Final stances

1. Blues – Came out as a music genre when black slaves started to present their grievances in
melodious manner.
Jazz – Is a conflict of music in itself and each and every member on the instrument tries to
express his emotions through the music.
Rock n Roll – Turned the blues into expressing happiness and enjoying the life type of music –
Chuck Berry (famous artist – Best track = Jhony B. Good) – Elvis Presley (King of Rock) was the
first white to adopt the music of black and due to his act, this Rock n Roll which was just limited
to blacks, spread to different parts of world – it was initially used to make the youth dance in
clubs. Beatles became the first band to promote this music in an entire different manner.
Rock – is all about distortion – it has a certain style which is not groovy but on the dot.
Pakistani rock bands = Junoon, Noorie, EP, Call
Favourite rock bands = Guns N Roses; Creed; SOAD; Alter-bridge; Audio-slave; Nirvana;
Beatles
2. What is the root cause of corruption in public sector?
Low salary structure
Lack of accountability mechanism
3. CCI and issues in it?
Failures – Kalabagh (not resolved yet)
Successes – 7th NFC award
It is a democratic platform where provinces resolve their issues
4. Supreme Judicial Council (Article. 209)
5. National Judicial Commission
It is a council for the accountability of judges
6. Election Commission of Pakistan (22nd amendment – do read it – passed on 6th June 2016)
Technocrates and bureaucrats can also become the CEC of Pakistan (22nd amendment – passed by
Mushahid Hussain)
7. What is your take on foreign policy of Paksitan?
Pakistan wants to maintain cordial relations with all its neighbors and international powers.
Pakistan’s relations with Afghanistan have received a setback due to blame game which needs to
stop from both sides and both countries need to be sincere towards addressing each other’s
demands. Both countries need to not let anyone use their soil against each other.
Afghan refugees would be hosted till the time Afghanistan gets stable. US, China and Russia
alongwith Pakistan would continue to cooperate towards making Afghanistan peaceful.
Pakiatan needs to reach out to US to continue the cooperation with the new administration.
However much would depend on how the Trump administration’s policy towards Pakistan which
is yet to be disclosed.
India and Pakistan cannot afford to remain in hostility. Both nuclear armed neighbors need to
start dialogue as soon as possible. However in order to persuade India to come to table Pakistan
needs to use some proactive diplomacy. Raising the Kashmir dispute and human rights violations
in it at all international forum would certainly bring international community’s censure and this
might force india to come to talks with Pakistan.
Pakistan enjoys cordial relations with almost all countries in the middle east. Pakistan maintains a
neutral policy towards many conflicts which are on going but wants their peaceful solution at the
same time.
8. What is the strategic importance of Hyderabad?
 Sir Hyderabad is the centre of Urban Sindh and the city has remained headquarter of different
rulers in their reign as the geographic location and environment of the city is highly defensive in
nature. In this regard, the Pakko kilo and Hyderabad Cantt are glaring examples. Besides, it is
situated on the bank of river Indus.
9. Why do bureaucrats become corrupt?
Sir corruption is an after-effect of globalization. The distance between demand and need has
widened at such a level that without doing corruption, no other venue is left open for the
bureaucrats to satisfy their needs. The culture of bureaucracy is of the elites, in which designer
cloths, beautiful rides, latest gadgets are the demand of that culture. Besides, the education of
their children in the best of all schools around the country is one of the basic requirement. Along
with that political pressure and administrative orders are other factors that block the way of a
sincere and just officer. Collectively, all these factors force the bureaucrats to go for corruption
rather than making fun of themselves and be known as a deviant.
10. Why don’t they start business or find some other jobs if bureaucracy doesn’t pay handsome
salaries?
Sir bureaucracy not just provides a job but a lifestyle. It is not only the salary people come for,
but it is the lifestyle and the services one can provide to the masses at large. Though, it is a way to
fulfil the need of self-esteem.
11. Why do bureaucrats become politicized?
Sir in most of the cases it is the pressure that is put on the bureaucrat. However, in some of the
cases the bureaucrat is himself a victim of this imperial culture which makes him to repeat the
same injustice with others that has been faced by him once. Though, politics is in every nook and
corner of Pakistan and every institution is politicized at large, whether it be religious, educational
or economic. Though, there are very few officials who are able to bear the pressure of this
system, otherwise, most of them feel better to move along the wind.
