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H SEVENTH SEMESTER
Course Title: Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology (Chemotherapy)
9.SUMMARY
1.HISTORY OF DRUG RESISTANT
December 11, 1945 Sir Alexander Fleming In his Nobel Prize lecture,
Fleming himself warned of the danger of resistance –―It is not difficult
to make microbes resistant to penicillin in the laboratory by exposing
them to concentrations not sufficient to kill them, and the same thing
has occasionally happened in the body and by exposing his microbes to
non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant.‖
Natural resistance
●Some microbes have always been resistant to certain AMAs. This is because of the
lack of metabolic process or the target sites.
● grouped specific. Eg. gram negative organisms are not affected by penicillin,
M.tuberculosis insensitive to tetracyclines.
● This type of resistance do not produce any clinical problems
Acquired resistance
● It is the development of resistance by an organism due to use of an AMA over a period of
time (after an exposure).
● This poses a clinical problem in veterinary practice.
● Some bacteria acquire rapid resistance. Eg. Staphylococci, Coliforms and tubercle bacilli.
4.Mechanism of resistant
The three fundamental mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance are
Example:
1.Over-prescription of antibiotics
Use: