National song

vkiys vktps ns’kxhr ^tu x.k eu vf/kuk;d* gs dS- johUnzukFk Vkxksj ;kauh jpysys vkgs- rs xhr R;kauh
iape tkWtZ tsOgk fganqLFkkukl HksV ns.kkj gksrk rsOgk R;kP;k LokxrklkBh jpysys vkgs- gs ek>s fo/kku ekuk;yk
dkgh yksd r;kj ukghr- johanzukFk vls dls djrhy\ gk R;kapk iz’u vlrks- Eg.kts R;kaP;k eukus ,d cktw
?ksrysyh vlrs] ,d er cufoysys vlrs- vkiys eu tj fLFkj vlsy rj rs dqBysp er vxksnj cuohr ukgh-
leksj ;sbZy rs lR; rso<s c?krs- rs iape tkWtZ jktkP;k LokxrklkBhp jpysys xhr vkgs ;kps iqjkos c?kk &
1& gs xhr Vkxksjkauh jpys rsOgk fczVh’k lezkV iape tkWtZ fganqLFkkukr 1911 lkyha ;s.kkj gksrk- rh osG egRRokph
vkgs-
2& ^vf/kuk;d* pk t; dsysyk vkgs- 1911 lkyh fganqLFkku ijra= vlrkauk vf/kuk;d dq.khp uOgrk-
vf/kuk;d Eg.kts uk;dkae/khy Js"B vlysyk- R;kosGh lezkV gkp vf/kuk;d Bjr gksrk-
3& HkkjrHkkX;fo/kkrk Eg.kts Hkkjrkps HkkX; Bjfo.kkjk- fo $ /kkrk Eg.kts fo’ks"k jhrhus ?kMfo.kkjk- R;k ijra=
Hkkjrkps HkkX; tsrk vlysyk baxzt lezkVp Bjfo.kkj gksrk- rsOgk lezkV iape tkWtZ gkp t;t;dkjkl ik= vlk
vf/kuk;d Bjrks] vU; dqBykfg Hkkjrh; iq<kjh uOgs-
4& dkWUxzslP;k v/;{kkl vf/kuk;d o HkkjrHkkX;fo/kkrk EgVys vlsy vls dkgh t.k Eg.kw c?krkr- ijUrq dMoh
2 o 3 e/khy fo/kkus R;k dYiusP;k iw.kZ fojks/kkr vkgsr- nqljs dMos Eg.krs] ^iwjc if’pe vkls ro flagklu
ikls* & fganqLFkkuke/khy dq.kkfg usR;kik’kh flagklu uOgrs vkf.k iwjc Eg.kts iwoZ fn’ksoj fdaok if’pe fn’ksoj
dq.kkfg Hkkjrh;kpk vf/kdkj uOgrk- iwoZ&if’pesoj iw.kZ vf/kdkj vlysyk ,deso flagklukf/kf"Br vf/kuk;d
R;kosGh rjh iape tkWtZ gkp baxzt jktk gksrk- T;kpsojhy lw;Z ekoGr ukgh vls eksBs R;kps lkezkT; gksr-s R;keqGs
iwjc&if’pe fn’kk R;kpsp flagklukik’kh gksR;k- fganqLFkkukrhy dq.kkik’khp r’kh fLFkfr uOgrh-
5& ^ro pj.ks ur ekFkk && jkts’oj HkkjrHkkX;fo/kkrk* vkiys ekFks [kkyh djhr vkgsr] ureLrd gksr vkgsr
johanzukFk ,dk jkts’ojkiq<-s lkgftdp fganqLFkkuP;k jktkf/kjkt iape tkWtZiq<sp rs ekFks ueohr vkgsr- dkj.k
jkts’oj Eg.kts jktkapk bZ’oj rksp gksrk] rksp ,dVk gksrk] dq.khfg Hkkjrh; ek.kwl Lo;aiw.kZ jktk uOgrk-
fganqLFkkue/;s ts jkts Eg.kts laLFkkfud gksrs rs baxzt lezkVkps vafdr gksr]s R;kps n;soj txr gksr-s
6& ^xkgs ro t; xkFkk* fganqLFkkukrhy dq.kkpk t; 1911 lkyP;k lqekjkl >kyk gksrk] Eg.kwu R;kP;k t;kph
xkFkk johanz xkr gksr\s R;kosGh txHkj fczVh’k lezkVkpkp t;t;dkj pkyysyk gksrk] R;kr johanzkauh vkiyk ’kCn
feGfoyk-
1911P;k lqekjkl baxztkapk izHkko Qkjp Hkkjh gksrk fganwaoj- rlkp izHkko] eh rj Eg.krks vf/kdp izHkko
johanzkaojfg gksrk- Eg.kwup R;kauh vkiys ^Bkdwj* gs fganoh ukao cnywu ^Vkxksj* vls baxzth /krhZoj dsy-s gk ekufld
ijo’krspkp izdkj gksrk- baxztkaiq<s lxGsp ureLrd >kysys gksr-s R;kr johanzfg baxzth fo|siq<s ncys vlrhy rj
uoy ukgh-
dkWUxzsl ljdkjus gs in jk"Vªxhr Eg.kwu 1947 lkyha fuoMys [kjs] i.k rs lR;kP;k fojks/kkr gksr]s vkgs-
1947 e/;s fganqLFkkups foHkktu dsy-s R;keqGs iw.kZ fla/k] fuEek iatkc] v/kkZ caxky ikfdLrkukr xsyk- R;kauk
HkkjrkP;k jk"Vªxhrkr dls LFkku fnys\ eh tj ikfdLrkupk iariz/kku fdaok jk"Vªifr vlrks rj vk{ksi ?ksryk vlrk
o R;k vksGh dk<ko;kl Hkkx ikMys vlrs- i.k gs lR; dq.kkP;kp euha vkys ukgh-
^oans ekrje~* gs jk"Vªxhr Eg.kwu loZekU; gksr]sa i.k dkgh eqlyekukapk vk{ksi R;kl gksrk Eg.kwu xka/khauh
^oans ekrje~* nwj lkjys- vk’p;Z vls dh xka/kh vls dj.kkj gs lkojdjkauh 1938lkyhap lkafxrysys gksr-s dkj.k
lkojdjkaps eu czãk’kh fuxMhr >kysys gksr]s Eg.kwu R;kauk HkforO; vxksnjp dGr vls-
gs lkjs lR; eh okpdkaiq<s ekaMysys vkgs dkj.k ek>s eu lR;fiz; vkgs- eh ;ksxlk/kuk djrks- R;keqGs
ek>s eu bZ’ojk’kh fuxMhr jkgrs- rls ek>s eu bZ’ojpj.kha yhu vlY;keqGs bZ’ojkusp ek>siq<s gs rkV ok<wu
Bsoys- vls Eg.k.;kps dkj.k vls dh xq#ikSf.kZesP;k lekjaHkkr fn- 25&7&2010yk eyk Jh- gseUr cosZ HksVys o
R;kauh eyk ,d iqfLrdk HksV fnyh- R;kr ’ksoVP;k i`"Bkoj ^tu x.k eu* gs xhr vkgs- nksu fnol yksVys( i.k
eyk rs okpk;yk osG feGkyk ukgh- fn- 27&7&2010yk rs gkrha ?ksrys- m?kMys rksa ’ksoVP;k i`"Bkoj rs xhr
ikghys- okpys- yxsp lR; /;kuha euha vkys- eyk okVrs vktikosrksa gs lR; dq.kkP;kfg /;kuha euha vkysys ukgh-
gs bZ’ojkusp et iq<s ok<wu Bsoys o gkrwu ys[ku ?kMfoys- R;k bZ’ojkl oanwu] bZ’ojpj.kha eu okgwu eh gk ys[k
vkVksirks-
lR;eso t;rsA
gk ys[k eh fyfgyk] rks izfl)fg >kyk- R;kuarj eyk ek>s fe=kauh dkgh ys[k ikBfoys- rs lkjs ys[k ;kp
fo"k;kojrh gksr-s R;k ys[kkae/;s vls nk[kfoysys vkgs dh johanzukFk Vkxksj Qkj ns’kHkDr gksrs fu rs iape tkWtZ ;k
lezkVkP;k LokxrklkBh i| fygh.ksp ’kD; ukgh- gh dYiuk pkaxyh vkgs( ijUrq rh dYiukp vkgs gs LoPN