12. How can we curb corruption in bureaucracy?
Sir four steps are required to be implemented in letter and spirit: (i) increasing the salary structure
as per the market and providing the best possible services to them (ii) ensuring the security of the
bureaucrats and their families (iii) ensuring their job security and transfers not to be done of
political basis (iv) if even then someone is accused and proven guilty of corruption, he must be
made an example for the others.
13. What do you think about the governance of present government?
Sir in my opinion, the present government has played in a balanced manner when it is to be
analyzed in the matters of governance. The law and order situation except the recent attacks of
terrorism has improved at a greater level in the most dangerous regions of the country.
Infrastructural development (roads, CPEC and metro buses) has been observed on national level,
which has improved the trade and communication among the provinces. The local governments
have been established for the first time in the democratic regime, this has increased the
participation at large. Civilian and military relations have seen a smooth going in this tenure of
government. Women participation has been observed at a greater level. However, the corruption
scandal against the PM is a question of accountability and its decision will put a great impact on
Pakistan. Balochistan has not been able to get its due rights yet as there is a lack of political and
bureaucratic will. There has been a little focus on the betterment of educational institutions as
laptops are not sufficient to bring a progressive change in the country. Institutional reforms
(police, health, education, judiciary, etc.) have not been brought to the lime light. Census has not
been conducted yet, which is totally against the phenomenon of equal distribution of resources.
 Though, there is a lot to be done to strengthen the democracy and governance structure in the
country, yet the recent developments are a sign of better future.
14. What are the short comings of the government?
Sir as the government promised to minimized the energy crises in the country, it has miserably
failed. The educational and health sectors have been neglected at large. The foreign policy is at its
lowest ebb and deprived of a foreign minister even after the passage of 4 years of the government.
Industrialization and rise of domestic market is a distant dream of the country.
15. What can we do to improve it?
Sir first of all the separation of powers should be exercised in letter and spirit. Politics has
penetrated each and every institution of the country and it should be rooted out by making the
executive and judiciary independent of legislatures. Besides, media being the fourth tier of govt.
should be utilized in progressive manner rather than a channel of promoting fear and depression.
It can help bringing a wave of awareness among masses regarding numerous issues, such as
power of vote, census, women rights and their empowerment for development, etc. At global
front, a learned foreign minister should be given the responsibility of the foreign affairs and
multiple stack holders relating to conventional and non-conventional security experts should be
made a part of policy making. The intellectuals, researchers and scholars should be included to
contribute in the policy framing for the better and progressive Pakistan. Finally, national interests
should be brought at front and the self-satisfying interest should be kept on side to make Pakistan
greater again.
16. If you are given the charge of country’s finance/economics, what policies would you
introduce?
Sir first of all I would try to open up the venues for the youth to participate in numerous extra-
curricular activities so that the talented youth from each and every nook of Pakistan should be
utilized in sports, theatre, media, speeches, debates, writings, etc. As we are unable to employ
such a huge bulge of youth in academic fields these venues will allow us to use our human
resource. Then I would try to sign cheap and skilled labour treaties with the countries in need of
such human resource. This will turn remittances towards national economy. I will try to transform
the indirect taxes to direct ones and increase the tax net of the country. This will better up life of
the poor ones and generate revenue from the ones who can pay for their luxuries. Besides, I
would try to invest in the tourism industry to regain the lost ground, as tourism bring huge
amount of revenue.
17. As a DCO of your city, what would be your policies in the district?
Sir first of all I would ensure that municipal authorities are functioning in their proper manner.
The installation of street lights, clean roads and better sewerage system are one of the basic needs
of people to be fulfilled and cleanliness helps in minimizing the health issues at large. Then I
would ask the AC under my supervision to ensure participation of youth at large by bringing them
on the front line in numerous extra-curricular activities. Furthermore, the proper functioning of
schools and promotion of education would be my prime focus. To better understand the situations
of the district, a survey team would be established to learn the core issues of the people. I would
initiate the encroachment drills to open up the roads and streets for a better living standard.
Vocational training programs would be on the list to utilize the human resource distribution of the
district.
18. What are the main sources of livelihood of the people in your area?
Sir the majority of the people are either serving in the government or private sectors at different
levels. Then, people in our area are interested in small business of general stores, medical stores
and marts. Petrol pumps and CNG stations and car wash services are other sources of income for
 the well to do people. Then there is a huge amount of people selling vegetables, meat, fish and
fruits on carts to earn their livelihood. At last, most of the skilled labour is working in the mobile
markets, computer repair shops and as car mechanics.
19. Why are IMF policies bad?
Sir IMF is considered to be an instrument of neo-imperialism strangling the developing countries
in the web of hard loans. Besides, IMF enforces the western modernization theories on the
developing countries in lieu of loans. This forces the developing countries to follow the
techniques which at times are not practically feasible for their development. The inability of
paying IMF loans creates a hegemony of IMF over the politics and other institutions of the
country that has taken the loan.
20. Policies of Trump and their implications on America and world at large?
Sir Trump has announced several policies some of those are: America first (Buy American Hire
American), ban on illegal immigrants, Withdrawal from TPP and American involvement in
different wars.
Sir in my opinion Trump is representing the people of USA in a real sense as he is fulfilling their
demands and this is what democracy is all about. No matter his policies seem to be a disaster
from outer side but if they are implemented in a proper manner they can once again make
America greater as is previously evident from Monroe doctrine.
21. How Trump’s policies could bring progress to America at large?
Sir isolation has always helped America to gain upper hand and it is evident from the history as in
WWI and WWII. Monroe doctrine is another glaring example of this. Though the inward looking
policies of Trump would help American people progress at large. It will address the grievances of
the people at domestic level and will allow Americans to improve their living standards. It will
help USA to move back from all outstanding issues around the globe, which definitely means
USA is going to gain economic boom on the basis of arms assistance as it did in Iran-Iraq war in
1990s. On the other hand, banning immigrants in such a high time, when refugee crises is on its
zenith will save the American soil from instability and insurgency.
22. Does Pakistan possess a chance to better up relations with Trump administration? How?
Yes sir. There is a window of opportunity for Pakistan to better up its relations with the new
administration. First of all Pakistan needs its intellectual minds back to strengthen its institutions,
and as Trump is interested to send millions of immigrants back to their soils this could be a
common ground to gain the good will of the Trump administration. Second, Pakistan can play a
quite good role to bring USA and Russia closer as Pakistan has proven its worth in such high
level of diplomatic might in ping-pong diplomacy. Third, exterminating ISIS is what Trump is
concerned about and it is the greatest threat to Pakistan as well. Though Pakistan could sell its
previous services in front of the new administration and become an ally to fight this scourge of
terrorism.
23. Brexit and its implications on the world and Pakistan at large?
Brexit is going to have great consequences on the global trade at large and specifically Pakistan’s
economic interests will face a brunt once Britain is out of the EU. It was Britain that helped
Pakistan to gain GSP+ in EU and with Britain gone, Pakistan will lose a great ally in EU. It will
further set a precedent of other EU countries to go for an exit plan and it might bring this union to
an end in a near future, which has potential threat of competition at first and conflict at large in
Europe as was the case in the past. Pakistan on the other hand, is an import oriented country and
such exits will make Pakistan’s condition worse as it will have to sign different trade agreements
with different countries and as the quality of the goods is not much competitive, this would blow
a brunt to Pakistan’s exports to Europe.
24. What is going to be the fate of Middle Eastern crises. What role should be played by
Pakistan to gain its good will among the Islamic world?
The conditions in Middle East have further chances to worsen more as Europe will not be able to
accept such a huge amount of refugees due to its internal issues such as Brexit. This will further
devastate the socio-economic conditions of ME and force the innocent souls to pick up the arms
to earn their livelihood. To hinder this entire chaos, Pakistan has a potential to prevent this chaos
through re-vitalizing OIC and bringing the Islamic world back to a common ground. The Muslim
sentiments are all over the same in the Islamic world and Pakistan can play this card to regain its
lost ground of champion of Islamic world. The political enigma in ME can be brought to an end
only if Pakistan is able to bring KSA and Iran on negotiation table. The only viable solution to
ME crises is to put an end to proxies and secure millions of souls from catastrophes.
25. Should Kalabagh Dam be constructed? What are the alternatives?
Sir Kalabagh dam is equally important as was nuclear program initiated in 1970s. It is the project
that will secure Pakistan in both the extremes, droughts and floods. The technical issues can be
addressed if experts are allowed to participate and even forums as WB and UNDP can be
approached to solve the technical problems in the project. The politicization of the project will
bring no good to the national interests of Pakistan. However, until we build some consensus on
this project, other smaller dams should be brought into light to secure Pakistan in the extremes.
Implementation of Kalabagh dam would be like a Kidney transplant which will save Pakistan to
decay due to its damaged irrigational system.
26. Are you in favour of new provinces? How could Sindh be bifurcated? How to generate
national consensus on this issue?
Yes sir I am totally in favour of new provinces because such a large pieces of land cannot be
managed by a government in the present times. The threats and challenges of 21st century quite
different and to manage them small administrative units are the need of the hour. These huge
provincial setups are not only the problem for the people but governments are also unable to play
a productive role and _______ services.
As far as bifurcation of Sindh is concerned, Karachi being the central hub should be given equal
representation to all the ethnicities in its legislature. On the other hand Sindh should be divided
equally into three to four administrative zones to better manage the affairs.
National consensus can be generated by initiating an awareness program for the masses. As
common people are unaware about the benefits they will be receiving by the creation of new
provinces.
Meanwhile, this consensus is generated, LGS should be implemented in letter and spirit to
address the grievances of common people on the immediate basis.
27. What is the fate of Fata reforms? What is your take on merger?
Fata reforms are the need of the hour. We cannot delay these reforms now as the people of Fata
have endured a lot and further injustice could initiate a civil turmoil which is totally against
Pakistan’s national interests.
The recent hindrance to the merger of Fata into KPK should be addressed immediately.
Referendum is the best option to know the wish of Fata people. Steps should be taken according
to their wishes whether they demand for a separate province or a merger. As if their wishes are
not taken into consideration it will further create a chaotic situation for Pakistan.
28. Should GB be given the status of a province? Why?
No sir. As GB is a part of Kashmir, it should not be given the status of a province as it will
weaken the stance of Pakistan on Kashmir. Plus, it will allow India to implement their voracious
schemes to make IOK a part of their territory and exercise article 340 of the Indian constitution.
 Pakistan’s stance on GB of an autonomous region is one of the best decisions taken by the
Pakistani politicians. Changing this stance would hurt Pakistan at a greater level.
29. Is there a solution to Indo-Pak rivalry? How to bring stability in South Asia?
Yes sir there is a solution to Indo-Pak rivalry but it demands a few steps to be taken at first.
Pakistan is comparatively a small State and it needs to enhance its value to compete India on the
common grounds. As an attack on Switzerland would bring no good to any of the State in global
arena, same policies are required to be followed by Pakistan. Pakistan needs to make new friends
and better up its relations with different global players rather than depending on a few giants. The
reason Pakistan has not been able to solve this issue is because it has always put its feet in the
others shoe to counter India. This has always backfired, and Pakistan has suffered a lot in return.
So if Pakistan wants to solve this longstanding issue and bring stability in SA, it needs to build
alliances on various grounds such as: economic, strategic, religious and political.
30. How to gain the good will of Afghanistan in such a tense scenario?
We have lost the good faith of Afghanistan due to our flawed policies. To gain the good will of
Afghanistan back we need to treat their refugees well at first. Then, discrimination against
terrorist outfits is to be withdrawn and a full-fledged action against these outfits is to be taken.
Meanwhile, regional giants such as China and Russia should be brought in to pacify the Afghan
acrimony against Pakistan. Trade could win a solid ground in Afghanistan if it is made a part of
CPEC and allowed to fulfill its economic interests. Pakistan should provide an apology to
Afghanistan as well as it has played a great role in devastating the entire social fabric of
Afghanistan in the name of WoT.
31. What should be done by Pakistan to bring India on the negotiation table?
India will not come on the negotiation table easily. Though to do so Pakistan will have play a
good diplomacy on two fronts. First, Pakistan needs to establish its relations with other global
players (developed and especially developing ones). Second, Pakistan can utilize the forum of
SCO and ask Russia and China to play their roles to bring the two rivals on the table. Meanwhile,
Pakistan should formulate a policy that not only satisfies the Pakistani interests but in which
mutual goals are to be addressed collectively.
32. What is your take on the success of operation zarb e Azb and how do you see the recent
spate of terrorism?
