UNIT 1: STUDYING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Culture, Society, and Politics

What is Anthropology?
http://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2150
What is Sociology?
http://www.soc.cornell.edu/undergrad/what-is-sociology/
What is Political Science?
https://www.polisci.washington.edu/what-political-science
What is cultural identity?
https://nobullying.com/cultural-identity/
What is social identity?
http://people.howstuffworks.com/what-is-social-identity.htm
What is political identity?
http://classroom.synonym.com/concept-political-identity-8043.html
Chapter 2: Understanding Culture and Society
What is the difference between culture and society?
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/culture-and-societies/culture-and-society-defined
UNIT 2: THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY
Chapter 3: Becoming a Member of Society
What is socialization?
https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter5-socialization/
What is deviance?
https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter7-deviance-crime-and-social-control/
What is the relationship between human rights and human dignity?
http://www.peterjepson.com/law/CIT2-6%20Burt.pdf
Chapter 4: How a Society is Organized
What are groups?
https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter6-groups-and-organization/
UNIT 3: CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 5: Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution
How did humans evolve?
https://www.britannica.com/science/human-evolution
How did human societies evolve?
http://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/5-2-the-development-of-modern-society/
Chapter 6: Social Institutions
What is a social institution?
https://www.reference.com/world-view/definition-social-institution-7e8cbdab1f5dc18d
What are family, marriage, and kinship?
http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp201/files/2011/06/201-4-Chapter-6-Ties-that-connect-Marriage-Family-and-Kinship-by-Abraham-
Rosman-and-Paula-Rubel-in-Tapestry-of-Culture-An-Introduction-to-Cultural-Anthropology-2008-pages-113-125.pdf
What are economic systems?
http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Economic_systems.html
What is an educational institution?
https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=743
What is religion as an institution?
http://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/17-1-religion-as-a-social-institution/
http://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/17-4-types-of-religious-organizations/
http://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/17-6-trends-in-religious-belief-and-activity/
Chapter 7: Political Institutions
What are political institutions?
https://www.sowi.hu-berlin.de/de/lehrbereiche/comppol/pubb/pdfs/Immergut2010.pdf
What are politics, power, and authority?
http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/9547_017533ch2.pdf
https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter17-government-and-politics/
Chapter 8: Social and Political Stratification
What is social stratification?
https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter9-social-stratification-in-the-united-states/
UNIT 4: CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL CHANGE
Chapter 9: Sources of Social and Cultural Change
What is social change?
http://www.sociologydiscussion.com/sociology/theories-of-social-change-meaning-nature-and-processes/2364
What is cultural change?
http://anthro.palomar.edu/change/change_1.htm
http://anthro.palomar.edu/change/change_2.htm
Chapter 10: Sources of Political Change
What is political change?
http://study.com/academy/lesson/political-change-definition-lesson-quiz.html
What is political revolution?
http://www.iep.utm.edu/pol-rev/
Chapter 11: New Challenges to Human Adaptation and Social Change
What is climate change?
https://www.science.org.au/learning/general-audience/science-booklets-0/science-climate-change/1-what-climate-change
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25082015/climate-changes-overlooked-sociological-side
What is ethnic conflict?
https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-conflict
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2008-06-01/ethnic-conflict-inevitable
What is religious conflict?
http://www.academia.edu/5701344/Religious_conflict_Definitions_problems_and_theoretical_approaches
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/10572342/Religious-conflict-in-global-rise-report.html
What is ideological conflict?
http://www.forumjournal.org/announcement/view/61
http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/problem/132962
Why is immigration a global problem?
http://www.globalissues.org/article/537/immigration
http://www.unfpa.org/migration
Chapter 12: Responding to Social, Political, and Cultural Change
What is inclusive citizenship?
http://www.drc-citizenship.org/system/assets/1052734474/original/1052734474-kabeer.2005-introduction.pdf
What is participatory governance?
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/CUSP_110108_Participatory%20Gov.pdf
How does use of social media affect citizenship?
https://journalistsresource.org/studies/politics/digital-democracy/social-media-influence-politics-participation-engagement-meta-analysis
https://journalistsresource.org/studies/politics/digital-democracy/using-social-media-to-improve-citizen-engagement-with-government-
research-brief

What is Anthropology?

