Survey - Ii Manual For Print

CE6413- SURVEYING II LABORATORY
EX.NO:1 DATE:
STUDY OF THEODOLITE
Description of the instrument: Transit Theodolite
The telescope can be revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in a vertical
plane.
Parts:
A) Levelling Head:
1. A levelling head consists of two parallel triangular plates known as tribrach plates.
2. The upper tribrach has three arms each carrying a levelling screw.
3. The main functions of the levelling head is
(i) to support the main part of the instrument
(ii) to attach the theodolite to the tripod
(iii) to provide a mean for levelling the theodolite
B) Telescope:
It is mounted on a spindle known as horizontal axis or trunnion axis.
C) Vertical Circle:
1) It is a circular arc attached to the trunnion axis.
2) By means of vertical clamp screw and tangent screw the telescope can be accurately set at any
desired position in vertical plane.
3) The graduation in each quadrant are numbered from 0° to 90° in opposite directions.
D) Index Frame:
1) At the two extremities, two verniers are fitted to read the vertical axis.
2) When the telescope is moved in a vertical plane, the vertical circle moves relative to the verniers with
the help of which reading can be taken.
3) A long sensitive bubble tube is placed on the top of the index frame.
E) Standards (or) A - Frame:
This stands upon the vernier plate to support the horizontal axis.
F) Two Spindles:
The two axes have a common axis which forms the vertical axis of the instrument.
G) Lower Plate:
1. It carries a horizontal circle graduated from 0° to 360° in a clockwise direction as a silvered, bevelled
edge.
2. By means of clamp screw and tangent screw this can be fixed at any desired position.
Page 1
CE6413-SURVEYING II LABORATORY
H) Upper Plate:
1. It also carries clamp and tangent screw to accurately with the lower plate
2. On clamping the upper clamp and unclamping the lower clamp, the instrument can rotates on its
outer axis without any relative motion between the two plates.
3. If the lower clamp is clamped and upper clamp unclamped, the upper plate and the instrument can
rotate on the inner axis with a relative motion between the vernier and the scale.
4. For using any tangent screw, its corresponding clamp screw must be tightened.
I )Level Tubes:
1. The upper plate carries two level tubes placed at right angles to each other in which one is kept
parallel to trunion axis.
2. These can be centered with the help of foot screws.
J) Plumb Bob:
This is suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the inner axis to centre the instrument exactly
over the station mark.
Temporary adjustments:
1) Setting Over The Station:

1. Centre the instrument over the station mark by a plumb bob.
2. Level approximately with the help of tripod leg.
2) Levelling Up:
Do this by using three foot screws similar to that of levelling instrument.
3) Elimination Of Parallax:
1. By focussing the eye-piece for distinct vision of the cross-hairs.
2. By focussing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.
Important terms:
Vertical Axis:
The axis about which the theodolite may be rotated in a horizontal plane.
Horizontal Axis:
The axis about which the telescope along with the vertical circle of a theodolite may be rotated in a
vertical plane.
Axis of telescope:
The axis about which the telescope may be rotated is called axis of telescope.
Axis of the level tube:
The straight line which is tangential to longitudinal curve of the level at its centre is called axis of the
level tube.
Page 2
THEODOLITE
Page 3
Centering:
The process of setting up theodolite exactly over the ground work station is known as centering.
Transiting:
The process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 180° about its horizontal axis is known
as transiting.
Swing:
A continuous motion of the telescope about the vertical axis in horizontal plane is called swing. The
swing may be either in face left or right.
Face left Observation:
The observations of angles when the vertical circle is on the left side of telescope.
Face right observation:
The observation of angles when the vertical circle is on the right of telescope.
Changing the face:
The operation of changing the face of telescope from right to left and vice-versa.
A Set of observations
A set of horizontal observations of any angle consists of two horizontal measures one on the left face
and other on the right face.
Telescope Normal:
A telescope is said to be normal when its vertical circles is to its left and bubble of the telescope is up.
Telescope inverted:
A telescope is said to be inverted or reversed when its vertical circle is to its right and the bubble of the
telescope is down.
Result:
Thus the essential parts and adjustments of theodolite were studied.
Page 4
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by theodolite?

It is a precise instrument designed for the measurement of horizontal and vertical.
2. What are the uses of theodolite?

Theodolite has a wide applicability in surveying such as locating points on line, determining
difference in elevation, laying of horizontal angle, establishing grades etc.,
3. What are the essential parts of theodolite?

Levelling head, index frame, lower plate, plump bob, telescope, a frame, upper plate, vertical
plate, two spindles and level plate.
4. What is meant by swing?

A continuous motion of the telescope about vertical axis in horizontal plane.
5. What do you meant by face left and face right?

The observation of angles when the vertical circle is on the left side of the telescope.
The observation of angles when the vertical circle is on the right side of the telescope.
6. What are the main functions of levelling head?

To support the main part of the instrument & attach the theodolite to the tripod.
7. What are the uses of plumb bob?

Plumb bob is suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the inner axis to center
instrument exactly over the station mark.
8. Explain the term transiting?

The process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 1800 about its horizontal axis.
9. What is telescope normal?

A telescope is said to be normal where its vertical circle is to its left and bubble of the
telescope is up.
10. What is telescope inverted?

