 
 
      
       
      
  
      
     
  a =2r r 
   =(2r) = 8r
3 3

    4  r

3

4
r 3

  
 3
100  52.36%
8r 3

      

     
      a  4r

      =2

    
 2 4  r 3

3
  
3

  

64r 3

3 3 3
  
       
       
       
   
  
    
         
        
  
   
   

 =(2r) = 8r
3 3

  4  r3

    

    
   a  4r

   =2

  

 
  



2 4  r 3

 3
100  68%
64r 3

3 3
     
     

100
 FCC   
a  2 2r

     

   

 4 4  r3
a  2 2r
3 3

 

   a  2 2r 3 3

 

4  4  r 100 3

16
 r 1003

 3


 

2 2r 3

 

3

2 2r 3

 
 74%

  P,Q     

      P,Q 
Q      
   =8×1/8 =1
p      
P
 Q   = 1 : 1

   PQ
     =2
       P
    r  
 
       
ABC
 
  
   
   

 Q    P

   P,Q     

     =1×1 =1

 =2
   P  Q      
 r      R 

   

  P 

 R  r  R  
AC  AB  BC
2 2 2

2R   R  r   R  r 
2 2 2


2 Rr
2

4R2  2 R  r
  2

2R2 
R  r  2

r 2R  R r  2 1 R
 

2R
 
2 
R  r  2

2R  R  r

r
1.414 1 R r  0.414R

       

      
   
  
      
       
     
  
 IIIA  VA    
  
      Si  Ge 
  
  D ãH÷Ok ã„ ¬u ^ ¥xx p-   n-  
 In    Ge  B    Si
      p-  
      
IIIA   Si Ge    p-  
     Ni O  
 
    NiO  Ni  O   =
1:1
 Ni(III)    Ni(II) 
      
     

        

       
  

        

  Si  Ge  IIIA      n- 

  

   Si

    IIIA    
   p-    
 Ni O      Ni ,N 2+

 O   =

  Ni(II)  x 

 
 

    

   

  

  n- 

 

 Ni ,Ni 

2+ 3+
Ni(II)   = 0.98 -x
Ni(II)    =   
2 (0.98 -x ) +3x =2
1.96-2x+3x =2, x= 0.04

 0.04  4.01%

0.98
  Ni(II)   =100 - 4.01 = 95.99%
34.    = 0.144 nm)  
   
 fcc  

 
a  2 2r
r  0.144 nm 

a  2  2  0.144  2 1.414  0.144  0.407 nm

     
       
       
    

        
   

      

       
       
  =   

  =100 - 4.01 = 95.99%

 = 0.144 nm)    

      

        
            
       

          
 

       

         
         
   

      

     
     

      

  
     
      
     

       
       
 

 NaCl, 1×10   SrCl

-3

       

 SrCl  NaCl    Sr   Na 
+2 +

     

  NaCl      = 1×10 -3

 

110 3


100
5
10


    5 23
 10  6.02310  6.02310
18

    

   
X-       
     
      
     
 AD      
     DB+BC)  
  BBC    
        n
 (DB+BC)
 
 n  DB  BC
  n    
 AB  d

   

DB  BC  d sin 
DB  BC   2d sin

n  2d sin

       

         

       


 SrCl
     
  Sr   Na      
+2 +

    

     = 1×10 -3

    10 5 23
 6.02310  6.02310
18

 
 
          
        
         A
         
D          
    DB+BC)     
 BBC        
        n     n
  
     

    

      

   Na 

+

     

      
   A    
     
    
      
     
  n=1,2,3,....  
      
     
       

  

    

     = M
  = N
0

     = Z

   
   = a
   = a (=V) 3

   

Z     ZM


M N 0


ZM / N 0 

3
a

ZM
N a 3

 
 aNM 3
0

Z
      
       
      

 
     

   = M
 = N
0

    = Z

 = a
 = a (=V)
3

  

   ZM
     
         d 

      

   fcc   
    
  
d= 10.5g/cm , a= 4.07×10 cm Z=4 
3 -8

N = 6.023×10 23

daNM 3
A

10.5 4.07 10 8 3

 6.02310 23

 

4


10.5 67.767 10  6.02310 24 23

###
 107.09 gm / mole
    
   93U   

      3a

    (a)

   = 93g / mole
     (Z) = 2
   ZM
A

 2 93
 30.8910 6.02310 23 23

  d
   8.55 / cm 2


 =      
 
 a 3


30.89 10 23

###
 36.16 10
24 3
cm

  a  36.16 10  24 3 8

 3.3110 cm
  r   3a

 3
 3.3110  1.4310 cm  143 pm
8 8

###
   fcc   
3.6110 cm 8

    


8.92g / cm 3

  

 
d
ZM

aN
3

A
     4.07×10 cm   10.
-8

 

    

    

  3a


  
 10.5 gcm-3

  8.55g cm 

3


a  3.6110 cm; Z  4; M  63.5
8 

d
4 63.5

3.6110  6.02310
8 3 23

 
 8.97 g / cm 3

     

 8.92g / cm3

   
     
   
       
###
      Fe   +3

 2 1  2

3 3
   Fe O  Fe O 2/3 2 3


3

 

44.     

     
 1.00cm     3

   (r) = 125 pm

Fcc   
r a

2 2

a  2 2  r  2 1.414 125  353.5 pm

    353.5 pm
  

a  353.510
3 10 3
 442 10 cm
25 3

 
     4.42 10

25
 2.2610

       


        
     
    
       
     
    
     

  Fe   +3

 Fe O 2 3

    

   
    

  4.42 10 25

 2.2610

     

        

          
  
    
    
  

    125pm

    

   
X-        
      
       
       
 AD       
     DB+BC)   
  BBC     
        n
 
 (DB+BC)

 n  DB  BC
  n    
 AB  d

   

DB  BC  d sin 
DB  BC   2d sin

n  2d sin

         
         
         
          
 AD         
     DB+BC)     
  BBC      
        n
   
(DB+BC)
C
  n    

  

       
       
    A    
       
     
       
      
   n=1,2,3,....  
      
     
       
      
          d 
 

 d 