Lampiran 1

Sifat-sifat Uap Air

Sumber : Holman. J. P. 1993.

T ρ cp µ (kg/m v (m2/s) k (W/m α (m2/s) Pr

(K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg 0C) s) 0C)

380 0.5863 2.060 12.71 x 10-6 2.16 x 10-5 0.0246 0.2036 x 10-4 1.060

400 0.5542 2.014 13.44 x 10-6 2.42 x 10-5 0.0261 0.2338 x 10-4 1.040

450 0.4902 1.980 15.25 x 10-6 3.11 x 10-5 0.0299 0.307 x 10-4 1.010

500 0.4405 1.985 17.04 x 10-6 3.86 x 10-5 0.0339 0.387 x 10-4 0.996

550 0.4005 1.997 18.84 x 10-6 4.70 x 10-5 0.0379 0.475 x 10-4 0.991

600 0.3652 2.026 20.67 x 10-6 5.66 x 10-5 0.0422 0.573 x 10-4 0.986

650 0.3380 2.056 22.47 x 10-6 6.64 x 10-5 0.0464 0.666 x 10-4 0.995

700 0.3140 2.085 24.26 x 10-6 7.72 x 10-5 0.0505 0.772 x 10-4 1.000

750 0.2931 2.119 26.04 x 10-6 8.88 x 10-5 0.0549 0.883 x 10-4 1.005

800 0.2739 2.152 27.86 x 10-6 10.20 x 10-5 0.0592 1.001 x 10-4 1.010

850 0.2579 2.186 29.69 x 10-6 11.52 x 10-5 0.0637 1.130 x 10-4 1.019

*Adaptasi ke satuan SI dari E. R. G. Eckert dan R. M. Drake, “Heat and Mass Transfer” 2d ed.,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1959.

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Lampiran 2
Harga Roughness (ɛ) Material
Sumber: Jack b. Evett. 1987.

Material (new) Roughness (ɛ)

ft m

Riveted 0.003 – 0.03 0.0009 – 0.009

Concrate 0.001 – 0.01 0.0003 – 0.003

Wood Stave 0.0006 – 0.003 0.0002 – 0.0009

Cast Iron 0.00085 0.00026

Galvanized Iron 0.0005 0.00015

Asphalted Cast Iron 0.0004 0.0001

Comerrcial Stell or Wrought Iron 0.00015 0.000046

Drawn Brass or Copper Tubing 0.000005 0.0000015

Glass and Plastic smooth smooth

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Lampiran 3
Koefesien Kerugian Instalasi Pipa
Sumber: Jack B. Evett. 1987.

Nominal Diameter Screwed Flanged

½ 1 2 4 1 2 4 8 20

Valves (fully open):

Globe 14 8.2 6.9 5.7 13 8.5 6.0 5.8 5.5

Gate 0.3 0.24 0.16 0.11 0.8 0.35 0.16 0.07 0.03

Swing chek 5.1 2.9 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Angle 9.0 4.7 2.0 1.0 4.5 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.0

Elbows:

450 reguler 0.39 0.32 0.3 0.29

450 long radius 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.14

900 reguler 2.0 1.5 0.95 0.64 0.5 0.39 0.30 0.26 0.21

900 long radius 1.0 0.72 0.41 0.23 0.41 0.30 0.19 0.15 0.10

1800 reguler 2.0 1.5 0.95 0.64 0 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20

1800 long radius 40 0.30 0.21 0.15 0.10

Tess:

Line flow 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.24 0.19 0.14 0.10 0.07

Branch flow 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.80 0.64 0.58 0.41

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Lampiran 4
Tabel Uap Panas Lanjut
Sumber: Cengel. A. Yunus. 1994.
A-1

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A-2 (Lanjut)

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Lampiran 5
Tabel Uap Jenuh
Sumber: Cengel. A. Yunus. 1994.
B-1

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B-2 (lanjut)

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C-1

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C-2 (lanjut)

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Lampiran 6
Bahan Pipa Waterwall, Superheater, dan Backpass
Sumber: Croker. Sabin. 1973.