A telescope is said to be inverted when its vertical circle is to its right and bubble of the
telescope is down.
Page 5
EX.NO:2 DATE:
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLE-REPETITION METHOD
Aim :
To determine the included angle between two object stations P and Q by using repetition method.
Instruments required :
Instrument Specification Quantity

Theodolite Least count is 20 seconds 1
Tripod Three legged to support 1
Ranging rod 2 m or 3 m, White & red band of 20 2
cm each
Procedure :
1. Set the instrument at "S" approximately at the middle of the given objects to avoid too obtuse and
too acute angles.
2. Do all initial adjustments with face left.
3. Rotate the upper plate clockwise or anticlockwise so that the zero mark of the “A” vernier scale
coincides with the zero mark of the main scale. Similarly vernier “B’ will read 180o. Now tight the
upper clamp.
4. Loosen the lower clamp screw and direct the telescope towards the object P. See whether the
vernier readings reads 0o and 180o still.
5. Tighten the lower clamp and loosen the upper clamp, and bisect point Q accurately by lower tangent
screw.
6. Note the readings of verniers A and B to get the horizontal angle of PSQ.
7. Loosen the lower clamp screw. Turn the upper plate clockwise to sight "P" again and bisect
readings similarly as above. .
8. Repeat steps 5 to 8, until the angle is repeated to the required number of repetitions. (Usually 3)
9. Change the face to right, and set the vernier A to 180o to eliminate graduation error in horizontal
circle and note the readings similarly as above.
Page 6
Tabulation:
Inst
Sight to Face : Left Swing : Right Face :Right Swing : Left
at
Average
Included Included
A B Mean A B Mean Included
Angle Angle
Angle
o ' " ' " o ' " o ' " o ' " ' " o ' " o ' " o ' "
S A
Practical Applications:
Page 7
1. Repetition method is used during triangulation and in theodolite traversing.

2. Small horizontal angles have to be measured accurately.
Result:
Average Horizontal angle PSQ =
Page 8
1. What is meant by reiteration method?

It is a method used to find the included angle between several station.
2. What is the purpose of ranging rod?

Ranging rod is used for aligning long lines on the ground. It is used for marking points on the
ground, so that the positions of the points are distinctly visible from some distance away.
3. What is ranging?
Ranging is a straight line means fixing a series of pegs or other marks such that they all lie on
a straight line.
4. What are the specifications of ranging rod?

Length of ranging rod= 2 m or 3 m
Diameter of ranging rod=0.03m
Material used=Steel
Painted with red and black or white and black in alternate band.
5. What is the band length in alternate painting in ranging rod?

Band length is 200 each.
6. How does the top and bottom end of ranging rod appear?
The bottom end of the rod is fitted with pointed, hollow, or cast iron shoe or steel which
is 15cm in length.
7. What is meant by vertical circle?

It is a circular arc attached to the trunion axis. Graduation in each quadrant is from 00 to 900 in
opposite direction.
8. What is meant by angle?

Mean value of an angle is average angle between the station.
9. What is meant by centering?

The process of setting up theodolite exactly over the ground station.
10. What is leveling up?

Levelling up is a temporary adjustments in theodolite. It is done by using two or three foot
screws and leveling instrument.
Page 9
EX.NO:3 DATE:
MEASUREMENT OF THE HORIZONTAL ANGLE

USING REITERATION METHOD
Aim :
To determine the included angle between the given stations by reiteration method

Tripod Three legged to support it 1
Ranging rod 2 m or 3 m, White & red band of 2
20 cm each
Procedure :
1. Set the instrument over “s” which should be at the center of the arrangement of the given objects
2. Do all the initial adjustments and keep the vertical circle to right
3. With face left, set verniers A to 0° and bisected the ground point ‘A’ and turn the telescope to
objects ‘B’ by loosening the upper clamp.
4. In the same way bisect the other objects in clockwise direction and note down the readings
5. Do the same procedure with the face right.
1. This method is suitable when several angles are to be measured from a same station.
2. Several angles can be measured successfully and finally the horizon can be closed.
B C
S
D
Page 10
Tabulation:
Inst Sight Face : Left Face :Right

at to Swing : Right Swing : Left
Average
Included Included
A B Mean A B Mean Included
Angle Angle
Angle
o ' " ' " o ' " o ' " o ' " ' " o ' " o ' " o ' "
S A
Result :
1) ASB  2) BSC 3) CSD 4) DSE 5) ESF  6) FSA
Page 11
1. What is meant by repetition method?

It is a method used to determine the included angle between the two stations.
2 . What is meant by upper plate?

Upper plate carries clamp and screw attached accurately with the lower plate. On clamping the
upper clamp, unclamp lower clamp, the instrument can rotate on its outer axis without any relative
motion between the two plates.
3. Define lower plate

Lower plate carries a horizontal circle graduated from00 to 3600 in a clockwise direction as silver
beveled edge. By means of clamp screw and tangent screw this can be fixed at any desired position.
4. What are the initial adjustments in theodolite before surveying?

If the lower clamp is clamped and upper clamp is unclamped, the upper plate and the instrument
can rotate on the inner axis with a relative motion between the vernier and the scale.
5. What is the main purpose of clamp and tangent screw?

These screw can be fixed at any desired positon must be tightened.
6. What is A frame?
A frame stands upon the verniers plate to support the horizontal axis.
Page 12
EX.NO:4 DATE:
MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL HEIGHT BY VERTICAL ANGLE METHOD
Aim :
To determine the vertical height of the given objects by vertical angle method.
Instruments required:

Ranging rod 2 m or 3 m, White & red 2
band of 20 cm each
Procedure:
1. Set up the instrument at any convenient place to cover all the given points.
2. Level the instrument with reference to the altitude bubble by using foot screws as in the case of
horizontal bubble levelling.
3. Set the zero of the verniers “C” exactly in coincidence with the zero of the vertical scale.
4. Loosen the vertical plane until the focused object is bisected. Use tangent screw for accurate
Bisection.
5. Read both the verniers C and D of verniers circle.
6. Denote the elevation angle with +ve sign and depression angle with –ve sign.
7. Similarly bisected all the other objects and find out the readings accurately
8. Change the face and follow the steps 4 to 6 above.
1. Vertical angle determination is used to find the height of towers, church piers, tall buildings etc.
2. It is used to determine whether the line of sight is above or below the horizontal plane.
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Tabulation:
Face : Left Face : Right

Inst at Sight to
Average
Vertical Vertical
C D Mean C D Mean Vertical
Angle Angle
Angle
A o ' " o ' " o ' " o ' " o ' " o ' " o ' "
' " ' "
Page 14
Result:
The Vertical height of the given object =
Page 15
1. What is meant by vertical height?