lkaxrks- vls Eg.k.;kps dkj.k vkgs- ,dw.kp caxkyoj baxztkaps jkT; vBjkO;k ’krdkiklwu pkyr vkysys gksr-s
fganqLFkkue/;s izFke caxky izkUrp baxztkauh ftadwu ?ksrysyk gksrk- rsOgkiklwu caxkyh yksd baxztkaps vafdr gksvwu
jkfgysys gksr-s baxztkafo#) caxkyh ckcwauh mBko dsyk vls bfrgkl lkaxr ukgh- fganqLFkkukrhy brj Hkkxkr uOgs
brdk baxztkapk izp.M ixMk caxkyh yksdkaoj gksrk- R;kik;hp caxkye/khy cjsp yksd vkiyh ukaosl) q k baxt z h
i)rhph d:u ?ksvw ykxys gksr-s mnkgj.kkFkZ] pVksik/;k; ;k vkMukaokps pVthZ vls :ikUrj R;kauh dsy-s
eq[kksik/;k; ;kps eq[kthZ dsy-s canksik/;k; ;kps ckuthZ dsy-s gs lkjs dj.;kps dkj.k LokfHkeku f’kYydp mjysyk
uOgrk caxkye/;s! bfrgkl cf?kryk rj dGrs dh caxky izkUr lrr vkB’ksa o"ksZ ijra= jkfgysyk vkgs- vk/kh
eqlyekukaP;k rkC;kr vkf.k uarj baxztkaP;k rkC;kr! bZLV bf.M;k daiuh ;k baxztkaP;k O;kikjh eaMGhauh izFke
caxkyoj lRrk izLFkkfir dsyh- R;k lRrsl caxkyh ohjkauh fojks/k dsysyk fnlr ukgh- ikjra«;ke/;s jkg.ksp
caxkyhckcwauk fiz; okVr vlkos- eqlyekuh lRrsfo#) caxkye/;s mBko dsysykfg vk<Gr ukgh- vdjkO;k ckjkO;k
’krdkiklwu caxkyh yksd ikjra«;krp vkuankus txr jkghysys gksr-s eqlyekuha lRrs[kkyha vlrkauk caxkyh ek.kls
eqlyekukalkj[kh okxr vkf.k baxztkauh eqlyekukauk gqldwu caxkyoj lRrk pkyfoY;kiklwu caxkyh ckcw baxt z kaP;k
i)rhus okxw ykxY;kps vk<Gwu ;sr-s caxkye/;s LokfHkekup mjysyk uOgrk vls EgVys rj okoxs B: u;s-
baxztkapk ;so<k izHkko caxkyh eukaoj iMyk gksrk dh caxkyh iq#"k pDd baxzth i)rhus okxw ykxysys gksr-s rls
caxkyh fL=;kauh ek= dsysys vk<Gr ukgh- caxkye/khy fL=;k fganq laLd`fr tru d:u jkfgysY;k gksR;k- caxkyh
fL=;kauh baxzth oL=sfg d/kh Lohdkjyh ukghr- vls gksrs caxkyh iq#"k LokfHkeku’kwU;! R;krysp johanzckcw vlys rj
uoy uOgs-
eh ,dnk ’kkafrfudsrue/;s ,dk ifj"knslkBh xsysyks gksrks- rsOgkpk vuqHko lkaxrks- osG feGkyk Eg.kwu eh
ifjfprkaleosr ’kkafrfudsrue/khy johanzckcwaps jkg.;kps LFkku c?k.;kl xsyks- nkjkarp vkEgkl vkeph ikn=k.ks
dk<wu Bso.;kl lkafxrys- ikn=k.ks ?kkywu vkar tk.;kl canh gksrh- vkEgh vkeph ikn=k.ks ckgsj dk<wu Bsfoyh
vkf.k vkar izos’kyks- ifgY;kp [kksyhr johanzckcwaph [kkl cSBdhph tkxk Eg.kwu lkafxrys- R;k [kksyhr e/kkse/k ,d
Vscy fu Hkksorh pkj [kqP;kZ ekaMysY;k gksR;k- Vscyoj nk:ph ckVyh vkf.k isys Bsoysys gksr-s johanzckcw nk: ihr
vlr gs izkS<hus lkafxrys xsy-s rh nk: fi.;kph ekaM.kh c?k.;kdfjrk vkEgkl vkeph ikn=k.ks ckgsj dk<ko;kl
Hkkx ikMys dk;\
ejkBh Hkkxke/khy johanzkaP;k osGps ejkBh iq<kjh fo".kq’kkL=h fpiGw.kdj] yks- fVGd] vkxjdj] Lok-ohj
lkojdj ;k fnXxtkaP;k Lej.kLFkGha vlyh nk:ph ekaM.kh d/khp ulrs- dkj.k gs egkiq#"k nk: d/khp ihr ulr-
nk: fi.ks gs Hkw"k.k ekuys xsys baxztkaP;k jkT;kr! vkf.k R;kl cGh iMys gksrs johanzukFk Vkxksj! vlk
LokfHkeku’kwU; dfo baxzt lezkVkpk t;t;dkj djhy ;kr uoy rs dk;\ T;kus vkiys ukao baxzth i)rhus
oGowu ?ksrys rks dfo baxzt jktkpk xkSjo djhy ;kar ’kadk ?ks.;kps dkj.k ukgh-
 johanzkauk ukscy ikfjrksf"kd feGkys Eg.kwu vkEgh fganq yksd R;kaph Lrqfr djhr jkgrks vkf.k rs eksBs
jk"Vªizseh gksrs vls ekuhr jkgrks- ik’pkR;kauh dkSrqd dsys dh vkEgh fganq yksd dkSrqd d: ykxrks gs ekufld
ikjra«;kpsp y{k.k vkgs- dkfynkl ;k egkdohps dkSrqd vkEgh vk/kh djhr uOgrks( i.k tsOgk dGys dh xVs
uked ,d teZu fo}ku dkfynklkps ukVd ’kkdqary vkiY;k MksbZoj ?ksvwu ukpyk rsOgk vkEgh dkfynklkps dkSrd q
d: ykxyks- foosdkuankaps ckcrhrfg gsp ?kMys- fcpkjs fganqLFkkuHkj o.ko.k djhr fgaMys gksr(s i.k dq.kh R;kapsdMs
<qadwufg ikgr uOgrs- ijarq vesfjdsr R;kaps veki dkSrqd >kys gs dGY;kcjkscj vkEgh fganq yksd foosdkuankapk
mnksmnks d: ykxyks- jkekuqte~ vlkp xf.krh gksrk i.k fganqLFkkukr dqtr jkghyk gksrk- izk-s gkMhZ gk baxt z xf.krK
fganqLFkkukr vkysyk vlrkauk R;kus
jkekuqte~ps ik.kh vksG[kys vkf.k jkekuqtkl ?ksvwu rks baXy.Myk xsyk- baxztkauh jkekuqtkps dkSrqd dsysys ikgwu
fganq yksd jkekuqtkl ekuw ykxys- rlsp johanzkauk ukscy ikfjrksf"kd feGkys Eg.kwu vkEgh fganq yksd R;kaps dkSrd q
d: ykxyks- rs ikfjrksf"kd tj feGkys ulrs rj johanzkauk dks.khp eku fnyk ulrk- baxztkauh dkSrqd dsys dh lxGs
feGkys vlsp loZ fganwauk okVrs- johanz dkgh Qkj fujkGs uOgrs- R;kik;hp johanzukFk baxzth i)rhus okxr vlr-
Eg.kwup vkiys vkMukao ^Bkdwj* vls gksrs rs cnywu baxzth /krhZoj ^Vkxksj* vls vkMukao R;kauh yko.;kl vkjaHk
dsyk- Lor%ps ukao baxzth i)rhus dj.kkjk dfo baxzt jktkP;k Lrqfrij dfork jpsy ;kr uoy ukgh-
vkrk Jh- iq- y- ns’kikaMs ;k fufeRrkus dk; Eg.krkr rs ikgw- eh ^tu x.k eu* ys[k fygh.;kiwohZ Jh-
