Supersaturation is the main parameter in determining

the rate of crystal growth and nucleation. In order

to control the properties of a crystalline product, it is
essential that the supersaturation level be controlled by
desupersaturation rate, i.e., by the release of supersaturation
which is mainly determined by the crystal
growth rate and the available crystal surface area.
Furthermore, the level of supersaturation is the main
parameter that determines the agglomeration, shape,
and purity of the crystals.

The control of crystal morphology is a very complex

process. This may be accomplished by the choice
of an appropriate solvent system or by adding a
chemical into the solution. Two methods may be
used. Firstly, the experimental method can provide
reliable results, but requires an excessive amount of
work and extensive experience in order to be used for
the testing of various solvents and additives. Secondly,
computerized molecular modeling can be
used in the search for suitable solvents and additives.

(Palosaari, Sha, & Louhi-Kultanen, 2017)

multi-segment cooling and multi-addition
have been used in plug flow crystallizers to control size distribution.

Plug flow crystallization

with a recycling ratio of about 30% mother liquid resulted in a yield
of about 50%. This yield could be further increased by increasing the
recycle ratio.

Palosaari, S., Sha, Z., & Louhi-Kultanen, M. (2017). Chemical Engineering: Essentials for the CPI
professional - Industrial Crystallization. Handbook of Industrial Drying, Third Edition, 124(11), 64.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420017618.ch51

For Picture Book

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DTB Crystallizer: http://www.sunkaier.com/products/evaporation-crystallization/crystallizer/dtb-

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Small Crystallizer: semanticscholar.org/paper/Industrial-crystallization-process-control-Larsen-

Patience/96ca86243a27ce068ea71323c27b5064a9e7bf06/figure/2

Batch Crystallizer: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Industrial-crystallization-process-control-

Larsen-Patience/96ca86243a27ce068ea71323c27b5064a9e7bf06/figure/3

Glass-lined batch reactor: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Industrial-crystallization-process-

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Lab Scale model for evaporation crystallization: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pilot-plant-

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Evaporation crystallization parts: https://www.chemicalprocessing.com/articles/2003/381/

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Gas Chromatography Parts: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-diagram-of-the-main-

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Gas chromatography definition: https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-and-

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Large scale chromatography: https://www.biotage.com/product-group/large-scale-purification

Gas chromatography internals: http://chromatographyscience.blogspot.com/2012/10/packed-column-

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Parts of chromatorgraph: Gas chromatography principle, techniques, and applications

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Ion Chromatography Lab scale: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_chromatography

Parts of Ion-exchange column: http://dardel.info/IX/processes/columns.html