The elevation of the building is known as vertical height from instrument to building.
2. What is mean by levelling ?

Levelling is a branch of surveying in which the undulations of earth were studied.
3. What is the purpose of leveling?

To find out the elevation of given points with respect to a given datum.
To establish points at a given or different elevation with respect to a given datum.
4. What is level line ?

A level line is a line lying in a level surface.
5. What is meant by station?

A station always refers to the point where the leveling staff is held and not the
instrument station.
6. What is meant by vertical axis?

The axis about which the theodolite may be rotated in a horizontal plan.
7. Explain the term: Horizontal axis

The axis about which the telescope along with the vertical angle of the theodolite may be
rotated in a vertical plane.
8. What about your opinion for axis of telescope?

The axis about which the telescope may be rotated is called as axis of telescope.
9. How to take the reading in theodolite ?

A set of horizontal observation of any angel consist of two horizontal measure one of
the left face and other on the right face in vernier scale .
Page 16
EX.NO:5 DATE:
THEODOLITE SURVEY TRAVERSING
Aim :
To run survey lines between various field objects by traversing and to find the area between given
stations.
Instruments required:

Ranging rod 2 m or 3 m, White & red 2 or 3
band of 20 cm each
Procedure :
1. Set up the North direction by using Surveyor’s compass at “A”.
2. Set up a theodolite with face left at station A. Centre it over the ground station mark and level it
accurately with leveling screws.
3. Sight the telescope towards station B, by making the horizontal vernier A to read zero.
4. Turn the telescope clockwise and sight F. Read both the verniers A and B, which will give the
BAF .
5. Repeat the procedure with face right. Find the mean included angle.
6. Shift the theodolite to the next traverse station (B) and repeat the steps 1 to 5 at every traverse station
in the same sequential order, for measuring the included angles at B, C, D, E, and F.
7. Plot the traverse to suitable scale in a graph sheet or A3 size sheet.
1. Closed traverse is suitable for locating the boundaries of lakes, woods etc.
2. It is also used for the survey of large areas.
3. Open traverse is used for surveying a long narrow strip of land as required for a road or a canal or the
coastal line.
Page 17
CE6413- SURVEYING II
Face : Left Swing Right Face : Right Swing : Right Average Side
Inst Sight
horizontal and Bearing
at. to
angle length
A B Mean Horizontal A B Mean Horizontal

angle angle
0 ' " ' " 0 ' " 0 ' " 0 ' " ' " 0 ' " 0 ' " 0 ' "
A F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 0 0 0 0 180 0 0
B A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 0 0 0 0 180 0 0
C B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 0 0 0 0 180 0 0
D C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 0 0 0 0 180 0 0
E D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 0 0 0 0 180 0 0
F E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 0 0 0 0 180 0 0
18
CE6413- SURVEYING II
19
Page 20
Result :
The traverse done in the field, bearing between the lines are found and the traverse is
plotted and the area is found
Page 21
1. Explain the term traversing?

Traversing is a type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines form
the frame work and the direction & length of the survey lines are measured with the help of
angle measuring instrument and a tape or chain.
2. What are the type of traverse?

Open traverse
Close traverse
3. Compare open and closed traverse?

In a open traverse when the lines form a circuits which ends at the starting point.
4. What are the methods of traversing ?

Chain traversing
Chain and compass traversing
Transit tape traversing
Plane table traversing
5. Explain the term latitude?

The coordinates length measured parallel to the meridian direction of the survey line.
6. What do you mean by departure?

The departure of the survey lines mean its coordinates leangth measured at right angle to
the meridian direction.
7. Define northing?
It is define as the latitude of the line is positive when measured north or upward
direction.
8. Define southing
The latitude of the line is negative when measured south or downward direction .
9. Explain the term easting?

The departure of the line is positive when measured east direction.
10 Define westing ?
The departure of the line is negative when measured west direction.
Page 22
EX.NO:6 DATE:
STADIA TACHEOMETRY - DETERMINATION OF TACHEOMETRIC

CONSTANTS
Aim :
To determine the Tacheometric constants.

Tacheometer with stand Theodolite with stadia hair 1
Levelling staff Folded type,3 to 4 m 1
band of 20 cm each
Tape Metallic or invar 1
General :
An ordinary transit theodolite fitted with stadia hair is known as Tacheometer. This method
completely eliminated the use of tape or chain and is very rapid and convenient.
Procedure :
1. Set up the instrument at A.
2. Measure a line AB, 30 metres long on a fairly level ground and fix arrows at 10m
intervals.
3. Note down the stadia hair readings (top, middle, bottom), by placing the staff over the
arrow stations (PQR)
4. Keep the vertical circle to read zero during observations.
5. Calculate the other staff intercepts in the same manner.
Calculation:
Stadia intercept:
S = Difference of top and bottom hair readings
Let S1, is the staff intercept corresponding to distance D1 and S2 corresponding to D2. By using
tachometric equation.
f
D= S + (f+d), since vertical angle is zero.
i
where
f
= Multiplying constant denoted by k.and (f+d) = Additive constant denoted by C.
i
Page 23
10 20 30
Tabulation:
Inst. At Staff Horizontal Stadia hair readings Stadia