Operation Zarb-e-Azb is a huge success in exterminating the terrorists from the NWA. However,
the recent spate of terrorism is due to the lack of the production of a counter narrative. A parallel
move was the need whereas the armed action was to be taken by the military and a counter
narrative was to be prepared by the civilian government. Unfortunately, the failure of civilian
government on their part has turned the blame on the operation Zarb-e-Azb.
Terrorism cannot be eradicated by military actions only. There is a dire need of a counter
narrative and the spread of that narrative among the masses. Media, educational institutions and
madressah could play a vital role in this regard. To fight with an ideology and a game of hide and
seek, we will have to use their tools and methods to hit a counter blow to the roots of terrorism.
33. Why aren’t we able to make world believe that India is playing a role of belligerent?
Sir in realpolitik the belligerent acts of giants are never taken as unethical. This is a proven fact in
the case of the US attacks on Afghanistan and Iraq. Though, World has its eyes on India as it is
able to satisfy the interests of several global giants. Pakistan on the other hand has tried to put its
feet in others shoes to counter the Indian moves. Such as joining SEATO and CENTO to counter
Indian belligerence was a false move because these forums were especially established to counter
the spread of communism and they had nothing to do with India.
If Pakistan wants to show India as a belligerent, it needs friends and allies, in all the parts of the
 world. Unfortunately, the flawed policies of Pakistan have made it lose its friends rather than gain
their good will and assistance against Indian belligerency.
34. How to make Pakistan once again the champion of Islamic world?
Iranian sanctions are being removed and it is the best time to bring the giants of Islamic world
(KSA and Iran) on negotiation table. ME crises is another clip to add in this chain, because its
continuance is not going to bring any good to any of the players. So Pakistan can play its good
offices and diplomatic might to bring these two giants to the table. The global scenario has once
again given an opportunity to Pakistan to become the champion of the Islamic world. The only
thing required is political and bureaucratic will.
35. Is world moving towards anti-globalization?
Sir it seems that Brexit and Trump’s inward looking policies are the moves against the wave of
globalization but it cannot be predicted at the moment as it is too early to give opinion. However,
this internal division of Europe and isolation of the sole super power will hurt the globalization at
large. The withdrawal from TPP is once again a brunt to the globalization from American side.
36. What is your take on the foreign policy of Pakistan? How to improve it?
Sir there have been ups and downs in Pakistan’s foreign policy but most of the time it has
remained flawed in nature. The reactive mode along with the Indian-centric policy formulation
has mostly gone against the fulfillment of national interest of Pakistan. Currently, the absence of
a foreign minister (Counter = Bhutto’s tenure – Ans. he remained foreign minister earlier and had
a vast experience of dealing diplomatically on the global front) has further deteriorated the
condition of our foreign policy. PM already has ample responsibilities and is himself busy in a
corruption scandal as well, though he is unable to focus on the foreign policy making – it is
inhuman to take such responsibilities together.
Suggestions
We need an experience foreign minister to deal with the current problems at first.
Diplomatic relations with vast amount of States is the need of the hour
We need to focus on the non-traditional threats and play an active role on the issues like global
warming, climatic change, cyber crime, terrorism, nuclear proliferation etc. to gain the good will
in global arena.
Cultural programs with several States could play a good role to gain the good will of those States

37. What institutional reforms are required to bring development in Pakistan?

Sir to strengthen institutions, first and foremost reform is to make them independent. The reason
institutions are weak is because they do not have a single authority over them. Numerous players
get involved and extract what is in their interest. The only strong institution in Pakistan is army
and that is because they have their own set of rules which are followed in a specific manner.
Reforms

38. What are the grievances of Balochistan and its people? How to solve them out?
Sir the greatest grievances of Balochistan is marginalization of their people and exploitation of
their resources. Besides, poor governance structure and institutional weakness are other things to
tackle. Currently, the census is also in their list because they claim that the Afghan refugee will
also come under the Pakhtoon population and Balochs will be made a minority in their own
province. This will further enhance the above mentioned grievances.
Solution – Sir Balochistan is not merely an issue of a province but it is a national responsibility
to address their legal grievances. Not only government but the people of Pakistan at large are also
responsible to direct the government to better up the situation of Balochistan. Media campaigns,
 civic society’s awareness programs, developmental NGO projects, institutional development and
the most important vocational trainings to Balochs should be initiated. The province and its
people have a history of discrimination and exploitation, though proper steps should be taken
otherwise things could get worse.