ckG tsjs ;kauh rlkp ,d ys[k egkjk"Vª VkbEl e/;s 3 es 1980 P;k vadkr fnysyk gksrk- R;kr EgVys gksrs dh
johanzukFkkauh ^tu x.k eu* gs xhr jkts iape tkWtZ ;kaps LokxrklkBhp fyghysys gksr-s R;kl mRrj Eg.kwu iq- y-
ns’kikaMs ;kauh ,d foLr`r ys[k egkjk"Vª VkbEle/;s 16es 1980P;k vadke/;s fyghyk- R;kr iq- y- uh ekaMysys
eqn~ns ;sFks fopkjkar ?ksvw- iq-y- fyghrkr dh Jh tsjs vk/kkj ?ksrkr vWUXyksbafM;u o`Rri=kapk & ^LVsV~leu* fu ^n
bafXy’keu* ;kapk! jkW;Vj ;k baxzth o`RrlaLFksusfg r’khp ckreh fnysyh gksrh- i.k 27 fMlsacj 1911 yk HkjysY;k
dkWUxzslP;k vf/kos’kukps o`Rr rls Eg.kr ukgh- dkWUxzslus fnysys o`Rr vls vkgs dh dkWUxzslP;k 28O;k vf/kos’kukps
ifgY;k fno’kha ^oans ekrje~* xk.;kr vkys- nqljs fno’kha dke VkxksjkaP;k ns’kHkfDrij xhrkus lq: >kys- uarj
fe=kadMwu vkysY;k lans’kkaps okpu fu jktfu"Bspk Bjko >kyk] ex jktkjk.khP;k Lokxrxhrkps xk;u >kys- ;kpk
vFkZ ^tu x.k eu* gs jk"VªHkfDrij xhr >kY;kuarj nqljs xhr jktkP;k Lokxrij >kys] vls iq-y- nk[kow c?krkr-
i.k lqjsanzukFk ckuthZaps o`Rri= ^n csaxkyh* ;kps ts o`Rr iq-y- Lor%P;k ys[kke/;s nsrkr R;kr fyghysys vkgs dh
ls’ku pkyw >kys rs johanzkaP;k ,dk xhrkus- ^ns’kHkfDrij* xhr vls gs o`Rr Eg.kr ukgh- iq-ya-uh vkiY;k eukps
’kCn ^ns’kHkfDrij* ?kqlMys gs ;ksX; ukgh- lqjsanzukFk ckuthZ gs ekU;oj dkWUxzslusrs gksrs gs fol:u pky.kkj ukgh-
la’kks/ku djrkauk v’kh vQjkrQj dj.ks vxnhp vuqfpr vlrs-
baxzth o`Rri=s pqdhps o`Rr ns.ks ’kD; vkgs( i.k lqjsanzukFk ckuthZ gs dkWUxzslps usrs pqdhps o`Rr ns.kkj ukghr
gs fuf’pr~! gh e[kyk’kh iq-ya-uh djk;yk udks gksrh- lR;kpk viyki dj.ks ;ksX; ulrs- lqjsanzukFkkauh [kjs o`Rr
fnysys vkgs- rlsp vk.k[kh nksu o`Rri=kauh o jkW;Vjus fnysys vkgs- rsOgk rs lR; vkgs gs fuf’pr~! lR; dMwp
vlrs-
iq-y-uh R;kaP;k ys[kkr vk.k[kh ,d uksan dsysyh vkgs dh ^^rh o`Rri=s vWUXyksbafM;u gksrh- ;krhy
vWUXyksbafM;u yksd gs baxzt vkf.k fganq ;kaP;k feJ.kkus cuysyh tkr uLkwu vWUXyksbafM;u Eg.kts fganLq Fkkukr
jkg.kkjs fczVh’k yksd gksr-** gk uohup ’kks/k iq-ya-uh ykoysyk vkgs- ts baxzt fganqLFkkukr jkgwu lRrk xktohr gksrs
rs vWUXyksbafM;u gksrs fdaok R;kauk vWUXyksbafM;u Eg.kr] gs fl) dj.kkjs ,d rjh izek.k iq-y-uh fdaok R;kaph cktw
?ks.kk z;k eaMGhauh nk[kokos- ek>s vkOgku vkgs- ykWM d>Zu] ykWMZ osOgsy] ykWM fyufyFkxks] jW.M] ekm.V cWVu]
jsftukYM DjWMkWd] fDjIl] ckjh] gkWVlu] b-uk rlsp OgkbljkW;] xOguZj] dysDVj bR;kfnauk pqdwufg dks.kh
vWUXyksbafM;u vls EgVysys ukgh- lj foULVu pfpZylq)k fganqLFkkukr vkf.k iq.;krfg jkgwu xsysyk gksrk- R;kl
dks.k vWUXyksbafM;u Eg.ksy\ dqBwu gh ’kDdy dk<yh iq-y-uh\ gs /kknkUr [kksVs fo/kku R;kauk djfoys rjh dls\
vWUXyksbafM;u yksd gs baxzt iq#"k fu fganq ck;dk ;kaP;k la;ksxkus cuysys vlsp vlr- R;kauk lkgftdp baxt z h
lRrsr vf/kdkj yodj feGr vlr- izek.k u nsrk vls fopkj ?kqlM.ks gs pkaxY;k ys[kdkl ’kksHkr ukgh-
la’kks/kukr rj ukghp ukgh!
iq- y- iq<s fo/kku djrkr dh 1911 e/;s T;k ^LVsV~leu* uked o`Rri=kus ^tu x.k eu* gs baxt z
jktkP;k Lokxrij i| vls fyghys rsp o`Rri= 1917 lkyha fyghrs dh rs ns’kHkfDrij xhr gksr-s gs o`Rr
1917P;k dkWUxszlP;k vf/kos’ku le;ha fyghysys vkgs- ,dkp xhrkph nksu osxosxGh dkj.ks d’kh vlrhy vlk
iz’u iq -y- djrkr- rls dka vlw u;s\ vlk iz’u eh djrks- Lok- ohj lkojdjkaps ^laU;Lr [kM~x* gs ukVd
yksdkaps euksjatu dj.kkjs vkgs rlsp fganqtukauk Lora=rslkBh y<.;kl izo`Rr dj.kkjs lq)k vkgs- R;keqGs gk nksu
gsrwapk eqn~nk dqpdkeh vkgs- tksMhus vk.k[kh ,d fopkj ekaMrks dh 1911 ps o`Rr yxsp fnysys vkgs rj 1917
ps o`Rr ikap o"ksZ myVY;kuarj fnysys vkgs- e/kY;k dkGkr laiknd cnyyk vlsy] o`Rrys[kd cnyyk vlsy]
foLej.k >kys vlsy- v’kh vusd dkj.ks vlw ’kdrhy-
iq<s iq-y- fyghrkr dh 1917 lkyh dkWUxszl ^fefyV.V* yksdkaP;k gkrha xsysyh gksrh- gs iq-y-ps fo/kku
pwd vkgs- tgky Eg.kts fefyV.V uOgs- fefyV.V gs Djkafrdkjd gksr-s tgky gs yks- fVGd ;kapslkj[ks iq<kjh gksr-s
fVGd brj dkWUxszloklh;kai{s kk tgky gksrs gs [kjs( i.k rs Djkafrdkjdka;so<s dMos uOgrs gsfg frrdsp [kjs! laiw.kZ
Lokra«;kph ekx.kh dsoG lkojdjkauh 1900 lkyha dsysyh gksrh- R;kosGh fVGd lq)k dsoG ^LojkT;* ekxr
gksr-s LojkT; Eg.kts baxzth lkezkT;krhy ,d Hkkx ;so<kp vFkZ gksrk- dkWUxzsl rj 1928P;k fMlsacj efgU;ki;ZUr
Lokra«;kP;k fo#)p gksrh- fMlsacj 1928P;k dkWUxzslP;k vf/kos’kukr izFke Lokra«;kph ekx.kh dsyh xsyh-
R;kosGhfg e- xka/khauh iw.kZ Lokra«;kl fojks/kp dsysyk gksrk- ^gos d’kkyk laiw.kZ Lokra«;\* vls xka/khaps Eg.k.ks gksr-s
gh 1928ph dkWUxszlph fLFkfr! ex 1911 lkyha dk; fLFkfr vlsy\ fopkjp dsysyk cjk!