station distance intercept
Top Middle Bottom
A P 10m
Q 10m
R 10m
Then D = kS + C
Now we have,
D1 = CS1 + k
Page 24
D2 = CS2 + k
Solving the above two equations to get the values for C and k.
Similarly find out the values for C and k by other set of readings.
The average values of the C and k, will be the Tacheometric Constants.
1. Usually the constants C and k are supplied by the manufacturer of the instrument. But in order
to check the correctness of the values supplied by the manufacturer or to detect any change in the
values of the constants, they are to be determined very often in the field.
Result :
Tacheometric additive constant C =
Tacheometric Multiplying Constant k =
Page 25
1. What do you mean by trigonometry survey?

It is a process of determining the differences of elevation of the station from observed
vertical angles and known distance either measured directly or computed trigonometrically.
2. What is the main general condition in trigonometry survey?

Instrument station and the elevation object should be in the same plane.
3. Explain the term Benchmark.

Benchmark is a relatively permanent point of reference where elevation with respect to
some assumed datum is known .
3 . What is meant by reduced level?

It is a level of the point with respect to the level of a permanent benchmark.
4. What are the types of Benchmark?

Temporary benchmark, Arbitrary benchmark, G.T.S benchmark.
5. Explain the specification of leveling staff.

Length=4 m usually used.
Material= Well seasoned superior wood
Section= Rectangular
Bottom=Metal shoe provided
Division=200 division/m length.
6. Define Transiting
The process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 1800 about its horizontal
axis.
7. Explain the term single plane method.

This method is used to determine the reduced level of inaccessible points. During the
process the station and objects should be in same line.
8. What are the instruments are used in leveling?

Leveling instrument
Levelling staff
Page 26
EX.NO:7 DATE:
STADIA TACHEOMETRY - DETERMINATION OF

THE GRADIENT OF THE LINE
Aim :
To determine the gradient of the line joining two staff stations ( P and Q).
Instruments Required :

Tacheometer with stand Theodolite with stadia hair 1
band of 20 cm each
Tape Metallic 1
Given : R.L. of Bench Mark = 100.000

Procedure :
1. Set up the instrument approximately between the given objects and do the initial adjustments.
2. Take horizontal angles, vertical angles, stadia readings in both the faces and swings.
Calculation :
Case : I - When the observed vertical angle  is at an angle of elevation
V= The vertical distance from the instrument axis to the point C.

h = Axial hair reading ; h’ = H.I of instrument axis
V = D tan 
D = kS cos
2
Ccos where k is the multiplication and C is the additive constant.
R.L. of Q = R.L. of H.I. + V - h
where,
R.L. of H.I. = Elevation of B.M + Back sight (h’)
Page 27
Tabulation:
Face : Right Swing : Right
Sight Stadia hair

Inst at Vertical angle Horizontal angle
to reading
C D Mean A B Mean
0 ' " ' " 0 ' " 0 ' " ' " 0 ' "
Top Mid Bot
O P
O P
Page 28
Case II - When the observed vertical angle  is at an angle of depression.

R.L. of Q = R.L. of H.I. - V – h
Case : III - When the observed vertical angle is zero.

R.L. of Q = R.L. of H.I. - h
D2 = D12 + D22 – 2D1D2
cos  .
1. This method is suitable for preparing contour maps, location surveys of roads, railways,
irrigation canals, reservoir projects and topographic surveys, where degree of accuracy needed is
not more.
2. Though it is not a accurate method, it is quick and rapid method hence economical.
Result:
The gradient of the line joining P and Q =
Page 29
1. What is meant by double plane method?

This method is used to determine the reduced level of inaccessible points. Here the
station is shifted during the process of surveying.
2. On which vernier scale we measure horizontal angle?

A and B
3. On which vernier scale we measure vertical angle?

C and D
4. What is meant by 1 degree?

One degree contains 60 minutes.
5. What is the value of subdivision in vernier scale?

In this scale, each subdivision is 20 minutes.
6. What is the condition for equilateral triangle?

The sum of the interior angles is 1800
Page 30
EX.NO:8 DATE:
TANGENTIAL TACHEOMETRY
Aim :
To determine the gradient of the line joining the given staff stations A and B and to find the
RL of station B.
Instruments Required :

pegs To mark on the ground 3 or 4
band of 20 cm each
Procedure :
1. Set up the instrument approximately between the given objects and do the initial adjustments.
2. Direct the telescope towards the staff at A and note the central hair reading ho.
3. Find the vertical angles by bisecting the staff at two points in the target leveling staff.
4. The vertical angles may be both at elevation or both at depression or one elevation and one
depression.
5. Now turn the horizontal plate clock-wise and sight towards B.
6. Note the horizontal angle  .
7. Take the vertical angles at B and find the target distance S.