Anthropology is the study of what makes us human. Anthropologists take a broad approach to understanding the many different aspects
of the human experience, which we call holism. They consider the past, through archaeology, to see how human groups lived hundreds
or thousands of years ago and what was important to them. They consider what makes up our biological bodies and genetics, as well as
our bones, diet, and health. Anthropologists also compare humans with other animals (most often, other primates like monkeys and
chimpanzees) to see what we have in common with them and what makes us unique. Even though nearly all humans need the same
things to survive, like food, water, and companionship, the ways people meet these needs can be very different. For example, everyone
needs to eat, but people eat different foods and get food in different ways. So anthropologists look at how different groups of people get
food, prepare it, and share it. World hunger is not a problem of production but social barriers to distribution, and that Amartya Sen won a
Nobel Prize for showing this was the case for all of the 20th century’s famines. Anthropologists also try to understand how people interact
in social relationships (for example with families and friends). They look at the different ways people dress and communicate in different
societies. Anthropologists sometimes use these comparisons to understand their own society. Many anthropologists work in their own
societies looking at economics, health, education, law, and policy (to name just a few topics). When trying to understand these complex
issues, they keep in mind what they know about biology, culture, types of communication, and how humans lived in the past.

The Four Subfields

American anthropology is generally divided into four subfields. Each of the subfields teaches distinctive skills. However, the subfields
also have a number of similarities. For example, each subfield applies theories, employs systematic research methodologies, formulates
and tests hypotheses, and develops extensive sets of data.

Archaeology

Archaeologists study human culture by analyzing the objects people have made. They carefully remove from the ground such things as
pottery and tools, and they map the locations of houses, trash pits, and burials in order to learn about the daily lives of a people. They
also analyze human bones and teeth to gain information on a people’s diet and the diseases they suffered. Archaeologists collect the
remains of plants, animals, and soils from the places where people have lived in order to understand how people used and changed their
natural environments. The time range for archaeological research begins with the earliest human ancestors millions of years ago and
extends all the way up to the present day. Like other areas of anthropology, archaeologists are concerned with explaining differences
and similarities in human societies across space and time.

Biological Anthropology

Biological anthropologists seek to understand how humans adapt to different environments, what causes disease and early death, and
how humans evolved from other animals. To do this, they study humans (living and dead), other primates such as monkeys and apes,
and human ancestors (fossils). They are also interested in how biology and culture work together to shape our lives. They are interested
in explaining the similarities and differences that are found among humans across the world. Through this work, biological anthropologists
have shown that, while humans do vary in their biology and behavior, they are more similar to one another than different.

Cultural Anthropology

Sociocultural anthropologists explore how people in different places live and understand the world around them. They want to know what
people think is important and the rules they make about how they should interact with one another. Even within one country or society,
people may disagree about how they should speak, dress, eat, or treat others. Anthropologists want to listen to all voices and viewpoints
in order to understand how societies vary and what they have in common. Sociocultural anthropologists often find that the best way to
learn about diverse peoples and cultures is to spend time living among them. They try to understand the perspectives, practices, and
social organization of other groups whose values and lifeways may be very different from their own. The knowledge they gain can enrich
human understanding on a broader level.

Linguistic Anthropology

Linguistic anthropologists study the many ways people communicate across the globe. They are interested in how language is linked to
how we see the world and how we relate to each other. This can mean looking at how language works in all its different forms, and how
it changes over time. It also means looking at what we believe about language and communication, and how we use language in our
lives. This includes the ways we use language to build and share meaning, to form or change identities, and to make or change relations
of power. For linguistic anthropologists, language and communication are keys to how we make society and culture.

