ASSIGNMENT 2

Human Development and Learning

BC190200345
EDU 302
Fall 2019

1. What is meant by personality development? Describe the Erikson’s eight Psychosocial Stages of
Personality Development in detail? (2+8)
SOLUTION:

Personality development is the improvement of the sorted out example of practices and dispositions that
makes an individual unmistakable. Character advancement happens by the progressing connection of
personality , character, and condition.

Erikson's psychosocial hypothesis of improvement thinks about the effect of outer components,
guardians and society on character advancement from youth to adulthood. As indicated by Erikson's hypothesis,
each individual must go through a progression of eight interrelated stages over the whole life cycle.

1. INFANCY: BIRTH-18 MONTHS OLD

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust – Hope

During the first or second year of life, the significant accentuation is on the mother and father's
sustaining capacity and care for a kid, particularly regarding visual contact and contact. The youngster will
create good faith, trust, certainty, and security if appropriately thought about and dealt with. In the event that a
kid doesn't encounter trust, the person may create uncertainty, uselessness, and general doubt to the world.

2. TODDLER / EARLY CHILDHOOD YEARS: 18 MONTHS TO 3 YEARS

Autonomy vs. Shame – Will

The subsequent stage happens between year and a half and 3 years. Now, the youngster has a chance to
fabricate confidence and independence as the person gains new aptitudes and right from wrong. The well-
thought about youngster makes certain of himself, conducting oneself with satisfaction as opposed to disgrace.
During this season of the "horrible twos", rebellion, fits, and obstinacy can likewise show up. Youngsters will in
general be helpless during this stage, once in a while feeling disgrace and low confidence during a failure to
become familiar with specific abilities.

3. PRESCHOOLER: 3 TO 5 YEARS

Initiative vs. Guilt – Purpose

During this period we experience a longing to duplicate the grown-ups around us and step up in making
play circumstances. We make up stories with Barbie's and Ken's, toy telephones and smaller than normal
vehicles, assuming out jobs in a preliminary universe, trying different things with the diagram for what we trust
it intends to be a grown-up. We likewise start to utilize that superb word for investigating the world—"WHY?"

While Erikson was impacted by Freud, he makes light of organic sexuality for the psychosocial
highlights of contention among youngster and guardians. All things considered, he said that at this stage we
normally become associated with the exemplary "Oedipal battle" and resolve this battle through "social job
distinguishing proof." If we're disappointed over common wants and objectives, we may effortlessly encounter
blame.

The most noteworthy relationship is with the fundamental family.

4. SCHOOL AGE CHILD: 6 TO 12 YEARS

Industry vs. Inferiority – Competence

During this stage, frequently called the Latency, we are equipped for getting the hang of, making and
achieving various new aptitudes and information, subsequently building up a feeling of industry. This is
likewise an exceptionally social phase of improvement and on the off chance that we experience uncertain
sentiments of deficiency and mediocrity among our friends, we can have major issues regarding fitness and
confidence.

As the world grows a piece, our most huge relationship is with the school and neighborhood. Guardians
are never again the total specialists they used to be, despite the fact that they are as yet significant.

5. ADOLESCENT: 12 TO 18 YEARS

Identity vs. Role Confusion – Fidelity

 At the youthful grown-up organize, individuals will in general look for friendship and love. Some
additionally start to "settle down" and start families, despite the fact that appears to have been pushed back more
distant as of late.

Youthful grown-ups look for profound closeness and fulfilling connections, yet on the off chance that
ineffective, detachment may happen. Noteworthy connections at this stage are with conjugal accomplices and
companions.

6. YOUNG ADULT: 18 TO 35

Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation – Love

At the youthful grown-up organize, individuals will in general look for friendship and love. Some
additionally start to "settle down" and start families, despite the fact that appears to have been pushed back more
distant as of late.

Youthful grown-ups look for profound closeness and fulfilling connections, however on the off chance
that fruitless, separation may happen. Huge connections at this stage are with conjugal accomplices and
companions.

7. MIDDLE-AGED ADULT: 35 TO 55 OR 65

Generativity vs. Self-absorption or Stagnation – Care

Profession and work are the most significant things at this stage, alongside family. Center adulthood is
likewise when individuals can take on more noteworthy obligations and control.

For this stage, attempting to set up steadiness and Erikson's concept of generativity – endeavoring to
create something that has any kind of effect to society. Inertia and negligibility are regular apprehensions during
this stage.

Significant life movements can happen during this stage. For instance, youngsters leave the family,
professions can change, etc. Some may battle with discovering reason. Huge connections are those inside the
family, working environment, nearby church and different networks.

8. LATE ADULT: 55 OR 65 TO DEATH

Integrity vs. Despair – Wisdom

 Erikson accepted that a lot of life is getting ready for the center adulthood organize and the last stage
includes a lot of reflection. As more seasoned grown-ups, some can think back with a sentiment of
respectability — that is, satisfaction and satisfaction, having had a significant existence and important
commitment to society. Others may have a feeling of gloom during this stage, reflecting upon their encounters
and disappointments. They may fear demise as they battle to discover a reason to their lives, pondering "What
was the purpose of life? Is it accurate to say that it was justified, despite all the trouble?"

2. What is meant by cognitive development? Describe four stages of Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development in detail? (2+8)

SOLUTION:

Cognitive development is the development of points of view, including recollecting, critical thinking, and
basic leadership, from youth through pre-adulthood to adulthood.

Swiss scientist and psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) watched his youngsters (and their procedure of
understanding their general surroundings) and in the long run built up a four-organize model of how the mind
forms new data experienced. He placed that youngsters progress through 4 phases and that they all do as such in
a similar request. These four phases are:

SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (BIRTH TO 2 YEARS OLD)

The babies manufactures a understanding of oneself and reality (and how things work) through collaborations
with the earth. It can separate among itself and different articles. Learning happens by means of absorption (the
association of data and retaining it into existing construction) and settlement (when an item can't be
acclimatized and the schemata must be adjusted to incorporate the article.

PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (AGES 2 TO 4)

The kid isn't yet ready to conceptualize dynamically and needs concrete physical circumstances. Articles are
grouped in basic manners, particularly by significant highlights.

CONCRETE OPERATIONS (AGES 7 TO 11)

As physical experience gathers, convenience is expanded. The youngster starts to think uniquely and
conceptualize, making legitimate structures that clarify their physical encounters.

FORMAL OPERATIONS (BEGINNING AT AGES 11 TO 15)

Observation or cognition arrives at its last structure. By this stage, the individual never again requires solid
items to make balanced decisions. The person in question is equipped for deductive and theoretical thinking.
Their capacity for conceptual reasoning is fundamentally the same as a grown-up.