iq-y- Lor%p fyghrkr dh R;k 1911P;k dkWUxzslP;k vf/kos’kuke/;s dk; dk; ?kMys- rs vls% ^tu x.k
eu* xk.ks >kY;koj yksdkaps vkysys lans’k okpys xsys vkf.k iape tkWtZ jktk’kh ,dfu"B jkg.;kpk Bjko dsyk
xsyk- R;kuarj jktkjk.khP;k Lokxrij nqljs xhr xkf;ys xsy-s jktfu"Bspk Bjko vkf.k ^tu x.k eu* gs xhr ,dkp
osGh yxksyx >kys- ex nksUgh ,desdka’kh lqlaxr gkssrs vls EgVys rj dk; pqdys\ pwd uOgsp- R;k xhrke/;s
jktfu"Bk vkgsp( jktfu"Bkp vkgs! iq-y- ^ve`rc>kj if=dk*e/khy 28&12&11ps o`Rr mn~/k`r djrkr] ts lkaxrs%
^dkWUxszlP;k vf/kos’kukr izFke caxkyh Hkk"ksrhy bZ’kLrou >kys & lkWUx vkWQ csusfMD’ku( uarj jktfu"Bspk Bjko
loZlaer >kyk( ex jktkP;k Lokxrij xhr >kys-* ;k ckrehr ns’kHkfDrij xhr ^tu x.k eu* vls EgVysysp
ukgh- gs mrkjs iq-y-uhp mn~/k`r dsysys vkgsr-
ns’kHkfDr e/khy HkfDr ;kpk vFkZ rjh dk;\ izse vkf.k HkfDr ;k fHkUu Hkkouk vkgsr vls eyk okVrs-
HkfDr ;k Hkkouse/;s Lor%yk Hkkxwu Vkd.ks gh Hkkouk vlrs- izse ;k Hkkousr frrdh rhozrk ulrs- xka/khaps ns’kkoj
izse gksr(s i.k rh HkfDr uOgrh- dkj.k ^ek>h rRRos lR; fu vfgalk gh vf/kd egRRokph vkgsr- rh ulyh rj
ns’k Lora= >kyk ukgh rjh pkysy*] vls xka/kh Eg.kr vkf.k fyghrfg- ;krwu Li"V fnlrs dh rs ns’kkoj izse djhr
vlr( i.k R;kr HkfDr gk Hkko uOgrk- Lor%yk ns’kko:u vksokGwu Vkd.;kph rhozrk R;kapsik’kh uOgrh- R;k
osGP;k loZp iq<kjh eaMGhaps ns’kkoj izse gksr(s i.k Lor%l vksokGwu Vkd.;kph rhozrk dq.kkrp uOgrh- nknkHkkbZ
uojksth ns’kkoj izse djhr( i.k Lor%ps loZLo vksokG.;kph Hkkouk rsFks uOgrh- jktfu"Bk Bsowu djrk ;sbZy frrds
izse ns’kkoj dj.ks ghp eksBh ns’kHkfDr vls R;kosGh ekuys tkbZ( R;krp johanzckcw vlys rj uoy ukgh- dkWUxzsl
i{k vkf.k loZp dkWUxzslokys brirp ns’kizse djhr- rls johanzfg djhr- xka/kh rj ^xkWM lsOg n fdax* gs in oktw
ykxys dh rkMdu mHks jkgr fu vknj O;Dr djhr- dkWUxszl i{kke/;s gsp ckGdMw iktysys vls- izR;sd dkWUxslz h
lHksr jktfu"Bk O;Dr dj.kkjk Bjko dsykp tkbZ- R;kfouk frph lHkk vkjaHkrp uls- R;krp johanzckcw gksr(s rs
dkWUxszloklhp gksr-s
 dkWUxszltukaph eukso`fRr nk[kfo.;kdfjrk lkaxrks dh ^yky&cky&ikYk* ;k f=dwVke/khy fcfiupanz iky baxztkauh lkafxrys
Eg.kwu R;kaP;k erkizek.ks fganq eqfLye ,dhlkBh >Vw ykxys fu dk; Eg.kkys\ rs Eg.kkys] ^izR;sd fganwus dqjk.k
okpkos dh yxsp fgan& q eqfLye ,sD; gksbZy-* baxztkaP;k erkuqlkj okx.;klkBh fdrh [kkyP;k ikrGhoj dkWUxslz ps
ojh"B usrsfg mrjr gs ;k ?kVuso:u fnlrs- johanz dkgh osxGs uOgrs- fcfiupanz iky] lqjsanzukFk ckuthZ] [kkiMsZ]
eapjth Hkkouxjh gs lkjs dkWUxzsle/khy rFkkdfFkr ns’kHkDRk dWDLVu gkWye/;s fn- 5&7&1909 yk ns’kHkDr
enuyky f/kaxzkapk f/kDdkj djko;kl ,d= teys gksr(s dkj.k enuykyuh d>Zu ok;yhpk 1&7&1909yk
y.Mue/;s fiLrqy >kMwu o/k dsyk gksrk- vkf.k R;kauh enuykyP;k fu"ks/kij oDrO;s dsyh- johancz kcw ;kp
ekfydsrhy ns’kHkDr vlys rj rs baxzt jktkpk t;t;dkj dj.;krp ns’kHkfDRk ekuhr vlrhy- r’kh ns’kHkfDRk
lezkVkps xksMos xk.kkjp! enuykypk f/kDdkj dj.kkjk Bjko ,derkus ikl djhr vkgksr vls fo/kku v/;{kakuh
dsY;kcjkscj ,dVs lkojdj fojks/k dj.;kl mHks Bkdys vkf.k ^lkojdj* gs ukao ,sdY;kcjkscj lHksrhy lkjs iGw
ykxys- eapjthauh ikej uked baxztkl [kq.kkowu lkojdjkauk rksaMkoj Bkslk ekjfoyk- R;keqGs lqjsanzukFk fpMys vkf.k
lkojdjkaoj gkr mpyY;kpk fu"ks/k d:u lHkkR;kx d:u fu?kwu xsy-s iky ek= xsys ukghr- gs lxGs eh lkaxr
vkgs R;kosGph ns’kHkfDRk d’kh gksrh rs nk[kfo.;klkBh! johanz vlysp ns-Hk- vlys rj lezkVkps dkSrqd dj.kkjp!
gqrkRek enuyky f/kaxzkaP;k ns’kHkDrhl loZ txkus oanu dsy-s fczfV’kkapk bZftIrojhy fot;kpk xqIr
bfrgkl fyfg.kkjs Cy.V MCY;q- ,l~ gs nknklkgsc [kkiMsZ &ts enuykyP;k fu"ks/klHksr eapkoj gksrs rsp [kkiMsZ&
;kauk HksVys rsOgk Eg.kkys] ^dqBY;kfg f[j’pu gqrkRE;kus brD;k /khjksnkRri.ks e`R;wyk doVkGys ulsy- Hkkjrke/;s tj
enuykylkj[ks ikap’ks r#.k vlrhy rj LojkT; feG.ks vo?kM ukgh- vkiY;k ekr`Hkwfeoj brds izse dj.kkjs r#.k tj Hkkjrke/;s
vlrhy rj Hkkjr ftadsyp ftadsy!* xka/khauk gs dGY;koj R;kauh Cy.Vyk vMk.kh Bjfoys- enuykyps d`R; diVh fu ns’knzksgkps gksrs
xka/khaP;k ers!a xka/kh Eg.kkys] ^vlY;k ’kL=kpkjh d`R;kaeqGs tj baxzt fganqLFkku lksMwu fu?kwu xsys rj ex jkT; dq.kh djk;ps\ ;k
[kqU;kauh\ ex lq[kh dks.k gksbZy R;k jkT;kar\* xka/khauk gh th Hkhfr okVr gksrh rhp Hkhfr xka/khaps fe= vlysY;k johankz ua h pkSF;k
dMO;kr O;Dr dsysyh vlkoh- Eg.kwup rs fyghrkr] ^nq%LoIus vkrads j{kk dfjys vadAs * xka/khaps xq# vlysY;k xks[kys egk’k;kauhfg
enuykypk fu"ks/kp dsyk- xks[kys Eg.kkys] ^vlys vR;kpkj Fkkacok;ps vlrhy rj lkojdjyk vVd dsyh ikfgts-
*
fn- 17 vkWxLV 1909 yk enuykyus e`R;wl feBh ?kkryh- vk;fj’k o`Rri=kauh enuykyph LrqfrLrks=s
xkf;yh- enuykyps dFku LdkWVy.M ;kMZP;k iksfylnykus nkcwu Vkdys gksr(s Eg.kwu lkojdjkauh rs izfl)hl fnys-
rs okpwu ykWbM tkWtZ ;kus lj foULVu pfpZy toG [kwi dkSrqd dsys enuyky f/kaxzkP;k ns’kHkDrhps! lj
pfpZyusfg f/kaxzkP;k dr`ZRokps dkSrqdp dsy-s enuykyps rs fuosnu ns’kHkDrhpk mRre vkfo"dkj vkgs vls er
pfpZyus O;Dr dsy-s txHkj enuykyps dkSrqd dsys xsy-s ek= xks[kys&xka/kh vkf.k eaMGhauh R;kl H;kM fu
fuf"k) d`R; EgVys- johanzfg ;kp ekGsrhy e.kh vl.ks ’kD; vkgs- Eg.kwup rs ^nq%LoIu vkrad* vls R;kl Eg.kr
vkgsr- vU;Fkk v’kh ifjfLFkfr 1911 lkyha uOgrhp-
johanzkaps lwj baxztka’kh pkaxysp feGkysys gksr-s Eg.kwup johanzkauk ^ukbV* gh inoh baxzt ’kklukus 1915
lkyha fnyh gksrh vkf.k rh R;kauh Lohdkjysyhfg gksrh- iq<s 1919 lkyha baxztkaP;k ;kstukauk oSrkxwu fu"ks/k
O;Drfo.;klkBh johanzkauh rh inoh ijr dsyh- ;ko:u fnlrs dh 1919i;ZUr rjh R;kaps baxzt ljdkj’kh lwr