Applied and Practicing Anthropology

Applied or practicing anthropologists are an important part of anthropology. Each of the four subfields of anthropology can be applied.
Applied anthropologists work to solve real world problems by using anthropological methods and ideas. For example, they may work in
local communities helping to solve problems related to health, education or the environment. They might also work for museums or
national or state parks helping to interpret history. They might work for local, state or federal governments or for non-profit organizations.
Others may work for businesses, like retail stores or software and technology companies, to learn more about how people use products
or technology in their daily lives. Some work in the USA while others work internationally. Jobs for applied anthropologists have shown
strong growth in the recent past with more and more opportunities becoming available as demand grows for their valuable skill sets. Visit
the Careers page to learn more.

Anthropology Around the World

While anthropologists devote much of their attention to what human groups share across time and space, they also study how these
groups are different. Just as there is diversity in the ways people physically adapt to their environment, build and organize societies, and
communicate, there are also many ways to do anthropology. Unique approaches to anthropology developed in many countries around
the world. For example, in some countries the four-field approach is not as strong as it is in others. Anthropologists from across the globe
work together through international organizations to try and understand more about our lives as humans.

The World Council of Anthropology Associations is a network of international and national anthropology associations that aims to promote
worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology. To learn more about the work of the council, visit its website
here: http://www.wcaanet.org/. You can also visit the list of member organizations to learn more about anthropology in different parts of
the world: http://www.wcaanet.org/members.shtml

Employment

Anthropologists are employed in a number of different sectors, from colleges and universities to government agencies, NGOs,
businesses, and health and human services. Within the university, they teach undergraduate and graduate anthropology, and many offer
anthropology courses in other departments and professional schools such as business, education, design, and public health.
Anthropologists contribute significantly to interdisciplinary fields such as international studies and ethnic and gender studies, and some
work in academic research centers. Outside the university, anthropologists work in government agencies, private businesses, community
organizations, museums, independent research institutes, service organizations, the media; and others work as independent consultants
and research staff for agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control, UNESCO, the World Health Organization, and the World Bank.
More than half of all anthropologists now work in organizations outside the university. Their work may involve building research
partnerships, assessing economic needs, evaluating policies, developing new educational programs, recording little-known community
histories, providing health services, and other socially relevant activities. You will find anthropologists addressing social and cultural
consequences of natural disasters, equitable access to limited resources, and human rights at the global level.

As you can see from the extensive list of sections within the American Anthropological Association, anthropologists have research
interests that cut across academic and applied domains of scholarship. These domains reflect the many significant issues and questions
that anthropologists engage today, their areas of employment, the locations around the world where they do research, and their
commitment to using research results to improve lives. We invite you to explore the diversity of topics and approaches in this exciting
field.
 What is Sociology?

Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists
investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts.

Because all human behavior is social, the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; fro m
organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender, and social class to the shared beliefs of a common cult ure;
and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports.

Because sociology addresses the most challenging issues of our time, it is a rapidly expanding field whose potential is increasingly
tapped by those who craft policies and create programs.

What is Political Science?

Political science focuses on the theory and practice of government and politics at the local, state, national, and international levels. We
are dedicated to developing understandings of institutions, practices, and relations that constitute public life and modes of inquiry that
promote citizenship.

Cultural Identity

Everyone has a cultural identity. Knowing where you come from can give you a sense of belonging and a sense of self.

Culture is all the things that make up a certain way of life or living. That includes all the beliefs and values, language, customs, style of
dress, food, song, and stories that belong to a group of people. A person's cultural identity comes from the way they take certain aspects
of each of the cultures they belong to and use them to shape and define who they are.

Some young people might find it hard to make sense of their cultural identity. They might have a mixed background or be living in a
society where the main culture is different to their own. They might feel for a while like they don’t fit in anywhere and might resent or
reject certain parts of their cultures in an effort to feel more accepted by others.

For some people, culture is more about the families you create rather than your birth heritage. This could mean a local club, community
group or sports team.

If a young person doesn’t really know where they fit in, see if you can help them find a space where they belong. Support them to feel
comfortable in their own skin and proud of their heritage and cultural identity.

