Cooling of reactor initiates preliminary crystallization of the crude paracetamol in which other impurities

are still present. This crude paracetamol is referred as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Cooling
water passes through the jacket. Heat is then transferred from the vessel to the cooling medium lower
the temperature inside the reactor.

Cooling of reactor initiates preliminary crystallization of the crude paracetamol in which other impurities
are still present. This crude paracetamol is referred as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Cooling
water passes through the jacket. Heat is then transferred from the vessel to the cooling medium lower
the temperature inside the reactor.

Cooling of Reactor

Source:
https://www.mt.com/de/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ProcessDevelopment/
Mass-Transfer-and-Reaction-Rate.html

Crystallization

Source:

Time-evolution of grain size distributions in random nucleation and growth crystallization processes -
Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sketch-of-the-
nucleation-and-growth-crystallization-process-for-which-the-theory-is_fig3_45903530 [accessed 1 Dec,
2019]
Batch Crystallization

Continuous Crystallization
Source: [1]

[1] Zhang D, Xu S, Du S, Wang J, Gong J. Progress of Pharmaceutical Continuous Crystallization.

Engineering 2017;3:354–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2017.03.023.