1. This method is adopted in obstacles such as steep & broken ground, deep ravines, stretches of
water or swamp and so on, which makes chaining difficult or impossible.
2. This method is adopted when the theodolite is not provided with a stadia diaphragm.
3. This method is also used when the staff is too far from the instrument and it is difficult to read
the staff.
Page 31
Tabulation:
Staff reading (central hair) at A = ho =__________________ m
Face : Left Swing : Left

Sight
Inst at Position of vane Vertical angle Horizontal angle
to
C D Mean A B Mean
0 ' " ' " 0 ' " 0 ' " ' " 0 ' "
P A Top vane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bottom vane
B Top vane
Bottom vane
P A Top vane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bottom vane
B Top vane
Bottom vane
Page 32
Calculation:
Take
RL of BM at A = 100.000m
S = __________m (Target distance)
 1 &  2 = Vertical angle to upper and lower targets respectively.
h1 = Height of lower target above foot of ranging rod
h0 = Height of instrument above datum line
V = Level difference between A and B = D tan  2
R.L of H.I = R.L. of B.M. + h0
R.L. of B = R.L. of H.I + V- h1
Let X = Horizontal distance between A and B

Then, from the above figure,
X2 = D12 + D22 – 2D1D2 cos 

where
S S2
1

D1 = tan  1 tan 2 and D 2=

tan1 2 , = horizontal angle bet’ A and B
tan
V
Gradient between A and B = X
Result :
The horizontal distance between A and B ( X ) =
Page 33
1. What is meant by Tacheometer?

An ordinary transit theodolite fitted with stadia hair.
2. Is there any usage of chain in stadia method?

In this method, use of tape or chain is completely eliminated.
3. What are the systems in stadia method?

Fixed hair method or stadia method
Movable hair method or subtense method
4. Write the equation of tacheometric or distance equation.

D=KS+C.
5. What is the range of K & C?

K=100, Multiplying constant
C=0, Additive constant.
6. What is meant by Height of instrument?

Height of instrument is the elevation of the line of sight with reference to the assumed
datum.
7. What is a staff intercept?

The value between the top and bottom hair reading in leveling staff.
8. What is meant by line of sight?

It is a line which passes through the optical center of the objective and
intersection of cross hair.
Page 34
EX.NO:9 DATE:
TRIGONOMETRY - SINGLE PLANE METHOD
Aim:
To determine the elevation of an inaccessible object (Tower)

band of 20 cm each
Procedure :
1. Set up the theodolite at P, level it carefully and observe the angle of elevation S1.
2. Set the vertical vernier to zero, and note the central hair reading on a staff held vertically on a
B.M. Let it be S1.
3. Transit the telescope, so that the line of sight is reversed.
4. Mark a point R in the line of sight at a convenient distance “d ”. Measure it accurately.
5. Shift the theodolite to the point R, centre it and level it. Observe the angle of elevation S2.
6. Set the vernier C to zero and take again a B.M. reading (central hair) as S2.
Calculation:
Instrument axis at P is higher than R: (S1 > S2)
h1 = D tan  1
h2 = (d + D ) tan  2
S = Average of S2 – Average of S1
Page 35
Tabulation:
Face : Left Swing : Left
Staff reading
Inst at Sight to Vertical angle on BM Remarks
(Central Hair)
C D Mean
0 ' " ' " 0 ' "
P Tower
Q Tower
P Tower
Q Tower
Page 36
h1 – h2 = S

dtan2S
D = tan
1 
tan2
R.L. of tip of the tower Q = R.L. of B.M. + S1 + h1
Instrument axis at R is higher than P : (S2>S1)

dtan2S
D = tan
 ; h1 = D tan  1; h2 = (d + D ) tan 
1  2
tan2
RL of the tip of the tower (Q) = RL of BM + S2 + h2

Difference in elevation between Q and P = RL of the tip of the tower – 100.00 =
1. To determine the elevation of inaccessible objects like church piers, temple towers,
telecommunication towers, high rise buildings etc.
2. This method is done when the elevated object & the instrument station both lie in the same
vertical plane.
3. Double plane method is done when the elevated object & the instrument station both lie in
different vertical planes.
Result:
Elevation (RL) of the apex of inaccessible object = ________________m
Page 37
1. What is the formula for vertical angle in stadia method?

V=Dtanα
Where,
D= Vertical angle
α=horizontal angle.
2. What do you meant by gradient?

Gradient means slope.
3. What does the term S & I denote?

S =staff intercept
I=stadia intercept
4. What is the range of K & C?

K=100, Multiplying constant
C=0, Additive constant.
5. What are the conditions available in stadia method to find out the gradient?
When the observed vertical angle D is an angle of elevation.
When the observed vertical angle D is zero.
When the observed vertical angle D is an angle of depression.
6. What is the formula used when D is an angle of elevation?

R.L of point=R.L of H.I+V-h
7. What is the formula used when D is an angle of depression?
R.L of point=R.L of H.I-V-h
8. What is the formula used when D is zero?
R.L of point=R.L of H.I-h
Page 38
EX.NO:10 DATE:
TRIGONOMETRY - DOUBLE PLANE METHOD
Aim:
To determine the elevation of an inaccessible object (Lightening arrester)

band of 20 cm each
Procedure :
Let P and R be the two instrument stations not in the same vertical plane as that of Q.
The procedure is as follows:
1. Set up the theodolite at P, level it carefully and observe the angle of elevation ᶿ1 to Q.
2. Set the vertical vernier to zero, and note the central hair reading on a staff held vertically on a
B.M. Let it be S1.
3. Mark a point R in the line of sight at a convenient distance “d ”. Measure it accurately.
4. Sight the point R with reading on horizontal circle as zero and measure the angle RPQ 1, (ie)
the horizontal angle ᶿ1 at P.
5. Shift the theodolite to the point R, centre it and level it. Observe the angles ᶿ1 and ᶿ2.
7. Set the vernier C to zero and take again a B.M. reading (central hair) as S2.
Page 39
Tabulation:
BM
Inst at Sight to Horizontal angle Vertical angle reading
A B Mean C D Mean
0 ' " ' " 0 ' " 0 ' " ' " 0 ' "
Given
P
object
Given
R
object
Page 40
Calculation:
From triangle AQQ’ , QQ’= h1 = D tanᶿ 1
From triangle PR Q1 , PQ1R =180º - (ᶿ1 + ᶿ2 )

P Q1 = D = (b sin ᶿ2 )/ sin (ᶿ1 + ᶿ 2 )
R Q1 = (b sin ᶿ1 )/ sin (ᶿ1 + ᶿ2 )
RL of Q = RL of BM+ S+ h1
CHECK
h2 = R Q1 tan ᶿ2
RL of Q = RL of BM+ S+ h2
Result:
Elevation (RL) of the apex of inaccessible object = ________________m
Page 41
1. What is meant by tangential method?