Keeping an eye out

Young people are often looking for their place in the world and might feel a little bit lost at times. They might feel like an outsider or feel
pressure to prove the stereotypes about their cultural group wrong. Keep an eye out for them:

 Asking a lot of questions about their family or wanting to get to know more about the culture of where they’re from
 Rejecting their culture – not wanting to get involved, go to church with their family or identify with their background
 Being bullied, ignored or ridiculed at school for being different
 Feeling frustrated, depressed or anxious
 Having low self-esteem - feeling worthless or like they don't belong

Healthy conversations

In New Zealand, most people have a range of different cultures in their backgrounds and it’s common for young people to identify with
more than one.

 Talk to them about their whakapapa - let them know about their background, who their ancestors are and the places where they came
from
 If they are connected with more than one culture, talk about all of them. You could discuss the different aspects of each culture, challenge
stereotypes and help them understand what those cultures mean to them and their family
 Talk about how to answer questions such as “where are you from?” or “what ethnicity are you?” Help them define an identity they can be
proud to share
 Talk to them about any racism, bullying or discrimination they are experiencing. Let them know it's not okay, and show your support. You
can go to being bullied for tips about how to support someone through it
 Talk about respect and how important it is to appreciate and respect people from different cultures

Taking action

 Help them identify if they know anyone else who has been through a similar journey around making sense of their identity, who they
could seek guidance and support from
 Show them you value their cultural background. Teach them about the different cultures they belong to and their traditions, and get them
involved in community activities that celebrate those cultures
 If the family speaks another language, help to keep the language alive. Speak it at home, go to marae or community centres where you
can practise speaking it and teach your young person the language as best you can
 If you have family in a different country or city, maintain that connection. Keep in touch with them and see if you can go visit them. If they
are connected with a marae, take them to visit
 Be a role model by respecting and learning from people from different cultural backgrounds, valuing differences and rejecting stereotypes

What is social identity?

BY HOWSTUFFWORKS.COM CONTRIBUTORS

UP NEXT
Social identity relates to how we identify ourselves in relation to others according to what we have in common. For example, we can
identify ourselves according to religion or where we're from (Asian American, Southerner, New Yorker), political affiliation (Democrat,
Environmentalist), vocation (writer, artist, neurosurgeon), or relationship (mother, father, great-aunt). In addition, some identities are
stigmatized (person with AIDS, homeless person, alcoholic) and many social identities can be multiple (an Asian American Democrat
who works as a writer). Together, the different roles a person plays can help him realize his overall identity.

Social identity can provide people with a sense of self-esteem and a framework for socializing, and it can influence their behavior. In
experiments carried out by Henri Tajfel and John Turner, it was found that people favored the members of their own group, regardless
of whether the assignment to the group was based on the flimsiest commonality or even if it was arbitrary. In addition to how your view
yourself, social identity also influences how other people treat you.

While gender identity usually occurs between the ages of two and three, many other forms of identity continue to evolve throughout a
person's life; for example, a lawyer who formerly specialized in corporate law but who switches to divorce law may change his social
identity from a corporate lawyer to a divorce lawyer. During the years of adolescence, teens undergo the process of defining their social
identity. Experimenting with body piercing, new hairstyles, music preferences, tattoos, and different forms of dress are ways in which
teens try to fit in with a group or decide which group is right for them. While you want your teenagers to be able to fit in with friends (if
they're a good group of kids), you want them to maintain their individuality and have the self-esteem to resist doing anything that violates
their own values or those of their family.

What Is the Concept of Political Identity?

Jason Cristiano Ramon
Identity is often thought of as the expression of an individual's belief system and social affiliations. Various factors can construct an
identity, including race, nationality, where a person lives and a person's gender and sexuality. Political identity is almost always associated
with a group affiliation and describes the ways in which being a member of a particular group might express specific political opinions
and attitudes.

Partisan Politics

Political identity frequently refers to a specific political party affiliation or partisan identity. For many voters, belonging to a political party
is not simply a voting decision. In the U.S., being a Democrat or a Republican is an important expression of a person's views on life;
partisan affiliation signifies membership in a group that defines a worldview and a core set of common values. As political parties benefit
from political identity of this kind -- since it makes for very loyal and reliable voters -- parties seek to cultivate partisan loyalty among their
members.