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 Lampiran 7
Dimensi Pipa menurut Standard JIS dan ANSI
Sumber: http://test2.urs.com.tw/b6/diekson/e43.htm

Outside Nominal
Nominal Wall Thickness
Diameter Pipe Size

Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch

Sch 40 XS XXS JIS ANSI A
60 80 100 120 140 160
2.2 2.4 (3.0) 3.0 - - - - - 13.8 13.7 8
2.3 2.8 (3.2) 3.2 - - - - - 17.3 17.1 10
2.8 3.2 (3.7) 3.7 - - - 4.7 7.5 21.7 21.3 15
2.9 3.4 (3.9) 3.9 - - - 5.5 7.8 27.2 26.7 20
3.4 3.9 (4.5) 4.5 - - - 6.4 9.1 34.0 33.5 25
3.6 4.5 (4.9) 4.9 - - - 6.4 9.7 42.7 42.2 32
3.7 4.5 (5.1) 5.1 - - - 7.1 10.2 48.6 48.3 40
3.9 4.9 (5.5) 5.5 - - - 8.7 11.1 60.5 60.3 50
5.2 6.0 (7.0) 7.0 - - - 9.5 14.0 76.3 73.0 65
5.5 6.6 (7.6) 7.6 - - - 11.1 15.2 89.1 88.9 80
5.7 7.0 (8.1) 8.1 - - - 12.7 - 101.6 101.6 90
6.0 7.1 (8.6) 8.6 - 11.1 - 13.5 17.1 114.3 114.3 100
6.6 8.1 (9.5) 9.5 - 12.7 - 15.9 19.0 139.8 141.3 125
7.1 9.3 (11.0) 11.0 - 14.3 - 18.2 21.9 165.2 168.3 150
- - - - - - - - - 190.7 - 175
8.2 10.3 (12.7) 12.7 15.1 18.2 20.6 23.0 22.2 216.3 219.1 200
- - - - - - - - - 241.8 - 225
9.3 12.7 12.7 15.1 18.3 21.4 25.4 28.6 25.4 267.4 273.1 250
10.3 14.3 12.7 17.4 21.4 25.4 28.6 33.3 25.4 318.5 323.9 300
11.1 15.1 12.7 19.0 23.8 27.8 31.8 35.7 - 355.6 355.6 350
12.7 16.7 12.7 21.4 26.2 30.9 36.5 40.5 - 406.4 406.4 400
14.3 19.0 12.7 23.8 29.4 34.9 39.7 45.2 - 457.2 457.2 450
15.1 20.6 12.7 26.2 32.5 38.1 44.4 50.0 - 508.0 508.0 500
- 22.2 12.7 28.6 34.9 41.3 47.6 54.0 - 558.8 558.8 550
17.5 24.6 12.7 31.0 38.9 46.0 52.4 59.5 - 609.6 609.6 600
- - 12.7 - - - - - - 660.4 660.4 650
- - 12.7 - - - - - - 711.2 711.2 700
- - 12.7 - - - - - - 762.0 762.0 750
17.5 - 12.7 - - - - - - 812.8 812.8 800
17.5 - 12.7 - - - - - - 863.6 863.6 850
19.1 - 12.7 - - - - - - 914.4 914.4 900
- - 12.7 - - - - - - 965.2 965.2 950
- - 12.7 - - - - - - 1016.0 1016.0 1000
- - 12.7 - - - - - - 1066.8 1066.8 1050
- - 12.7 - - - - - - 1117.6 1117.6 1100
- - 12.7 - - - - - - 1168.4 1168.4 1150
- - 12.7 - - - - - - 1219.2 1219.2 1200
- - *12.7 - - - - - - 1270.0 1270.0 1250

Outside Nominal
Nominal Wall Thickness
Diameter Pipe Size

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 Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch
Sch 40 XS XXS JIS ANSI A
60 80 100 120 140 160
- - *12.7 - - - - - - 1320.8 1320.8 1300
- - *12.7 - - - - - - 1371.6 1371.6 1350
- - *12.7 - - - - - - 1422.4 1422.4 1400
- - *12.7 - - - - - - 1473.2 1473.2 1450
- - *12.7 - - - - - - 1524.0 1524.0 1500

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Lampiran 8
Entalphi Api dan Gas Asap
Sumber: Babcock and Wilcox. 1969.