In this method, two targets are fixed on the given object at some interval.
2. What is a staff intercept?

The value between the top and bottom hair reading in leveling staff.
3. What is the formula for gradient?

Gradient= RL of A-RL of B/Horizontal distance between them.
4. What is the range of interval distance in tangential method?

The range of interval distance is 1 m.
5. What do you mean by target distance?

Target distance means interval distance and it is denoted by “S”
6. What is the value normally used in B.M?

Normally Benchmark reading are assumed as 100m
7. Define the construction of leveling staff?

The division of leveling staff painted as black and white of 5 mm thick.
Page 42
EX.NO:11 DATE:
SUBTENSE BAR-DETERMINATION OF GRADIENT

Aim :
To determine the gradient of the line joining the instrument station and subtense bar.

Subtense bar Length =2m,steel 1
band of 20 cm each
Given : R.L. of B.M. = 100.000m
Procedure :
1. Set up the theodolite on the line which is fixed by viewing through sight vane of alidade
of the subtense bar.
2. Sight apex of the left target of the subtense bar and note down the vertical angle by
keeping the horizontal angle as zero.
3. Sight the apex of the other target and note down vertical and horizontal angles.
4. Note down the B.M. reading
5. Measure the height of the instrument with the help of a tape.

Calculation :
L = Left target of subtense bar
R = Right target of subtense bar
O = Instrument (Theodolite) station
 = Horizontal angle subtended by two targets
s = B.M. reading axial hair reading
Distance between instrument station and subtense bar (D) is given by
D = ½ S cot  /2
ho = height of target with reference to H.I.
H = D tan  where  = Vertical angle
R.L. of Left target L = R.L. of B.M. + ho + H
Page 43
L R
H

Vo
1 2
ho
+100.000 m
D
Tabulation:
BM
reading
Inst at Sight to Horizontal angle Vertical angle
A B Mean C D Mean
0 ' " ' " 0 ' " 0 ' " ' " 0 ' "
Left
O
target
Right
target
Right
O
target
Left
target
Page 44
Vo = R.L. of left target - R.L. of Instrument station
R.L. of the instrument station = R.L. of the H.I. - Instrument height

V0
Gradient =
D
1. Subtense bar is used for the measurements of comparatively short lines in a traverse.
2. It is used for measuring horizontal distances, in the areas where direct chaining becomes
difficult due to undulations or other obstructions and where accuracy required is not much
high.
Result :
The gradient of the line joining the instrument station and Subtense bar =
Page 45
1. What is the specification in subtense bar?

Length=2m
Material used=steel.
2. What is the main purpose of subtense bar survey?

In difficult condition like any obstruction occur in the place of survey doesnot measure
the angle and distance at this stage it is mainly used survey.
3. What is meant by Tacheometer?

An ordinary transit theodolite fitted with stadia hair.
4. What are the instrument used in measurement of angle?

Sexant,Theodolite
5. What do you mean by meridian?

Meridian means direction
6. What are the types of Meridian?

True meridian
Magnetic meridian
Arbitary meridian.
7 . What is meant by bearing?

Bearing is a line is its direction relative to a given meridian.
Page 46
EX.NO:12 DATE:
SETTING OUT WORKS - FOUNDATION MARKING.

Aim
To set out the foundation marking for the proposed construction of building.
Apparatus Used
1.Theodolite, 2. Chain (or) Tape 3.Ranging rods, 3. Pegs or Arrows, 4. String.

General
The operation of the marking on the site the centre lines of the foundation of a building is
called setting out. Setting out of a foundation is the first step in the construction of any
structure.
Procedure
1) A centre line sketch of the building is prepared. (The centres of cross walls are also to
be indicated.)
2) The base line is set out with reference to given reference points.
3) The ends of the centre line of the walls, points A and B from the base line are marked.
4) As the end marks A,B,C,etc. are disturbed during excavation, stakes are fixed at
L,M,N etc., a little away (about 2 to 3 m) for end mark and tied accurately using a
string.
5) The centre line for all other walls AD,BC,etc are marked by dropping perpendicular. For
small buildings the perpendiculars may be set out by using a chain or a tape by ‘3-4-5’
method. For an important and big building when sides are long a Theodolite may be
employed to accurately set out the perpendiculars and to range the lines.
6) For every wall, the pegs are driven a little away for marking the end and tied accurately
using a string.
7) Diagonals are measured and checked with their corresponding calculated lengths.
8) Width of foundation from the centerline are marked and the corners 1,2,3,4,5 etc., are
fix up. Pegs are driven at these corners. The cord is stretched and lime is spread along the
chords.
RESULT:
Thus the trench plan being marked on the ground, and excavation may be started.
Page 47
.
AB,BC centre line
1-2,2-3- exacavation
line L,M,N ,etc - Masonry pillars
Page 48
EX.NO:13 DATE:
SETTING OUT WORKS -