Race and Identity

Political identity can also be shaped by race. For example, in the U.S., prior to the passage of the13th Amendment, race determined
whether a human being could legally be another's property. Until the dismantlement of legal segregation in the 1950s and ‘60s, race
often determined whether citizens could vote, with whom they could associate, where they went to school and other fundamental aspects
of life. Moreover, between 1924 and 1965, race determined who was and was not eligible to immigrate to the United States. Scholars
such as Aziz Rana state that racial inequalities in housing, employment, criminal justice and other areas continue to shape American life
along politicized racial lines.

Class and Identity

Another possible factor that shapes political identity can be economic class. Peoples’ interests, outlook and life prospects are frequently
conditioned by their economic circumstances. For instance, factory workers may be very different from one another in a variety of ways,
yet they share a very basic set of common experiences that comes from their shared condition as factory workers. As workers, they have
in common a set of interests, hardships and goals. The same is true of hedge fund managers, farm laborers, nurses, high school teachers
and university professors. As the political theorist Adolph Reed argues, membership in an economic class is an important form of political
identity.

Colonialism and Identity

A fourth example of political identity occurred under colonialism. Many colonial societies operated by distinguishing the identities of “native
subjects,” who enjoyed fewer rights and liberties from European “settlers.” Sometimes this identity was race-based, such as in Belgian
Rwanda. Often, as in British India and French Algeria, colonists used their ideas of custom and culture as a basis for distinguishing “the
native” as a kind of political identity and subject that required European governance.

Culture and Society Defined

Culture consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society.
Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society. Thus, culture
includes many societal aspects: language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and
institutions. This latter term institution refers to clusters of rules and cultural meanings associated with specific social activities. Common
institutions are the family, education, religion, work, and health care.

Popularly speaking, being cultured means being well‐educated, knowledgeable of the arts, stylish, and well‐mannered. High culture—
generally pursued by the upper class—refers to classical music, theater, fine arts, and other sophisticated pursuits. Members of the upper
class can pursue high art because they have cultural capital, which means the professional credentials, education, knowledge, and
verbal and social skills necessary to attain the “property, power, and prestige” to “get ahead” socially. Low culture, or popular culture—
generally pursued by the working and middle classes—refers to sports, movies, television sitcoms and soaps, and rock music. Remember
that sociologists define culture differently than they do cultured, high culture, low culture, and popular culture.

Sociologists define society as the people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture. The cultural bond may be ethnic
or racial, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities. The term society can also have a geographic meaning and
refer to people who share a common culture in a particular location. For example, people living in arctic climates developed different
cultures from those living in desert cultures. In time, a large variety of human cultures arose around the world.

Culture and society are intricately related. A culture consists of the “objects” of a society, whereas a society consists of the people who
share a common culture. When the terms culture and society first acquired their current meanings, most people in the world worked and
lived in small groups in the same locale. In today's world of 6 billion people, these terms have lost some of their usefulness because
increasing numbers of people interact and share resources globally. Still, people tend to use culture and society in a more traditional
sense: for example, being a part of a “racial culture” within the larger “U.S. society.”

Socialization,
the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group (or society) and behave in a manner approved by the group (or society).
According to most social scientists, socialization essentially represents the whole process of learning throughout the life course and is a
central influence on the behaviour, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children.
Socialization is the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society. It describes the ways that people
come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values. Socialization is not
the same as socializing (interacting with others, like family, friends, and coworkers); to be precise, it is a sociological process that occurs
through socializing. As Danielle’s story illustrates, even the most basic of human activities are learned. You may be surprised to know
that even physical tasks like sitting, standing, and walking had not automatically developed for Danielle as she grew. And without
socialization, Danielle hadn’t learned about the material culture of her society (the tangible objects a culture uses): for example, she
couldn’t hold a spoon, bounce a ball, or use a chair for sitting. She also hadn’t learned its nonmaterial culture, such as its beliefs, values,
and norms. She had no understanding of the concept of “family,” didn’t know cultural expectations for using a bathroom for elimination,
and had no sense of modesty. Most importantly, she hadn’t learned to use the symbols that make up language—through which we learn
about who we are, how we fit with other people, and the natural and social worlds in which we live.

Kaya siya natalo kasi dinaya siya.”