pkaxysp teysys gksr-s R;kps dkj.k johanzkauh 1911 lkyha lezkVkps Lokxrij in jpys gs vl.ks [kwip laHkouh;
vkgs-
johanz gs xka/khaps pkaxys fe= gksr-s rjhfg uarj johanzkauh Lons’kh pGoGhl fojks/k dsyk- Lons’kh pGoGhP;k
fo#) johanz tj gksrs rj rs fdrir Lons’kHkDr gksrs gs lkax.ks dBh.k vkgs- R;keqGs ns’kHkDr johanz baxt z jktkP;k
Lokxrij in dls jprhy\ vls fopkj.ks ckfy’ki.kkps Bjsy- johanzkauh jk"Vªh;Rokpkfg fu"ks) dsysyk vkgs-
jk"Vªh;Ro Eg.kts LokFkZ lk/k.ks vlsfg rs Eg.kr vlr- iwo& Z if’pe ,dh Ogkoh vls R;kaps izkatG er rs lkaxr
vlr- rsOgk iape tkWtZ ;k baxzt jktkps Lokxr dj.;kr R;kauk vkuanp okVysyk vlsy gs m?kM vkgs- rls rs
vlY;keqGs R;kauk ukscsy ikfjrksf"kd feGkys vlsy dka\ 1913 lkyh R;kauk lkfgR;k’kh lacaf/kr vls ukscsy
ikfjrksf"kd fnys xsy-s 1911 lkyh baxzt jktkps Lokxrij in fyghys Eg.kwu gs ikfjrksf"kd feGkys vl.ks v’kD;
ukgh-
,dw.kp ns’kHkfDr R;k dkGha d’kh gksrh gs Li"V dj.;klkBh gh fofo/k mnkgj.ks eh nsr vkgs- vkrk
vk.k[kh ,d eksBs mnkgj.k nsrks ns’kHkDr nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth ;kap-s %
jk"Vªh; firkeg nknkHkkbZ uojksthaps 1917 lkyps Hkk"k.k izfl) vkgs R;kr rs Eg.krkr] ^baxztkaP;k U;k;h
o`Rrhyk vki.k fouowa fu x`ghr /k: dh baXy.M U;k; nsbZy-* rs Eg.kr] ^loZ fganqLFkkukr etgwu vf/kd jktfu"B
usfVOg lkaiM.kkjp ukgh- fganqLFkkuoj baxzth jkT; jkghy rjp fganph mUufr gksbZy] laifRr fu izxfr ok<sy-*
dkWUxszlP;k ,dk vf/kos’kukr nknkth Eg.kkys gksr]s ^dkWUxszl Eg.kts baxztkafo#) dV vkgs dka\ ¼loZ t.k ^ukgh
ukgh* vls vksjMys-½ dka dkWUxszl Eg.kts baxzth jkT;kpk ik;k vf/kd HkDde dj.kkjh f’kGk vkgs\ ¼loZ t.k
vksjMys ^gks; gks;*-½ rj ex vksjMwu /khVi.ks lkaxk dh vkEgh gkMkps jktfu"B vkgksr-* vlY;k izdkjph ns’kHkfDr
R;kosGh dsyh tkr vls( johanzckcw dkgh osxGs uOgrs! R;keqGs R;kauh ^tu x.k eu* gs in baxzt jktkP;k Lrqfrij
fyghys vlys rj vkf.k R;krp ns’kHkfDr ekuyh vlsy rj uoy ukgh- v’kkp o`Rrhps R;kosGps iq<kjh
vlY;keqGs ns’kca/kq fpRrjatu nkl R;k inkl ns’kHkfDRkij ekur vlys rj uoy ukgh- lqHkk"kpanz cksl lq)k eqGkr
;kp eukso`Rrhps gksr-s Eg.kwup R;kauhfg vkiys ukao ^clq* gksrs rs cnywu baxzth /krhZps ^cksl* vls dsys vkf.k
^baxzth ghp jk"VªHkk"kk vkf.k jkseu fyih ghp jk"Vªfyih goh vls* Eg.kr vlr- R;keqGs iq-y- vkiY;k ys[kkr
lkaxrkr R;kuqlkj rs nkl fu cksl ^tu x.k eu* gs in ns’kHkfDrij ekuhr vlys rj rs xhr [kjks[kjhp rls vkgs
vls Bjfork ;s.kkj ukgh- rls iq-y-uh EgVysys vkgs Eg.kwu eh gs lkaxr vkgs- baxztkaph Lrqfr ghp ns’kHkfDr v’kh
/kkj.kk vlsy rj okVsy rs fu"d"kZ dk<rk ;srhy-
iq-y- Eg.krkr dh ^tu x.k eu* P;k frljs dMO;kr ^fpj lkjFkh* pk funsZ’k vkgs rks xhrsrhy vorkjh
lkjF;kps Lej.k d:u ns.kkjk vkgs- i.k gs fo/kku oMÓkps rsy okaX;koj Vkd.;klkj[ks fofp= vkgs- oMkph lky
fiaiGkyk yko.;klkj[ks fod`r vkgs- dkj.k d`".k gk fpjlkjFkh d/khp uOgrk- R;kus egkHkkjr ;q)ke/;s dsoG
vBjk fnol lkjF; dsys vkf.k rs dsoG vtqZukP;k vkxzgk[kkrj dsys gksr-s dsoG vBjk fnol dsoG vtqZukps
lkjF; dj.kkjkl fpjlkjFkh Eg.k.ks gk d`".kkpk voekup Bjsy-
r`rh; dMO;krhy fpjlkjFkh gk d`".k vkgs Eg.kwu gs xhr d`".kklkBh johanzkauh fyghys vls ekuys rj
f}rh; dMO;kph lqlaxrh d’kh yko.kkj\ nqljs dMos lkaxrs dh ^vgjg ro vkOgku izpkfjr lqfu ro mnkj ok.khA
fganq ckS) fl[k tSu ikjfld eqlyeku f[jLrkuh & *- dq.kkph ok.kh johanzkauh ,sdyh gksrh\ dsoG baxt z kaph! fganq
oxGrk brj lxGs /keZ d`".kkl ekur uOgrs- ^iwjc if’pe vkls ro flagklu ikls* e/khy flagklu rj d`".kkyk
uOgrsp- iwjc if’pe rj jkgw ns nwjp] dsoG }kjdsrhy flagklufg d`".kkl feGkysys uOgrs- }kjdsr flagklukoj
jktk gksrk rks ’kwjlsu- iwoZ&if’pe nksufg fn’kk dsoG baXy.MP;k flagklukik’kh gksR;k( d`".kkik’kh uOgR;k- ex
johanz R;k baxzt jktkcn~nyp cksyr vkgsr gs fl) gksr ukgh dk;\ fganqLFkkuP;k iwosZl vkWLVªsfy;k&U;w>hy.M
i;ZUr vkf.k if’pesl vesfjdsi;ZUr baXy.Mph lRrk xktr gksrh- R;kps o.kZu johanz djhr vkgsr- gs o.kZu d``".kkl
ykxw iMr ukgh- ^nk#.k foIyo ekts ro ’ka[k/ofu ckts ladV nq%[k =krkA* ;k vksGhrhy nk#.k foIyo ekts
Eg.kts ?kksj ladV vkysys vkgs- v’kk osGha rq>k ’ka[k oktr vkgs- izkphu fganqLFkkuke/;s ohj iq#"k ;srkauk ’ka[k
oktohr ;sr vls- R;kizek.ks iape tkWtZ gk lezkV ;sr vlrkauk ’ka[k oktr vkgs v’kh dfodYiuk dsysyh vkgs-
dlk gk lezkV\ nq%[k fu ladV ;karwu okapfo.kkjk vlk =krk vlysyk lezkV!
1911ps vxksnj 1907iklwup Djkafrdkjd [kwi tksjnkj y<k baxztka’kh nsr gksr-s R;kl ladV vkf.k nq%[k
vls johanz Eg.kr vkgsr fd dk;\ rlsp vl.;kph iw.kZ ’kD;rk vkgs- dkj.k R;k osGps lkjs dkWUxzslh usrs
DjkafrdkjdkaP;k fojks/kkr cksyr&okxr vlr- yks- fVGd rso<s DjkafrdkjdkaP;k fojks/kkr ulr- ijUrq fVGdlq)k
gkr jk[kwu okxr vlr- ,d mnkgj.k lkaxrks- lj gsUjh dkWVu ;k x`gLFkkus Jh- fcfiupanz iky ;kaps ?kjha 1911
lkyha uoo"kZ lekjaHkke/;s EgVys] ^lkojdjkaps fp= leksj vkgs- lkojdjkaps ckSf)d dk;Z vkf.k Lons’kHkfDRk gs xkSjokLin
vkgsr- eh lkojdjkapk xkSjo djrks- lkojdjkauk ÝkUle/;s vkJ; ?ks.;kpk vf/kdkj vkgs- eyk vk’kk vkgs dh ln~Hkko fu
ln~gsrq ;kapk izHkko iMsy vkf.k fczVh’k ljdkj lkojdjkauk ÝkUldMs lksiohy-* gsUjh dkWVups gs Hkk"k.k baXy.MP;k
o`Rri=karwu izfl) >kys rsOgk ^y.Mu VkbEl*us EgVys dh dkWVuph ^lj* gh inoh dk<wu ?ksryh ikfgts fu R;kps
fuo`fRrosru can dsys ikfgts- ;koj dkWVuph cktw ?ksr fVGdkauh vkiY;k dsljhe/;s fyghys dh dkWVupk dkgh nks"k
ukgh( lkojdj dkGk fd xksjk gslq)k dkWVuyk ekghr ukgh- ;k ys[kke/;s fVGdkauh lkojdj ;k ukaokekxs
^ns’kHkDr* fdaok ^ns-Hk-* vlsfg fyghys uOgrs- dkj.k fczVh’k ljdkjph Hkhfr! tgky fVGd lq)k vls fHkvwu
okxr vlr rsFks johanzkaph dFkk rh dk;!