SIMPLECURVE (RIGHT -HANDED)
Aim.
To set out a simple curve by an angular method by using a Theodolite (Rankine’s
method of Deflection angles).
APPARATUS USED
1.Theodolite
2. Chain (or) Tape
3. Ranging rods
4. Pegs or Arrows.
GENERAL
Curves are provided in traffics for the line of communication like highways,
railways and canals,etc. to have a gradual change in direction. Generally, circular curves are
provided even though the parabolic curves may also be employed. A simple curve is an arc
of a circle connecting two straights.
PROCEDURE
1. Tangent length (t) is determined using the following formula:-

 t = R tan 
 
2
3. Length of the curve (l) is determined using the following formula

1. l=πRφ/180
4. Chainage of T1 is determined as follows:-
5. Chainage of T1 = Chainage of point of intersection (P.I) - Tangent length (t).
6. Chainage of T2 is determined as follows:-
7. Chainage of T2 = Chainage of T1+ Length of the curve (l).
8. Tangent points T1 and T2 are located on the field.
9. Lengths of first sub chord, normal chords and last sub chord are calculated so that
the pegs are at full chain stations.
10. Tangential angles δ1, δ2, δ3 ------- etc and total Deflection angles ∆1, ∆2, ∆3------- etc are
calculated as follows.
1719C
δ= minutes
R
11. ∆1 = δ1, ∆2=∆1+ δ2, ∆3=∆2+ δ3 -----------------and ∆n=∆n-1+ δn
Note: - The total deflection angle ∆n= Ф/2 Where, Ф is the deflection
Page 49
angle of the curve or central angle of the curve.

12. Theodolite is set up at the point of curve T1 and levelled.
13. Vernier A is set to zero and upper clamp is clamped. Lower clamp is loosened and
intersection point B is bisected exactly using the lower tangent screw. Thus the line of sight
is maintained in the direction of T1B and the vernier A kept zero.
14 .Upper clamp is loosened and the deflection angle ∆1 is set at vernier A.The line of
collimation is now
directed along the chord T1D, and the upper clamp is clamped.
15. Zero end of the Tape is held at T1and an arrow is placed at a distance equal to first chord
length of T1D
= C1 on the tape. Tape is swung around T1 till the arrow is bisected by the line of sight.
Thus the first point D is established on the curve. First peg is fixed at D.
16. Upper clamp is loosened and the deflection angle ∆2 is set at vernier A.The line of
collimation is now directed along the chord T1E, and the upper clamp is clamped.
17 .Zero end of the Tape is held at D and an arrow is placed at a distance equal to second
chord length of DE = C2 = C on the tape. Tape is swung around D till the arrow is bisected by
the line of sight. Thus the first point E is established on the curve. Second peg is fixed at E.
18. The same procedure is repeated till the last point is reached. As a check, the location
of last point is verified whether it coincide the tangent point T2 fixed already from the P.I
or not.
Note:-
In the case of left handed curves, the vernier should be set to (360°-∆1), (360°-∆2),
(360°-∆3) etc to obtain successive points on the curve after sighting the intersecting
point with both the plates clamped at zero.
RESULT:
Thus the simple curve is set using Rankine’s method of Deflection angles.
Page 50
Page 51
EX.NO:14 DATE:
FIELD WORK USING TOTAL STATION

GENERAL
Total station is a combination of Electronic Theodolite and Electronic Distance

Meter (EDM) in one unit. This instrument directly measures 3D co-ordinates, slope,
horizontal and vertical distances. This has large internal memory of 3000 points to store
field datas and can be directly down loaded to the computer from the instrument through
interface cable.
ELECTRONIC DISTANCE METER:
This is used to measure directly, to an acceptable accuracy, the distance between any
tow intervisible points in the survey system. The technique of EDM eliminates the need for
chaining or taping.
PRINCIPLE OF EDM:
The basic principle is the indirect determination of the time required for a
light beam to travel between two stations and by using frequency the distance is
displayed .
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF EDM:
1.It generates the carrier and measuring wave frequencies.
2.It modulates and demodulates the carrier wave.
3.It measures the phase difference between the transmitted and received waves
4.It displays the result of measurement.
Page 52
WORKING OF TOTAL STATION
The major operations that are conducted using total stations include
determination of coordinates;measurement of angles and distance; and data processing.
Coordinates Determination by Total Station
• A total station determines coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known

coordinate by establishing adirect line of sight between the two points. Angles and
distances are measured from the total station topoints under survey, and the coordinates of
surveyed points relative to the total station position arecalculated using trigonometry and
triangulation. Some total stations have a Global Navigation SateliteSystem (GNSS) which
doesn't require a direct line of sight to determine coordinates.
ANGLE MEASUREMENT BY TOTAL STATION
• Most of the modern total stations have digital bar-codes on rotating glass cylinders or
discs that are installedwithin the instrument. Angle measurement is done through electro-
optical scanning of these digital bar-codes. Quality total stations can measure angles to 0.5
arc-second. Cheap models of total stations like theconstruction grade total stations do not
have such level of accuracy and can usually measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-seconds. Distance
Measurement by Total Station
•A total station has a small solid-state emitter within its optical path. They generate
modulated microwave or infrared signals that are reflected by a prism reflector or the object
under survey. The computer installed inthe total staion reads the modulation pattern in the
returning signal. The distance is thus determined byemitting and receiving multiple
frequencies and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the targetfor each
frequency. A well built total station can measure distances with an accuracy of
approximately 1.5millimetres + 2 parts per million over a distance of up to 1,500 metres.
The total stations that do not carryreflectors are capable of measuring distances to any object
which light in color, to a few hundred meter
Page 53
DATA PROCESSING BY TOTAL STATION
• The data recorded by the instrument may be downloaded from the theodolite to a
computer andapplicationsoftwaregenerates a map of the surveyed area. Many
advanced models of total station have internalelectronic data storage to record
distance, horizontal angle, and vertical angle measured.
• Some other totalstations can also write these measurements to external data
collector like a portable computer
Result:
Thus the study about the Total station is practiced.
Page 54
EXPT.NO.15 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE GPS Date:
AIM:
To know about mobile GPS and to study its components and working
MOBILE GPS:
A GPS navigation device is a device that accurately calculates
geographical location by receiving information from GPS satellites. Initially it
was used by the United States military, but now most receivers are in
automobiles and smartphones.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based
navigation system made up of a network of a minimum of 24, but currently 30,
satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. Military action
was the original intent for GPS, but in the 1980s, the U.S. government decided
to allow the GPS program to be used by civilians. The satellite data is free and
works anywhere in the world.
GPS devices may have capabilities such as:
 Maps, including street maps, displayed in human readable format via text or
in a graphical format,
 Turn-by-turn navigation directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or
vessel via text or speech,
 Directions fed directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe,
 traffic congestion maps (depicting either historical or real time data) and
suggested alternative directions,
 Information on nearby amenities such as restaurants, fueling stations,
and tourist attractions.
GPS devices may be able to indicate:
 The roads or paths available,