39. What are the major issue with Pakistan’s economy? How to resolve them? Should we go for
the services sector rather than agricultural modernization?
40. How to deal with the issue of tax collection? Why is Pakistan’s tax net not upto the mark?
Sir tax collection is always a tricky job to be done and there is no one in the world who pays taxes
happily. But the thing is that developed countries have been able to demonstrate and dispense the
advantages of paying taxes. However, in Pakistan, people are unaware about the benefits of
paying taxes and this is the reason they evade tax. Though, to collect taxes first of all an
awareness program is required through different institutions of our society such as Media, schools
and academies, FBR, etc. This program should mention the benefits to be provided by the
government if the taxes are timely paid.
Narrow tax net
Sir most of the tax collection in Pakistan is through the indirect taxes and this is the one of the
reasons our economy is unable to progress. Rich and poor are brought on the same start line and
all have to pay the same amount of tax on the daily use products and services which is highly
detrimental for the poor people as it becomes a huge burden for them to pay such taxes. Though,
direct taxes on the luxuries should be enhanced and indirect taxes should be decreased on the
parallel basis. NTN should be made necessary for all and sundry to collect the information about
sources of income and fines should be announced on the non-tax payers.
41. What is the reason people are not paying their taxes?
People pay their taxes when they get something in return. No one is interested to give out his/her
money for national progress. The fault over here is of the state machinery as they have been
unable to portray the benefits of paying taxes such as: the tax payers have not to pay taxes on the
products they buy on daily basis. Their taxes are utilized to bring prosperity in their region.
Paying of taxes could make the public health and education system a better opportunity for their
children as the government will be able to invest more on such institutions.
42. What sort of agricultural reforms have been brought in Pakistan? What about the recent
Kissan Package in Punjab?
43. How to improve the Thana Culture?
Sir the Thana men behave in a very inappropriate manner. They are reluctant to write FIRs of
people, they treat an accused in a disgusting manner, their language is abusive and most of the
times they are not even willing to listen the grievances of the people. But all this is because of
some reasons as our people are unaware about the grievances of our policemen. They behave in
an inhuman behaviour with the citizens because they are themselves been treated inhumanly.
There is a scarcity of resources in our Thanas such as: electricity facilities, poor infrastructure,
vehicles, stationary, IT equipment, etc. The sub-ordinate policemen are mostly instructed to serve
the elites of their vicinity and they are most of the times busy in the protocol services to those
elites. Their pay scale is too low. Though, in such conditions, if want to improve the Thana
culture we will have to facilitate them first and then demand the service in return. Plus, informal
education or some training programs in the context of Human Rights, duties of responsibilities of
police, etc. are required to bring out a human out of our policemen who have turned into animals
by facing the ugly people of the society all the time.
44. What reforms are required to better up the police services of Pakistan?
 Sir police service is one of the most politicized service in Pakistan and this is the reason people at
large are deprived of gaining justice. Though,
45. Why have the provincial governments been reluctant to revive the local governments?
Sir unfortunately Pakistan’s society is a power hungry society in which everyone wants to
concentrate power in his own hands. This is the reason that provinces are reluctant to share the
power to the district level as it will minimize their role in the society. Besides, financial reasons
are also there. Provincial governments are reluctant to share the financial authority to district
governments and this is the reason they are forming different bodies to regulate the affairs of
district government through provinces.
46. What has caused the return to the Commissionerate system?
47. Why do three provinces still lack a political consensus on the main characteristics of the LG
laws?
48. What can be done to ensure that the revival of the LG Acts improves governance, service
delivery and citizens' participation at the local level?
Sir first of all the powers should be allotted to local governments. As LGS and democracy at large
are in infancy in Pakistan though their rotation is mandatory to get the wheel running for a time
being. The loopholes can be address time by time but their functionality is most important at this
juncture. Besides, once powers have been devolved, media, academia, civic society, NGOs, etc.
should be utilized to bring awareness among masses about their rights and duties. Democracies
grow strong when there is maximum participation from public side. Though, citizens are to be
educated and made aware about their rights and duties so that they might be able to question the
authorities when a problem arises. To grow the citizens’ partnership at local level, different
avenues are required to get open such as sports, debate and speech competitions, collective art
festivals, stage performances of the artists of various fields, etc.