d`".k Eg.kts fo".kwpk vorkj vkf.k jktk gk fo".kwpk vorkj gh /kkj.kk R;kdkGh loZ fganwae/;s olr vls-
^uk fo".kq% i`fFkohifr%A* gs opu loZ= :< gksr-s i`fFkohifr Eg.kts jktk( jktk gkp vkepk fo".kq vls eku.;kph
o`fRr vFkkZrp oS".ko yksdkae/;s vlrs- johanzckcw gs ikjaikfjd oS".ko laiznk;krhy inkapk okij d:up i| jphr
vlr vls R;kaP;k ,dk pfj=ke/;s uksanysys vkgs- Eg.kwu iape tkWtZ gk lezkV Eg.kts fo".kq Eg.kts foV~By Eg.kts
ekmyh vls ekuwu johanz pkSF;k dMO;kr fouohr vkgsr dh gs Lusge;h ekrs] ekaMhoj ?ksvwu j{k.k dj- jktklp gh
fouo.kh dsysyh vkgs-
^tu x.k eu* ;k inkP;k ifgY;k dMO;ke/;s fganqLFkkue/khy cjsp izkUr xaqQysys vkgsr( ijUrq R;kr
dk’ehj] gSnjkckn] xksok] usikG] bR;kfn ukghr- dka\ eyk okVrs dh R;kosGh baxzth lRrk dk’ehje?;s rso<h
uOgrh- vkf.k gSnjkckne/;sfg uOgrh dkj.k rh Lora= jkT;s gksrh- rsFkhy jkts Lora= gksr-s rs baxzt lRrs[kkyh gksrs
gs [kjs( i.k FkksMsls Lok;Rr gksr-s xksok rj iksrqZxhtkaP;k vf/kiR;k[kkyh gksrk] fczfV’kkaP;k uOgs- R;kik;h gs izkUr
johanzkauh oxGys dk;\
pkSFks dMos Eg.krs dh ;k ihfMr ns’kkph rwap ekrk vkgsl- gk ns’k ewfNZr >kysyk vkgs- rwa tkx`r vkgsl]
rwa vfopy] eaxy] vfues"k v’kk u;ukauh [kkyh c?k- ;k okbZV LoIuke/;s fdaok Hk;adj fLFkrhr rwpa R;kl
ekaMhojrh ?ksvwu j{k.k dj- gs dq.kkl mn~ns’kwu cksy vkgsr\ tu x.k nq%[k =k;d Hkkjr HkkX; fo/kkR;kl gh
fouo.kh dsysyh vkgs-
dkj.k nq%[kkiklwu ifj=k.k dj.kkjk lezkVp gksrk- Eg.kwup izR;sd dkWUxszlP;k vf/kos’kukr baxzt lezkVkpk ok
lezkKhpk t;t;dkj dsyk tk;pk-
ikapos dMos Eg.krs dh jk= laiyh] jfo mxoyk] i{kh xkvw ykxys] iq.;&lehj.k Eg.kts pkaxyk okjk
okgw ykxyk] uothou jl lapkjyk] rqt d#.kke; xqykch Hkkousus gs lkjs ?kMys- fufnzr Hkkjr tkxk >kyk- rq>s
pj.kha ekFkk Vsdyk- 1911 lkyha ijo’krsph jk= laiysyh uOgrh- ex dqBY;k jk=hP;k lanHkkZr johanz cksyr
vkgsr\ jk= laiysyh uOgrh rj dqByk jfo mxor gksrk\ lezkV:ih jfo mxowu jk= lai.kkj gksrh- R;keqGs
dfo:ih i{kh xk.kkj gksr-s jktk jfo mxoyk Eg.kts jktk fganqLFkkukr vkysyk gksrk- R;keqGs loZ= pSrU; lapjysys
gksr-s jktkP;k LokxrklkBh uopSrU; LQqjysys gksr-s fganqLFkkuojhy lezkVkP;k izsekeqGs Hkkjr tkxk >kyk gksrk o
lezkVkpk t;t;dkj pkyw >kysyk gksrk- loZ Hkkjrh; ukxjhd R;k lezkVkP;k ik;koj ekFkk ueohr gksr-s dkj.k
R;kP;k eukar vkys vlrs rj Hkkjrkps HkkX; [kqy.kkj gksr-s baxzt jktkus FkksMsls dkgh fnys dh lkjs fganqLFkkuh
vkuafnr gksr vlr- R;kpsp gs o.kZu johanzukFkkauh dsysys vkgs- ;k loZ o.kZukrhy ,dfg vksG] okD; ok okD;ka’k
d`".kkl ykxw iMr ukgh-
jk= laiysyh uOgrh vls eh EgVys [kjs( i.k FkksMklk izdk’k iMysyk gksrk dkj.k iape tkWtZ jktkus
1911 yk caxkyph QkG.kh jn~n dsysyh gksrh- vkB o"kkZaP;k pGoGhl ;’k ykHkys gksr-s rs jktkeqG!sa Eg.kwu
R;kps dkSrqd! Eg.kwu rks jfo mn;! R;keqGs loZ= pSrU; lapjysys gksr-s R;k Hkjkr johanzkauh gs in jpys-
fOgDVksfj;k jk.khus ,d izLrko fdaok i=d 1900 lkyha dk<ysys gksr-s R;kps dkSrqd R;k dkGP;k loZ
Hkkjrh; usrs eaMGhauh dsy-s ^eWXuk pkVkZ* vls R;kl ukaoktys( i.k rs ,d fHkdkj fpVksjs vkgs vls dsoG ohj
lkojdj Eg.kkys- iq<s yxsp Ogkbljk; ykWMZ d>Zuusfg rs v’kD; lun ekuwu f>Mdkjys- baXy.Mph jktk&jk.kh ts
djrhy rs Hkkjrkyk HkkX;dkjdp vlsy vls eku.;kph o`fRr R;kosGh loZ usrs eaMGhae/;s gksrh- tgky fVGd
lq)k R;kp ;knhr gksr-s ex johanzkaph rh dk; dFkk!
gk lkjk fopkj dsyk rj ^tu x.k eu* gs xhr iape tkWtZP;k Lrqfrij vkgs gs dGrs- rqyuk dsyh rj
^oans ekrje~* gs cafdepanzkaps in lkfgR;n``"VÓkk fdrhrjh map ikrGhoj vkgs- oans ekrja e/khy Hkkjrekrsps o.kZu
mRre vkgs rls ;kr ukgh- R;keqGs gs xhr HkkjrekrslkBh ukgh- dq.kk nsoklkBhfg ukgh- d`".kklkBhfg ukgh- rs
lezkVklkBhp jpysys fnlrs- ;k xhrkiwohZ johanzkauh dk; dsys rs c?k.;kps dkj.k ukgh( i.k rls iq-y-uh dsysys
vkgs- rs lki lksMwu HkqbZ /kksiV.;klkj[ks vkgs- ;kfo"k;h johanzkauh Li"Vhdj.k dsysys vkgs vls iq-y- Eg.krkr i.k rs
Li"Vhdj.k 1937 lkykr dsysys vkgs- 1911 rs 1937 vls 26 o"kkZauh lqpysys rs ’kgk.ki.k vkgs vls Eg.kw
u;s dk;\ brdh o"ksZ myVY;kuarj erifjorZu >kys vl.ks ’kD; vkgs- ns’kHkfDr FkksMh vf/kd letysyh vlsy-
7 vkWxLV 1941yk johanz fuorZy-s
iq-y- iqLrh tksMrkr dh HkkjrHkkX;fo/kkrk gh nsokfo"k;hph dYiuk vkgs- ;k xhrkiwohZ ,d o"kZ vxksnj
jpysY;k ^xksjk* uked dknacjhr r’khp dYiuk vk<Grs- dknacjhpk uk;d xksjk Eg.krks] ^eyk v’kk nsorspk ea=
|k dh th fgan]q eqlyeku] f[j’pu] bR;kfn lokZaphp vkgs] ftP;k eafnjkph nkjs dqBY;kfg tkrhyk] dqBY;kfg
O;Drhyk d/khfg can jkg.kkj ukghr- th dsoG fganwaphp nsork uOgs rj Hkkjro"kkZph nsork!* ^tu x.k eu* ;k
xhrke/;s tks t;t;dkj vkgs rks ;k HkkX;fo/kkR;k nsorspk vkgs- r’kh nsork Eg.kts d`".k vls vxksnj iq-y-
lqpforkr( i.k d`".k gk fuf’prp eqlyeku fu f[j’pu ;k yksdkapk ukgh- rs d`".kkl d/khp eku ns.kkj ukghr(
d/kh fnysykfg ukgh- mxhpp LoIu c?k.;kr LokjL; ulrs-

johanzukFk Vkxksj jfpr xhr ;sFks nsrks- jk"Vªxhr :ikrhy 3 dMoh MkohdMs rj oxGysyh mtohdMs vkgsr-