 Traffic congestion and alternative routes,
 Roads or paths that might be taken to get to the destination,
 If some roads are busy (now or historically) the best route to take,
 The location of food, banks, hotels, fuel, airports or other places of interests,
 The shortest route between the two locations,
 The different options to drive on highway or back roads.
SENSITIVITY:
Page 55
 GPS navigation devices vary in sensitivity, speed, vulnerability

to multipath propagation, and other performance parameters. High
Sensitivity GPS receivers use large banks of correlators digital signal
processing to search for GPS signals very quickly. This results in very
fast times to first fix when the signals are at their normal levels, for
example outdoors. When GPS signals are weak, for example indoors, the
extra processing power can be used to integrate weak signals to the point
where they can be used to provide a position or timing solution.
 GPS signals are already very weak when they arrive at the Earth’s
surface. The GPS satellites only transmit 27 W (14.3 dBW) from a
distance of 20,200 km in orbit above the Earth. By the time the signals
arrive at the user's receiver, they are typically as weak as −160 dBW,
equivalent to one tenth of a million-billionth of a watt (100 attowatts).
This is well below the thermal noise level in its bandwidth. Outdoors,
GPS signals are typically around the −155 dBW level (-125 dBm).
 Conventional GPS receivers integrate the received GPS signals for the
same amount of time as the duration of a complete C/A code cycle which
is 1 ms. This results in the ability to acquire and track signals down to
around the −160 dBW level. High Sensitivity GPS receivers are able to
integrate the incoming signals for up to 1,000 times longer than this and
therefore acquire signals up to 1,000 times weaker, resulting in an
integration gain of 30 dB. A good High Sensitivity GPS receiver can
acquire signals down to −185 dBW, and tracking can be continued down
to levels approaching −190 dBW.
 High Sensitivity GPS can provide positioning in many but not all indoor
locations. Signals are either heavily attenuated by the building materials
or reflected as in multipath. Given that High Sensitivity GPS receivers
may be up to 30 dB more sensitive, this is sufficient to track through 3
layers of dry bricks, or up to 20 cm (8 inches) of steel reinforced concrete
for example
Page 56
RESULT:
Thus components and working of mobile GPS has been studied.
Page 57

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CE6413- SURVEYING II LABORATORY

Description of the instrument: Transit Theodolite

1) Setting Over The Station:

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by theodolite?

2. What are the uses of theodolite?

3. What are the essential parts of theodolite?

4. What is meant by swing?

5. What do you meant by face left and face right?

6. What are the main functions of levelling head?

7. What are the uses of plumb bob?

8. Explain the term transiting?

9. What is telescope normal?

10. What is telescope inverted?

MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLE-REPETITION METHOD

Instrument Specification Quantity

1. Repetition method is used during triangulation and in theodolite traversing.

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by reiteration method?

2. What is the purpose of ranging rod?

4. What are the specifications of ranging rod?

5. What is the band length in alternate painting in ranging rod?

7. What is meant by vertical circle?

8. What is meant by angle?

9. What is meant by centering?

10. What is leveling up?

MEASUREMENT OF THE HORIZONTAL ANGLE

Instrument Specification Quantity

Inst Sight Face : Left Face :Right

1) ASB  2) BSC 3) CSD 4) DSE 5) ESF  6) FSA

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by repetition method?

2 . What is meant by upper plate?

3. Define lower plate

4. What are the initial adjustments in theodolite before surveying?

5. What is the main purpose of clamp and tangent screw?

MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL HEIGHT BY VERTICAL ANGLE METHOD

Instrument Specification Quantity

Face : Left Face : Right

The Vertical height of the given object =

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by vertical height?

2. What is mean by levelling ?

3. What is the purpose of leveling?

4. What is level line ?

5. What is meant by station?

6. What is meant by vertical axis?

7. Explain the term: Horizontal axis

8. What about your opinion for axis of telescope?

9. How to take the reading in theodolite ?

THEODOLITE SURVEY TRAVERSING

Instrument Specification Quantity

2. It is also used for the survey of large areas.

A B Mean Horizontal A B Mean Horizontal

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the term traversing?

2. What are the type of traverse?

3. Compare open and closed traverse?

4. What are the methods of traversing ?

5. Explain the term latitude?

6. What do you mean by departure?

9. Explain the term easting?

STADIA TACHEOMETRY - DETERMINATION OF TACHEOMETRIC