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Lampiran 9
Kehilangan Panas ke Udara Luar
Sumber: Gaffert. Gustaf A. “Steam Power Station”. Fourth Edition.

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Lampiran 10
Emisivitas dan Faktor Koreksi CO2 dan H2O
Sumber: Holman, J.P. , 1993.

Emisivitas CO2

Faktor koreksi emisivitas CO2

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Emisivitas H2O

Faktor koreksi emisivitas H2O

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Faktor koreksi gabungan CO2 dan H2O

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Lampiran 11
Tabel Sifat-sifat Udara
Sumber: Holman, J.P. , 1993.

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Lampiran 12
Faktor Koreksi Superheater
Sumber: Holman, J.P. , 1993.

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Lampiran 13
Koefesien Konduktifitas Bentuk Benda
Sumber: Holman, J.P. , 1993.

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 Lampiran 14
Nilai Konduktivitas Logam
Sumber: Holman, J.P. , 1993.

Sifat-sifat pada 20 0C Konduktivitas termal k (W/m 0C)

ρ cp k α -1000C 00C 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 12

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Logam C C C C C C C C
(kg/m3) (kJ/kg (W/m (m2/s x -1480F 320F
0 0
C) C) 105) 2120 3920 5720 7520 1112 1472 1832 21
0 0 0 0
F F F F F F F F

Aluminum:

Murni 2.707 0.896 204 8.418 215 202 206 215 228 249

Al-Cu (Duralumin), 94-

96% Al, 3-5% Cu, runut 2.787 0.883 164 6.676 126 159 182 194
Mg.

Al-Si(Silumin,
mengandung tembaga), 2.659 0.867 137 5.933 119 137 144 152 161
86.5% Al, 1% Cu.

Al-Si (Alusil), 78-80%

2.627 0.854 161 7.172 144 157 168 175 178
Al, 20-22% Si.

Al-Mg-Si, 97% Al,

1%Mg, 1%Si, 1% Mn.
2.707 0.892 177 7.311 175 189 204

Timbal
11.373 0.130 35 2.343 36.9 35.1 33.4 31.5 29.8

Besi:

Murni 7.897 0.452 73 2.034 87 73 67 62 55 48 40 36 35 3

Besi Tempa, 0,55 C 7.849 0.46 59 1.626 59 57 52 48 45 36 33 33 3

Baja (C maks ≈ 1,5%):

Baja Karbon

C ≈ 0.5% 7.833 0.465 54 1.474 55 52 48 45 42 35 31 29 3

C ≈ 1.0% 7.801 0.473 43 1.172 43 43 42 40 36 33 29 28 2

C ≈ 1.5% 7.753 0.486 36 0.970 36 36 36 35 33 31 28 28 2

Baja Nikel

Ni ≈ 0% 7.897 0.452 73 2.026

Ni ≈ 20% 7.933 0.46 19 0.526

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 Lampiran 15
Pendekatan Nilai Koefesien Perpindahan Panas Menyeluruh (Uo)
Sumber: Holman, J.P. , 1993.

Approximate values of overall heat transfer coefficient

U
Physical situation
Btu/h-ft2 0F W/m2 0C

Brick exterior wal, plaster interior, uninstalated 0.45 2.55

Frame exterior, wall, plaster interior, uninstalated 0.25 1.42

With rock-wool insulaton 0.07 0.4

Plate-glass window 1.10 6.2

Double plate-glass window 0.40 2.3

Steam condenser 200-1000 110-5600

Feedwater heater 200-1500 1100-8500

Freon-12 condenser with water coolant 50-150 280-850

Water-to-water heat exchanger 150-300 850-1700

Finned-tube heat exchanger, water in tubes, air

5-10 25-55
accros tubes

Water-to-oil heat exchanger 20-60 110-350

Gas to light fuel oil 30-60 170-340

Gas to heavy fuel oil 10-30 56-170

Gas to kerosene or gasoline 50-200 280-1140

Finned-tube heat exchanger, steam in tubes, air

5-50 28-280
over tubes

Amonia condenser, water in tubes 150-250 850-1400

Alcohpl Condenser, water in tunes 45-120 255-680

Gas-to-gas heat exchanger 2-8 10-40

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 Lampiran 16
Jenis-jenis Bahan Isolasi dan Penerapannya

Jangkauan suhu Konduktifitas termal Densitas

Jenis penerapan
(0C) (W/m 0C) (kg/m3)

Superisolasi Linde hampa -240-1100 0.0015-0.72 Berbagai Banyak

Busa uretana -180-150 16-20 25-48 Pipa panas dan dingin

Busa uretana -170-110 16-20 32 Tangki

Block kaca sel -200-200 29-108 110-150 Tangki dan pipa

Selubung kaca serat sebagai Pipa dan sambungan

-28-290 22-78 10-50
pembungkus

Selubung kaca serat Drum dan alat tangki

-170-230 25-86 10-50
pipa

Kaca serat pra cetak bentukan -50-230 32-55 10-50 Pipa

Lembaran elastomer 40-100 36-39 70-100 Tangki

Anyaman kaca serat 60-370 30-55 10-50 Pipa dan sambungan

Elastomer pracetak bentukan -40-100 36-39 70-100 Pipa sambungan

Kaca serat dengan selubung Pipa pendingin

-5-70 29-45 10-32
uap

Kaca serat tanpa selubung uap 250 29-45 24-48 Pipa panas

Papan kaca serat 20-450 33-52 25-100 Ketel uap dan tangki

Papan dan blok kaca sel 20-450 29-108 110-150 Pipa panas

Papan dan blok busa uretana 100-150 16-20 24-65 Pipa

Bentukan pra cetak serat Pipa panas

650 33-91 125-100
mineral

Selubung serat mineral 750 37-81 125 Pipa panas

Blok wol mineral 450-1000 52-130 175-290 Pipa panas

Papan dan blok kalsium Ketel uap, drum

230-1000 32-85 100-106
silikat

Blok serat mineral 1100 52-130 210 Ketel, tangki

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Lampiran 17
Tabel Kecepatan Fluida

Velocities generely used in steam generating system

Velocity
Nature of service
(ft/min)

Air

Air heater 1000-5000

Coal and air lines, pulverized coal 3000-4500

Compresed air lines 1500-2000

Forced draft ducks 1500-3600

Forced draft duct, entrance to burners 1500-2000

Register grills 300-600

Ventilating ducks 1000-3000

Crude oil lines

Fuel gas 60-360

Air heater 1000-5000

Boiler gas passes 3000-6000

Induced draft flues and breeching 2000-5000

1000-1500
Natural gas lines

Steam

Steam lines

High pressure 8000-12000

Velocities generely used in steam generating system

Velocity
Nature of service
(ft/min)

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Low pressure 12000-15000

Vacuum 20000-40000

Superheater tubes 5000-10000

Water

Boiler circulation 70-700

Economizer tubes 150-300

Pressurized water reactors

Fuel assembly channels 400-1300

Reactor coolant piping 2400-3600

Water lines, general 500-750

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Lampiran 18
Susunan Tabung Superheater, Backpass. Harga C dan m
Sumber: Incropera Frank, 1985.

Susunan pipa

Harga C dan m

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Lampiran 19
Faktor Keefektifan Pipa Waterwall
Sumber: Babcock and Wilcox, 1969.

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