tux.keu vf/kuk;d t; gs HkkjrHkkX;fo/kkrkAA /kzq
iatkc fla/k xqtjkr ejkBk nzkfoM mRdy cax
foa/; fgekpy tequk xaxk mPNy tyf/krjax
ro ’kqHk ukes tkxs] ro ’kqHk vkf’k"k ekxs] xkgs ro t; xkFkkA
tux.keaxynk;d t; gs HkkjrHkkX;fo/kkrkA 1 A
vgjg ro vkOgku izpkfjr lqfu ro mnkj ok.kh
fganq ckS) fl[k tSu ikjfld eqlyeku f[jLrkuh
iwjc if’pe vkls ro flagklu ikls
izsegkj ;’kxkFkkA tux.k,sD; fo/kk;d t; gs HkkjrHkkX;fo/kkrkA2A iru vH;qn;ca/kqj iaFkk ;qx ;qx
/kkfor ;k=h
jkf=&izHkkfry mfny&jfoPNfo iw.kZ mn;fxfjHkkys rqe fpjlkjFkh ro jFkpDjs eq[kfjr fnujk=h
xkgs fogaxe iq.; lehj.k uothoujl <kys nk#.k foIyo ekts ro ’ka[k/ofu ckts
ro d#.kk#.k jkxs fufnzr Hkkjr tkxs] ro pj.ks ur ekFkkA ladV nq[k =krkA tux.kiFkifjpk;d t;
gsA3A
t; t; t; gs t; jkts’oj HkkjrHkkX;fo/kkrkA 3@5A ?kksjfrfej?kufufcM fuf’k;s ihfMr ewfNZr ns’ks
tkx`r fNy ro vfopy eaxy ur u;u
vfues"ksA nq%LoIus vkardsA j{kk dfjys vadAs
Lusge;h rqfe ekrkA tux.knq%[k=k;d t;
gsA4A
 okLrfod ^oans ekrja* gs xhr cafdepanz pVksik/;k; ;kauh ^vkuaneB* ukaokP;k R;kauh fyghysY;k dknacjhr
vkgs- 1872 rs 1875 ;k dkGkar dsOgk rjh gs xhr jpysys vkgs- fn- 7 uksOgsacj 1875yk gs in jpys vls Jh-
lat; eqG~;s Eg.krkr- gs xhr jk"Vªxhr Eg.kwu ekU;rk ikoysys gksr-s loZ Djkafrdkjd R;kl eku nsr vlr- ^oans
ekrja* vls Eg.krp Qkalkoj p<r vlr- ohj lkojdj tsOgk y.Muyk xsys rsOgkiklwu Hkkjrh; nks?ks t.k HksVys
rj ,desdkl ^oans ekrja* Eg.kr vlr- gs xhr caxkyh Hkk"ksr vlys rjh R;krhy cgqr ’kCn laLd`r vkgsr-
eqlyekuh jkT;kfo#) o baxzt daiuhfo#) caxkyh laU;k’kkauh ts caM iqdkjys gksrs 1772 lkyh R;kps lanHkkZr gh
dknacjh jpysyh vkgs-
1905 e/;s ykWMZ d>Zu ;kus caxkyph QkG.kh dj.;kps ;kstys rsOgk R;kfo#) loZ caxkye/;s HkMdk
mMkyk- R;kosGh T;k pGoGh >kY;k R;kar ^oans ekrja* EgVys tkbZ- R;keqGs baxztkaps fiRr [koGys- d>Zupk fiRrw
caxkypk xOguZj ;kus ^oans ekrja* Eg.kk;ykp canh ?kkryh- ;k canheqGs ^oans ekrja* loZ fganqLFkkuke/;s ekU;rk
ikoys- ns’kHkDrhpk ea= Bjyk ^oans ekrja*- 6 vkWxLV 1906 yk ,d o`Rri= pkyw dsys R;kps ukao ^oans ekrja*
vlsp Bsoys- ns’kHkDrhP;k dqBY;kfg dk;ZDjekr oans ekrja xkf;ys tkvw ykxys- dk;ZDjekps vkjaHkha ok ’ksoVha gs
in EgVys tkvw ykxys- eknke dkek ;kauh lkojdjkaP;k lkax.;kizek.ks tks jk"Vª/ot cufoyk R;koj ^oans ekrje~*
vls fyghysys gksr-s gk /ot eknke dkek ;kauh teZuhrhy LVqVxkVZ uxjkr tkxfrd lkE;oknh ifj"knse/;s
QMdkfoyk gksrk- rkbZ fuosfnrk ;kauh tks jk"Vª/ot cufoyk gksrk vkf.k dksydrk ;sFkhy dkWUxzsl vf/kos’kukr
QMdkfoyk R;kpsoj ^oans ekrje~* vls fyghysys gksr-s dkWUxszlP;k vf/kos’kukae/;sfg ^oans ekrja* gs xhr xkr vlr-
johanzukFkkauhfg rsFks ^oans ekrja* xkf;ysys gksr-s iyqLdjkauhfg rs izFke pky ykowu dkWUxzsl vf/kos’kukr EgVysys gksr-s
1905P;k okjk.k’kh ;sFks HkjysY;k dkWUxszlP;k 21O;k vf/kos’kukr izfl) caxkyh dof;=h fu xkf;dk ljyknsoh
pkS/kqjk.kh ;kauh iw.kZ in xkf;ysys gksr-s y.Mue/;s Hkkjrh; fo|kFkhZ ,desdkauk HksVr rsOgk ^xqM ekWfuZxa * Eg.kr
lfnPNk O;Drohr vlr ijUrq lkojdj y.Mue/;s jkgw ykxY;koj 1906iklwu R;kauh lfnPNk O;Drfo.;kdfjrk
^oans ekrje~* vls Eg.k.;kph izFkk lq: dsyh- c?krk c?krk rh izFkk brdh :< >kyh dh vlQvyhlkj[ks
eqfLyelq)k ^oans ekrje~* Eg.kw ykxys-
1937 lkyP;k dkWUxzslP;k ofdZax dfeVhus izFke ;k xhrkph dkVNkV dsyh dkj.k eqfLyekapk R;k xhrkl
fojks/k gksrk- gh dkVNkV d:ufg eqlyekukapk fojks/k ekoGyk ukgh- eqlyekukauk rs xhr vftckr udks gksr-s 17
ekpZ 1938yk eqfLye yhxps v/;{k thuk ;kauh ^oans ekrje~*P;k ifgY;k dMO;kl lq)k fojks/k dsyk-
1940lkyh dkWUxszlus fu;e d:u rs xhr rj jkgw ns nwjp( i.k uqlrs ^oans ekrje~* ;so<sfg Eg.k.;kl canh
?kkryh- dkWUxszle/;s ^oans ekrje~* gs xhr xk.ks rj can dsysp i.k eqlyekukauk ,d [kkl loyr fnyh dh R;kauh
cf’kj vgenfyf[kr mnwZ xhr Eg.kkos fdaok dqjk.ke/khy vksGh Eg.kkO;kr- 1937 lkyha dkWUxszlh ljdkjs dkgh
izkUrkae/;s jkT; pkyow ykxysyh gksrh( i.k eqfLye vuqu; dj.;kik;h dkWUxszlh ljdkjuh vkWy bafM;k jsfMvkso:u
^oans ekrje~* gs xhr xk.;kl canh ?kkrysyh gksrh- laxhr&rK laxhrdykfuf/k ekLVj d`".kjko Qqyaczhdj ;kauh ;k
vkKsP;k fojks/kklkBh jsfMvkso:u xk.ks can dsy-s cjhp o"ksZ d`".kjkokapk >xMk pkyw jkfgyk gksrk- 1947P;k ekpZ
e/;s ^oans ekrje~* xk.;kojph canh mBfo.;kr vkyh- d`".kk ekLrjkaP;k >xM.;kl ;’k feGkys-
johanzukFkkauh lq)k 1896 lkyha dydRrk ;sFks lkoZtfud jhR;k ^oans ekrje~* gs xhr Lor% pky ykowu
EgVys- iafMr fo".kq fnxacj iyqLdj ;kauh dkQh jkxkr c) dsysys ^oans ekrje~* Qkjp izfl) >kys- iyqLdjkauh
dkQh jkxke/khy xhr izFke ykgksj uxjhr xkf;ys gksr-s l/;k jsfMvkso:u ,sdforkr rs ^oans ekrje~* lkjax ;k
jkxkr vkgs-
1947e/;s Lora=rk izkIr >kyh rsOgk jk"Vªxhr Eg.kwu ^oans ekrje~* gsp xhr ekU; Ogko;kl gos gksr(s i.k
R;k xka/kh&usg:auh R;kl cktwl lkjys- usg:auh dkj.k lkafxrys dh rs xhr baxzth cW.Moj uhV oktfork ;sr ukgh-
vkeps jk"Vªxhr ijfd;kaP;k cW.Moj oktfork ;sr ukgh Eg.kwu rs xhrp ckn dj.ks gs fdrh ew[kZi.kkps vkgs!
^iafMr* mik/kh yko.kkjk ek.kwl ;so<k ew[kZi.kk d: ’kdrks ;koj dq.kh fo’okl Bso.kkj ukgh- i.k rh ifjiw.kZ lR;
?kVuk vkgs- ;ko:u R;k dkGha baxzt fu baxzth ;kapk izHkko R;kdkGP;k ns’kHkDrkaoj fdrh gksrk rs letrs- johanz
;kp eukso`Rrhps ns’kHkDR vlys rj rs baxzt lezkVkpk t;t;dkj dj.kkjp! gh okrkZ izfl) >kY;kcjkscj d`".kjko
fnYyhr /kkoys vkf.k R;kauh baxzth cW.Moj rs xhr oktowu nk[kfoys- rjhfg rs jk"Vªxhr Eg.kwu ekU;rk ikoys ukgh-
dkj.k [kjs dkj.k ,dp gksrs dh rs eqlyekukauk vkoMr ukgh-
baxzthP;k izHkkokps vk.k[kh ,d mnkgj.k Eg.kts ia- usg:auk iariz/kku dsy-s okLrfod ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ
iVsy ojh"B usrs gksr-s i.k xka/kh Eg.kkys dh tokgjyk iariz/kku djkos dkj.k rks baxzth Nku cksyrks] oYyHkyk
rso<s ;sr ukgh- baxzth ;srs Eg.kwu fganqLFkkupk iariz/kku Bjfyk xsyk- usg:auhfg Lora= fganqLFkkuph izFke Djekadkph
Hkk"kk baxzth Bjfoyh( fganh uOgs-
eqlyekukauk dka gs xhr vkoMr ukgh\ dkj.k rs ,dp vYyk ekurkr ueLdkj djk;yk( vU; dq.kkl
ueLdkj djk;pk ukgh v’kh dqjk.kkph vkKk vkgs Eg.kwu eqlyeku ^oans ekrje~* Eg.kr ukghr- eqlyeku vkiY;k
vkbZyk ekurkr fd ukgh\ ekur vlysp ikfgtsr( rjh rs Hkkjrekrsl ueu dj.;kl r;kj ukghr dkj.k rs Hkkjr
ns’kkl ekrk ekurp ukghr- Hkkjr ns’k gh vkiyh Hkksxnklh vkgs v’khp eqlyekukaph /kkj.kk vlrs- R;k ghu
euks/kkj.ksl xka/kh&usg:&dkWUxzslus [krik.kh ?kkywu ok<foys- okLrfod 1947 lkyh fganqLFkkuph Ndys >kysyhp
gksrh( eqlyekukauh Lora= ns’k Lor%lkBh cufoykp gksrk- ex moZjhr fganqLFkkukr eqlyekukaP;k erkapk fopkj
dj.;kps dkj.k dk; gksr\s i.k gk lk/kk ljG fopkj dsyk rj rs xka/kh&usg: dlys\ vkEgh fganq yksdfg vxnh
usHkGs! R;keqGs ;k nqdyhl fojks/k dj.ks vkEgkl teys ukgh- dkj.k vkeps [kjs izse ns’kkoj ukgh rj ek.klkoj
vkgs- ew[kZ ek.klkauk vkEgh usrs dsys vkf.k R;kaP;k [kqGpV fopkjakuk eku nsr jkfgyks- Eg.kwu gs lkjs ?kMys-
gk ew[kZi.kk ?kM.kkj gs fnO;n`f"V ykHkysY;k ohj lkojdjkauh 1927 lkyh vkf.k uarj 1937 lkyh
lkafxrysys gksr-s 1937 lkyh iq.ks ;sFkhy O;k[;kukr lkojdj Eg.kkys gksrs dh vkt ^oans ekrje~* gs xhr jk"Vªxhr
Eg.kwu ekU;rk ikoysys vkgs rjhfg xka/kh R;k xhrkl nwj lkjrhy vkf.k Hkyrsp jk"Vªxhr Eg.kwu ekU; djrhy- rh
fnO;n`f"V iw.kZ [kjh Bjyh- vkEgh fganq iksdG xhrkl jk"Vªxhr ekuhr jkfgyks- vkiyk ’k=q vlysyk ns’k Eg.kts
baXy.M] R;kpk tks jktk R;kP;k LokxrklkBh jpysys xhr vkEgh jk"Vªxhr ekuys vkf.k rs lokZauk ,sdohr jkfgyks-
R;kpk ifj.kke dk; gksbZy R;kpk fopkjfg dsyk ukgh- v’kk xhrkapk ifj.kke Eg.kts ijfd;kaps xksMos xk.ks fu rs
ijdh; lkaxrhy rls okx.ks- rks ifj.kke vki.k c?krksp vkgksr xsyh 64 o"ksZ !
jk"Vªxhr ,sdrkauk vkiY;k ns’kkps ekufp= eukleksj mHks jgko;kl gos- rls ^oans ekrje~* eqGs mHks jkgrs(
^tux.keu* us ukgh- ns’kkps udks vlsy rj Lora=rsps /;s; rjh vki.kkleksj mHks Bkdys ikghts- R;kdfjrk ohj
lkojdj jfpr ^Lora=rs Hkxorh* gs xhr jk"Vªxhr Bjokos- rls cny ?kVuse/;s djkos- Eg.kts ;kiq<s fganLq Fkku
Lora=rk xeko.kkj ukgh-

^oans ekrje~* gs [kjs jk"Vªxhr eh ;sFks nsrks-

oans ekrje~A lqtyka lqQyka ey;t’khryke~ l’;’;keyka ekrje~A oans ekrje~A
’kqHkzT;ksRLuka iqyfdr ;kfeuhe~A QqYydqlqfer nzqeny’kksfHkuhe~A
lqgkfluha lqe/kqjHkkf"k.khe~A lq[knka ojnka ekrja oans ekrje~A1A
dksfV dksfV d.B dydy fuukn djkysA dksfV dksfV Hkqt/S k`Zr [kjdjokysA
ds cys ek rqfe vcys cgqcy/kkfj.khe~A uekfe rkfj.kha fjiqnyokfj.khe~A ekrje~A
oUns ekrje~ A2A
rqfe fo|k] rqfe /keZ] rqfe âfn] rqfe eeZA Roa fg izk.kk% ’kjhjs] ckgq rs rqfe ek ’kfDrA
ân;s rqfe ek HkfDr rksekjbZ izfrek xfM eafnjs
eafnjs] ekrja] oans ekrje~ A3A
Roa fg nqxkZ n’kizgj.k/kkfj.kh deyk deyny fogkfj.kh] ok.kh fo|knkf;uh
uekfe Roka uekfe deyka veyka vrqyka lqtyka lqQyka ekrje~A oans ekrje~ A 4A
’;keyka ljyka] lqfLerka] Hkwf"krke~
/kj.kha Hkj.khaa ekrja oans ekrje~A 5A
Hkk"kkUrj
pkaxys ty vl.kkjh] pkaxyh QGs ns.kkjh] ey; ioZrkiklwu ’khr ok;q okgfo.kkjh] ¼l’; Eg.kts½
/kkU;s&
a QGs fu ’kL=s ;kauh lkaoGh cuysyh( gs ekrs oanu vlks! ’kqHkz pkan.;keqGs jk=h psruke;h vlrkr] izQYq y
Qqykauh cgjysyh] o`{kkaP;k iYyohauh ’kksHk.kkjh] xksM gal.kkjh] [kwi xksM cksy.kkjh] lq[k ns.kkjh] oj ns.kkjh] ekrk]
rqyk ueu djrks- A 1A
dksfV dksfV d.Bkae/kwu ’kCn dj.kkjh rlsp Hk;adj xtZuk dj.kkjh] dksfV dksfV gkrkae/;s [kM~xkapk
[k.k[k.kkV ?kMo.kkjh rwa ^vcyk* vkgsl vls dks.k Eg.kw /ktsy\ rwa izp.M cy’kkyh vkgsl- rwap vkeph rkjd
vkgsl] ’k=qlsukauk gjo.kkjh vkgsl] gs ekrs rqyk oanu djrks-A2A
rwap vkeph fo|k fu rwap vkepk /keZ] rwa ân;krhy eeZ] rwap ’kjhjke/khy iapizk.k fu rwpa vkeP;k
ckgwae/khy lkeF;Z] vkf.k vkeP;k ân;ke/khy HkfDr rwpa ] rq>hp izfrek eafnjkeafnjkar ?kMfoysyh vlrs- A3A
rwap nqxkZ vkgsl] ngk ’kL=s /kkj.k dj.kkjh vkf.k deyi=koj fogkj dj.kkjh deyk rwap] fo|k ns.kkjh
vkf.k ok.kh rwap] rqyk ueLdkj vlks!
ueLdkj vlks deysyk] veysyk ¼Eg.kts eG ulysY;k½] vrqysyk ¼Eg.kts rqyuk djrk ;sr ukgh v’kk rqyk½]
lqanj ty ns.kkjhyk] mRre QGs ns.kkjhyk] ekrsl ueu- A4A
lkaoGh] ljG] lqanj gkL; vlysyh] Hkw"k.ks /kkj.k dj.kkjh lokZauk /kkj.k d:u Hkj.kiks"k.k dj.kkjh ekrk]
rqyk oanu! A5A